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I, Rokaia Alkanaani, have completed this assignment without any help nor cheating of any sort. I understand that there will be a penalty if I disobey the academic integrity policy at HFC, and with this understanding, I abided by the rules and I'm proud of my work. All the work provided in the assignment was done by me and me alone.

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I believe that the best piece of information in chapter 8 of the textbook is on page 227 of the textbook. While estrogens and testosterone are in both men and women, women produce mainly estrogens, and cause women's body shapes to change such as the widening of hips, uterus, and breasts. Men produce mainly testosterone which cause the enlargement of the male's penis, and causes the growth of body hair. These two are the best pieces of information because they play a huge role in differentiating males and females.

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The best piece of information in chapter 9 of the textbook is on page 252. The textbook talks about how much a person's mental can grow from the age of 10-16; the reason for this occurring is due to Piaget's formal operations stage. Piaget's formal operations stage allows adolescents to be able to think logically, and I believe that this is the most important piece of information because humans need to be able to have the formal operations stage in order to do a lot of things as we get older such as work a job, or think logically in certain situations.

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I agree with both my results and believe that they are accurate because I like to be conventional as well as social. What I learned by taking these two quizzes are that I am more social than I thought I was, and what I can do with my results is use them to prove that I am actually a good person for a business role, and not a good role for the medical field which is what my parents believe. My results connect with chapter 10 on page 281 because chapter 10 talks about how as we grow, we have to start taking control over our own lives, and I believe that I should do this by using my results to prove to my parents that I can be more than just a STEM major.

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The career path that I am pursuing is opening up a food business. The source that I have included above mainly talks about how to start up a at home food business, and talks about what struggles come with it, and how to go on with the business. The job entails buying a bunch of materials, and marketing the food online in order to get people interested in my sales. there are no education requirements, but it is still a job where someone has to have enough knowledge about. The pay scale varies based on how good the marketing is, and something else I learned about my career path is that Michigan's laws allow me to distribute food from home.

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The baker in you wants to spend your days making chewy cookies and decadent cakes. The entrepreneur in you wants to be your own boss and call the shots. But the realist in you knows that you may not have the resources or the time to start your own retail bakery.

The solution could be a home-based bakery!

This type of small business lets you bake to your heart's content, be your own boss, and work from home, instead of leasing an expensive storefront and hiring a squad of employees.

If you're trying to figure out how to start a bakery business from home, you're in the right place. Here's a step-by-step guide to turning your home kitchen into a small-batch production powerhouse.

1. Make Sure You're Legally Set Before Doing Anything Else

A home-based bakery is a business, which means it's still subject to state and local laws around food, business licensing, and taxes. Additionally, there are nuanced laws surrounding the sale of food items from one's home.

Here are some general guidelines, but since laws vary from location to location, make sure to consult your local food and business regulatory agencies before moving forward!

Learn Your Local Cottage Food Laws

Home bakeries are generally covered by a section of law called cottage food. This classification separates home-based bakeries from commercial or retail operations that have designated storefronts or production kitchens. Commercial bakeries have to meet certain requirements for equipment and sanitation, while cottage-food operations are exempt from many of those rules.

Cottage food is regulated on a state-by-state basis, but it's often limited to shelf-stable products that don't require refrigeration...perfect for baked goods!

To make sure these home-based food businesses don't get too large (in order to prevent large-scale operations from skirting the regulations of a retail bakery), cottage bakeries usually have a sales limitation. They also have rules regarding who you can sell to. A cottage bakery is generally for direct-to-consumer sales only, so you couldn't sell to a local grocery store or bakery.

The first step in the process is to assess the rules where you live. Your state and local health departments should be able to provide additional information on your area's cottage food laws.

Create a Business Entity and Get Licensed

When you start a home baking business, there are other legal issues to consider before you tie on your apron. Some states require you to carry a business license to operate your home bakery. You may need a food manager license from the health department as well, depending on your state.

You should also set up a business entity, like a limited liability company (LLC). Setting up a company, versus operating your business as an individual or sole proprietor, protects your personal assets from legal liability in the event of a lawsuit. You may also need an insurance policy. Make sure you check with a cottage food expert and/or an attorney for advice on the best way to proceed.

