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Does the amount of water affect how many seeds germinate?

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Null- Water does not affect the germination rate.

Alernative- Water increases germination rate.

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Independent Variable:
Amount of water in each container

Dependent Variable:
Seeds germinated in 48 hours

Constants:
- number of seeds
- time
- light
- temperature
- humidity
- condition of seeds
- space between seeds
- substance

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- 5 containers
- 50 seeds
- water
- paper towel

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1. Add a paper towel in each container
2. Add water (if needed) into each container that needs one
3. Add 10 seeds into each container
4. Wait 48 hours
5. Review how much/how many seeds germinated
6. Compare hypothesis
7. Analyze results

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Water did not affect the germination rate between the mung beans, which supports the null hypothesis. According to the graph, there wasn't much difference between the error bars. This shows that if we did the same experiment again, there would most likely be different results, but any of the last 3 could have had the most seeds germinate. Between 10mL, 15mL, and 20mL, the error bars overlaped. This means we have to treat them all the same, so that supports the null hypothesis.

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Does moisture affect the number of isopods in the choice chamber?

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Null- Moisture will not affect the number of bugs in the choice chamber.

Alternative- Moisture will increase the number of bugs in the choice chamber.

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Independent Variable-
Moisture

Dependent Variable-
Number of rolly-pollies

Constants-
-number of bugs
-space
-sunlight
-temperature

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-1 choice chamber
-10 bugs
-1 moist side 1 dry side
-timer

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1. Put moisture on one side and keep one side dry
2. Put 5 bugs on each side
3. Record results every minute for 10 minutes
4. Analyze results

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Moisture increased the number of isopods in the choice chamber, which supports the alternative  hypothesis. According to the table, the number of bugs was never the same or higher in the dry side of the container, excluding the start when 5 bugs were placed on each side. This tells us that throughout the whole experiment the bugs just wanted to be on the wet side and that there was no fluke. Furthermore, the original 5 bugs on the wet side stayed there for the whole time. Isopods have gils and need to keep them moist, so it makes sense on why they wanted to go to the moist enviroment for the most part. The average for the number of isopods in the wet section is 7.1 and 2.9 on the dry side. On the graph, the error bars also never overlap or even come close to overlapping. If the error bars never overlap, we can safely say that the bugs wanted to be on the wet side, thus supporting the alternative hypothesis.

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Does temperature affect the number of bugs in the choice chamber?

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Null- Temperature will not affect the number of isopods in the choice chamber.

Alternative- Coldness will increase the number of isopods in the choice chamber.

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Independent Variable-
temperature

Dependent Variable-
number of bugs

Constants-
number of bugs
space
light
dry

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-1 choice chamber container
-10 bugs
-ice water
-hot water
-timer

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1. Put ice water under one side and hot water under the other
2. Put 5 bugs on each side
3. Record results every minute for 10 minutes
4. Analyze results

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Coldness increased the number of isopods in the choice chamber, which supports the alternative hypothesis. According to the table, the averages were 9.4 bugs for the cold side and 0.6 bugs for the hot side. These numbers are so far apart, which lets us know that the bugs clearly prefer the cold side over the hot. Furthermore, the error bars for coldness are between 9.84 and 8.96 bugs and the error bars for hotness are 1.04 and 0.16. This also tells us that there was no fluke and at least 95% of the time we will get these results. Throughout the whole experiment, there was never more than two bugs on the hot side, excluding the start. This shows us the bugs clearly prefer the cold environment instead of the hotness. Overall, the isopods prefer the coldness over the hotness, which supports the alternative hypothesis.

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How does nitrate (NO⁻ ₃) ion concentration affect the growth of duckweed?

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Null- There will be no effect on the growth of Duckweed.
Alternative- There will be an increase in the growth of Duckweed.

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Independent Variable:
Amount of Nitrate

Dependent Variable:
Growth of Duckweed

Constants:
light
amount of water
temperature

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Materials:
4 containers
water
nitrate
duckweed

Procedure:
1.  Put 20 mL of water in each container
2. Add 10 duckweed in each container
3. Add the appropriate amount of Nitrate in each container
4. Analyze results every other day
5. Finish after 10 days
6. Draw conclusions

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The nitrate increased the growth of duckweed, which supports the alternative hypothesis. In the graph, the error bar on 0 doesn't overlap with any of the other numbers. This shows us that no nitrate clearly makes the duckweed grow much slower than with nitrate. The graph shows us that even the error bar with 1.5 nitrate at its lowest is still higher than the error bar with 0.3 nitrate. This can tell us that the more nitrate, the quicker the duckweed will grow. Overall, the nitrate increased the growth rate of duckweed, which supports the alternative hypothesis.

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Does the amount of light affect the rate of photosynthesis in Spinach Leaf chads?

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Null- Light will not affect the rate of photosynthesis in Spinach Leaf chads.

Alternative- Light will increase the rate of photosynthesis in Spinach Leaf chads.

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Independent Variable- Amount of Light

Dependent Variable- Rate of Photosynthesis

Constants-
-amount of water
-number of leaf chads
-time
-containers
-species
-temperature
-light source

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-cup of water
-table for tracking data
-containers
-spinach leaf chads
-syringe
-light

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1. Put chads and water into syringe and use thumb as vacuum so the leaves start to sink
2. Take leaves out and put them in the cup
3. Put tube with water in it on top of the cup
4. Add the appropriate amount of light
5. Gather data every 2 minutes
6. Analyze results

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The amount of light increases the rate of photosynthesis in Spinach Leaf chads, which supports the alternative hypothesis. In the graph, we can tell that the error bars on full light (3.1 avg, 0.66 SEM) does not overlap with partial light (1.1 avg, 0.8 SEM) and nor does partial light overlap with no light (0.1 avg, 0.11 SEM). This information can clearly tell us how light increases photosynthesis rate because the error bars not overlapping shows us that there was a clear difference in the rate between full light, partial light, and no light at all. The more chads that float is an accurate representation of photosynthesis because the holes in the leaf collect CO2 from the environment and use it for photosynthesis.

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How does Solute Concentration affect water movement in potato cells?

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Null- Solute Concentration does not affect water movement.

Alternative- Solute Concentration affects the direction and rate of water movement.

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Independent Variable- Solute Concentration

Dependent Variable-  % mass change

Constants- potato size, shape, amount of liquid, time

Procedure-
1. mass the potatoes
2. soak the potatoes
3. mass the potatoes again
4. calculate mass % change

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Solute Concentration affects the direction and rate of water movement, which supports the alternative hypothesis. In the graph, it shows us that the average percentage mass change goes down as the solute concentration levels go up. This shows us that the solute concentration decreases the mass % change. Also, in the table it shows us that with 0 solute it goes up 23.5%, but with 0.8 solute the potatoes go down to -27.7%. This shows us how the solute decreases the mass percentage in the potatoes.

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How long does each phase of mitosis take in onion root tip cells?

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#1 The number of cells we identify in each phase is proportional to the time it takes to complete that phase.

#2 The total time to complete the cell cycle is 1440 minutes.

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The onion root tip cells spend most of their time in interphase. In the graph, it shows us that the cells, on average, were in interphase 55% of the time. This is about 30% more time than any other phase! This graph can show us how the cell cycle might actually work in the fact that it spends most of the time in interphase, and then significantly less in each of the other.  In the table, it shows us that if the cell cycle took about 1 day, the process of interphase would take about 795.5 minutes, or 13.3 hours. This makes sense because in interphase, there are lots of things the cell has to do, like go through the checkpoints and prepare for cell division in mitosis. Overall, this data highlighted how long these cells take to go through interphase, and how much things need to be done before the cells divide.