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1. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973

2. 1973

3. The proceedings

1. PL 93-112, section 504 accomplished defining the rights of individuals who have disabilities. PL 93-112, section 504 does not allow organizations or employers to exclude or deny individuals who have a disability from equal opportunity to receive program benefits and services.

2. This law is unique because it includes post secondary education such as colleges and universities.

4. Implications

1. This law benefits students who have disabilities by protecting them from discrimination in programs that get federal financial assistance.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This law has positively impacted special education because it prohibits any discrimination against individuals with disabilities.

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1. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

2. 1990

3. The proceedings

1. Guarantees that individuals with a disability receive equal access to employment, accommodations, transportation, public services, and telecommunication services.

2. This law is unique because it also guarantees that individuals with disabilities can participate in state and local government programs.

4. Implications

1. This law benefits students with disabilities because it allows them to have the same opportunities as everyone else.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This law impacted special education because it allows individuals with disabilities to have equal opportunity as everyone else.

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1. ADA Amendments Act of 2008

2. 2008

3. The proceedings

1. The ADA Amendments Act is intended to restore the ADA's (1990) objectives that are to provide individuals with disabilities equal opportunity.

2. This law is unique because it restores the previous ADA (1990) by restoring the definition of "disability." The law states that the word should be applied without extensive analysis.

4. Implications

1. This law benefits students because it states the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) more clearly, so it allows students with disabilities equal opportunity.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This law impacted special education because it better defines the word "disability," which explains what Congress intended in enacting the ADA of 1990.

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1. Education for All Handicapped Children Act

2. 1975

3. The proceedings

1. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act intended to improve educational services for children with mental, physical, emotional, and learning handicaps. It required that free appropriate public education (FAPE) be available for all handicapped children.

2. This law is unique because it states that schools are required to involve the child's parents in the planning process, and the school must educate the child with disabilities with children who do not have a disability as much as possible.

4. Implications

1. This law benefits both students and parents because it allows students with disabilities to receive the best instruction possible, and it requires parents to be involved with their child's education.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This law positively impacted special education because it established providing a free and appropriate public education to all children with disabilities (FAPE).

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1. The Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986

2. 1986

3. The proceedings

1. The Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 expanded the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to provide services for infants, toddlers, and children in preschool who have disabilities.

2. This law is unique because it is an amendment to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and includes services for children with disabilities from birth to 3 years of age.

4. Implications

1. This law benefits parents who have children with disabilities because it gives rights to children before they even enter school.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This law positively impacts special education because it recognized early intervention services for children with disabilities.

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1. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

2. 1990

3. The proceedings

1. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) ensures that all children with disabilities are entitled to free and appropriate public education.

2. The law is unique because it states that the education the child receives should be tailored to the individual child's needs, and should come at no cost for the parents.

4. Implications

1. This law benefits both the parents and the child with disabilities because it requires that the child get appropriate education, while not costing the parents money.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has impacted special education greatly due to the fact it grants children with disabilities free and appropriate public education.

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1. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997

2. 1997

3. The proceedings

1. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 strengthened IDEA and made provisions such as mandating that schools must report the child's progress to the parents just as much as they report to parents of children who are not disabled.

2. This law is unique because intended to involve parents/guardians more with their child's progress in school.

4. Implications

1. This law benefits parents because it requires the schools to involve the parents in their child's education.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This law has impacted special education by improving education for the children with disabilities and their parents/guardians.

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1. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004

2. 2004

3. The proceedings

1. The Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act of 2004 revised the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) by including that special education teachers need to be highly qualified.

2. This law is unique because it focuses on the teachers, by requiring they are qualified to teach on subject matter and have the teaching skills necessary.

4. Implications

1. This law benefits teachers, students, and parents because it is ensuring that the teachers are highly qualified to carry out the education of the students.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This law impacted special education because it requires the teachers to be highly qualified.

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1. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

2. 2001

3. The proceedings

1. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is to ensure that all students have access to a high-quality education.

2. This law is unique because it required that all school districts must set standards and implement annual testing in reading and math for students to make sure they are on track with their academics.

4. Implications

1. This law benefits students because it allows all students, regardless of their background, to receive an education.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This impacted special education because it set standards and held schools and educators accountable for educational outcomes.

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1. Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

2. 1972

3. The proceedings

1. The PARC V. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania case established the rights of children who have developmental disabilities to receive a free and public education.

2. This case is unique because the court ruled that denying children with disabilities access to education was a violation of of their right to equal protection under the 14th amendment.

4. Implications

1. This case benefitted children with disabilities because it found that denying education to students with disabilities was a direct violation of their right to equal protection which is in the United States constitution.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This case impacted special education because it laid the foundation for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

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1. Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley

2. 1982

3. The proceedings

1. The Board of Education V. Rowley found that Amy, who was a deaf student, had the right to a sign language interpreter because she receives free and appropriate public education.

2. This case is unique because the requirement of FAPE under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act made sure that Amy received the most appropriate education specialized for her needs.

4. Implications

1. This case benefited students with disabilities because it called attention what is covered under FAPE and the Education for All Handicapped Children Act.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This case impacted special education by showcasing important principles that are stated under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

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1. the common name

2. 1989

3. The proceedings

1. Daniel, a student with learning disabilities, was not receiving an appropriate education. The court ruled in favor of Daniel stating that he was not receiving an appropriate education that was tailored to his needs, which should be covered by FAPE and the IDEA.

2. This case is unique because the court reaffirmed the definition of a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE).

4. Implications

1. This case benefited students with disabilities because is showcased that students have the right to receive free and appropriate public education as outlined under the IDEA.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This case impacted special education by addressing that students with disabilities are protected under FAPE and IDEA.

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1. the common name

2. 1992

3. The proceedings

1. The parents of students who had Down syndrome advocated that their children would benefit from being in a general education classroom with students who do not have a disability. The court established that the students should be in a general education classroom because the IDEA required that students with disabilities should be educated alongside students without disabilities.

2. This case is unique because it clarified that the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) under the IDEA means that students with disabilities should be educated alongside students who do not have disabilities.

4. Implications

1. This case benefited students with disabilities because it showed that these students have the right to be educated alongside their peers who do not have a disability.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This case impacted special education because it showcased the IDEA's requirement of the LRE.

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1. Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F.

2. 1999

3. The proceedings

1. Garret, a student with disabilities who required nursing services at school, was denied this service. Garret's parents took their complaints to court where they ruled in favor of Garret stating that his need for nursing services at school is the schools responsibility under the IDEA.

2. This case is unique because is shows that, under the IDEA, students have the right to certain services that are apart of the student's IEP.

4. Implications

1. This case benefited students with disabilities because it showed that these students have the right to specialized services under the IDEA.

5. Pilars of Special Education

1. This case impacted special education because it clarified the services under the IDEA that students are entitled to.