Organize Your Finances and Plan for Taxes

One of the cardinal rules in business is to always keep your business banking separate from your personal banking. This means setting up a separate business bank account, which you can do once you've created your company.

You may also have to charge sales tax and/or food tax on the items you sell. You'll need to keep careful track of your sales and document their breakdowns so you can ensure you pay the proper amount of local and state taxes.

2. Plan Your Bakery Menu

Once you understand the rules and regulations and have your company set up, you can start the fun part!

Many home-based bakeries make cookies, breads, muffins, cupcakes, or cakes. As your own boss, you can choose to make whatever you like best (and choose not to make anything that you don't enjoy). Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts baking and pastry student Katie Sualog makes legendary biscotti in her home-based bakery!

Make sure to keep local laws in mind while planning your menu! Remember, in most cases the end-product must be shelf-stable, so anything that requires refrigeration is usually not an option.

One of the best things about a home bakery is that they're flexible. Let's say you go to the farmers market one weekend to sell pre-cut slices of banana bread. You hear from a few people that they love your banana bread, and wish they could buy a whole loaf! Well that's easy for you-next weekend, you can offer both slices and whole loaves for those who want them, versus having to stick to a predetermined menu. You can also switch things up whenever you like, experimenting with different ingredients or scaling back when things get a bit too busy.

Not sure what to bake? An education in Baking & Pastry Arts from Escoffier introduces students to many different types of baked goods. And with the online program, students can practice their techniques right in their home kitchens-perfect for the aspiring home-based baker.

3. Get Your Equipment and Supplies

Once you know what you'll be making, you can get what you need to execute your offerings. Whether that's assorted cake or muffin tins, bread tins, cupcake wrappers, piping bags and tips-make sure you have everything ready to go and a place to store it all.

Some states' cottage food laws require that you keep your bakery equipment separate from your personal kitchen equipment, so keep those extra space needs in mind. Make sure to track the cost of all of your supplies, so you can account for them when you price your menu and do your taxes.

Which leads us to...

4. Price Your Baked Goods to Ensure Profitability

Pricing your baked goods takes much more than simply looking at what your competitors charge and doing the same. Your baked goods must cover your costs of ingredients, labor, and additional overhead like business fees and farmers market fees, with some still left over for profit. But how do you figure out all of those numbers?

Calculate Your Food Costs

Build a spreadsheet of each ingredient that you use, plus the cost of each in common denominations. For example, you could list the costs of:

a pound of flour

a pound of sugar

a dozen eggs

a stick of butter

a tin of baking soda

and so on.

Then, use that information to calculate the food cost of each recipe.

Maybe you plan to sell cupcakes. Based on your spreadsheet, you can calculate the cost of the flour, sugar, baking soda, vanilla, eggs, etc. that go into your recipe for a single batch. If a dozen eggs cost $3 and you use two eggs in your recipe, you'll know that the cost of those two eggs is $.50.

Let's estimate that your cost per batch of cupcakes is $5.00. Then, divide that total batch cost by the number of cupcakes in a batch. For a $5.00 batch that yields 24 cupcakes, your cost per cupcake would be $0.21 $5.00/24 cupcakes = $0.21 per cupcake. Remember, this is only the cost of the ingredients required to make the goods.

Calculate Your Labor Cost

Next, assess how long it takes you to make a batch of those cupcakes. Perhaps it takes you two total hours to mix the batter, bake, decorate, and package two dozen cupcakes.

How much could you expect to be paid hourly if you worked in a bakery? Let's say you would be paid $15 per hour. So a total batch of your cupcakes is worth $30 of your time.

Now, we can figure out the labor per cupcake. Divide the total dollar value of your time by the number of cupcakes. $30/24 cupcakes = $1.25 labor per cupcake.

Calculate Your Overhead Costs

Consider what other expenses you'll incur for your business. This could include fixed costs like farmers market fees and a monthly website. It also includes variable fees that change based on how much you sell (like labels and packaging costs) plus cooking needs (think parchment paper and cupcake liners.)

These values can be hard to estimate before you have some experience and know approximately how many items you'll sell per month, but do your best to estimate a total monthly overhead, and divide it by the number of items you expect to sell per month. When getting your start, you may want to under-estimate your sales so you don't dig yourself into a hole from the get-go.

For easy math, let's say your monthly costs are $100, and you sell 400 items per month, for an overhead cost of $0.25/item. $100 overhead/400 items = $0.25 per item.

Assess Your Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold (referred to in the industry as COGS) is the total cost of producing all the items you plan to sell. Add each of these individual costs up to get your cost of goods for a single cupcake!

In our example: $0.21 food cost + $1.25 labor cost + $0.25 overhead costs = $1.71 per cupcake.

Now you have an absolute baseline for your sales price. Anything under $1.71 and you'll lose money on every cupcake. Anything over $1.71 and you'll make money on every cupcake.

To get your shop's COGS, repeat this process for each item you sell.

5. Ready, Set, Bake!

Bake plenty of your best treats, package them nicely, and head out to sell! Most home bakers sell their goods onsite at events like farmers markets and county fairs. Check your local and state regulations for where you can and can't sell home-based bakery goods.

You may (depending on state regulations) also be able to sell your baked goods online. If this applies to you, a simple website can let customers place orders throughout the week that you can deliver whenever it's convenient for them. Be sure to include a disclaimer about how far in advance customers need to place orders to ensure they're delivered on time.

6. Promote Your Home Baking Business

Showing up with baked goods ready to sell is a start. But with some marketing and promotion, you can get people excited about finding your stand at the local farmer's market.

A visual social media platform like Instagram is a great place to share images of your beautifully frosted cookies and cakes. You could promote a weekly special and encourage people to come to your stand week after week! TikTok is another platform that allows potential customers to view your behind-the-scenes process, although creating enticing baking videos may take a little extra skill. Don't forget to factor in the time you spend on marketing and promotion, as well as the costs of any digital tools you pay for, into your COGS.

You can also go old school and hand out punch cards to your loyal customers. Encourage them with a "buy 9 cookies and get one free" offer. And to really draw them in, a few free samples never hurt. A taste of one of your perfect macarons and people will be eager for more.

Not Sure If You've Got the Skills to Start a Home Baking Business?

A home bakery is a business, just like a retail bakery. While it has its own set of rules and regulations, it must still abide by the same principles of great baking, customer service, cost control, and marketing.

If you're not sure if you have all of these skills, it may be time to invest in an education by attending pastry school to help you with both the pastry and business skills. With Escoffier's online program in baking and pastry, you can earn a diploma or an associate degree-from home-in less than 60 weeks!

Contact our admissions department to learn more.
For more information on food entrepreneurship...*Information may not reflect every student's experience. Results and outcomes may be based on several factors, such as geographical region or previous experience.

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How to Start a Bakery Business From Home

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The baker in you wants to spend your days making chewy cookies and decadent cakes. The entrepreneur in you wants to be your own boss and call the shots. But the realist in you knows that you may not have the resources or the time to start your own retail bakery.

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Two things I enjoyed learning about is Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, and Piaget's stages both found on page 20-21. I enjoyed learning about Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages specifically because of the identity versus role confusion because it accurately explains high school and college student's emotions. I also enjoyed learning about Piaget's stages because the concept of a person's mental changing so rapidly is amazing to me. A person at the age of 9 thinks completely differently than a person at the age of 13.

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I believe that emerging adulthood is the ideal stage. Emerging adulthood is the age where everyone is grasping an idea of what they want to do in the future. Emerging adulthood is also the age where people have enough knowledge to start doing extravagant things in their lives. The textbook claims that emerging adulthood is the age where people start exploring the world on page 6, and I believe that what the textbook means by that is that we start to become free. The age of emerging adulthood is much more different than the other ages due to having more freedom in the world, and experiencing certain things for the first time.

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I enjoyed that the course gave a lot of extra credit, but I believe that you could have assigned way less assignments. I also didn't like the fact that there were a ton of big assignments given towards the last week, especially because this isn't my only course, but it felt like I had to put my main attention on this class the whole semester. I liked how we were able to use achieve through the whole semester, but I disliked how little time we were given on the exams. I liked how easy the assignments were to understand on achieve, and overall the class was good, but I was always stressed due to the amount of assignments given.