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"a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter."

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"The standard photographic film format for analog single lens reflex (SLR) still cameras and motion picture cameras."

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"The twin-lens reflex is a comparatively bulky dual camera (Figure 3) with a fixed-mirror reflex housing and top screen mounted above a roll-film box camera. Its two lenses focus in unison so that the top screen shows the image sharpness."

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"a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography."

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"Gelatin silver printing has been the primary black-and-white process since its development in the late 1880s and consists of three layers—paper, baryta, and gelatin—on which an image is produced."

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"a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection."

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"a public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair."

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"a room or building for the display or sale of works of art."

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"a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited."

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"a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited."

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Line is a mark with more length than width. Lines can be horizontal, vertical or diagonal

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

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An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing.

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art .

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity.

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.

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Any element placed on a page carries a visual weight. It can range from form to size, color, and texture. In order to make a design feel stable or have balance, the elements need to have a certain scale.

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Rhythm, a principle of design, has more complexity than the previous principles of repetition and pattern.

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Pattern is the repetition of more than one design element. While repetition focuses on a single element being repeated, pattern refers to multiple elements repeated throughout a design

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Harmony as a principle of design is the sense of cohesiveness between the elements in a composition.

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Variety in the principles of design is about creating visual interest that will keep viewers engaged with your design.

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Proportion in the principles of design is the sense of unity created when all the elements in a composition relate well with each other

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A strategy to get the viewer’s attention to a specific design element. This can be in any form: a button, a website, or an image.

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Symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.

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The quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

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Lack of equality or equivalence between parts or aspects of something; lack of symmetry.

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The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

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Consider (something) theoretically or separately from something else.

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The phrase cool color is used to describe any color that is calm or soothing in nature

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The phrase warm color is used to describe any color that is vivid or bold in nature.

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Neutral colors are muted shades that appear to lack color but often have underlying hues that change with different lighting.

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Complementary colors are pairs of colors that contrast with each other more than any other color, and when placed side-by-side make each other look brighter.

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Having or consisting of one color or hue

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Gradients, also known as color transitions, are a gradual blending from one color to another color

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Constructive criticism focuses on providing constructive feedback, supported by specific examples, to help you improve in some area.

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

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Use subjective when you're talking about an opinion or feeling that is based on an individual's perspective or preferences. Use objective when you're talking about something—like an assessment, decision, or report—that's unbiased and based solely on the observable or verifiable facts

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Copyrights primarily protect the rights of people who create literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works (like history tests, and software code). Trademarks protect the use of a company's name and its product names, brand identity (like logos) and slogans.

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The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open

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a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image

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the golden ratio in photography, you simply apply it to the placement of objects in your composition

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emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject

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positive space is the actual subject while negative space (also called white space) is the area surrounding the subject

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illumination from behind.

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Diffused light, or soft light, is light that's filtered by something.

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Ambient lighting is essentially indirect lighting. A soft light that is reflected off the ceiling

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the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting

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the dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background, especially in dim light.

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Diptychs are a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasise contrast.

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A triptych is a group of 3 separate images displayed together.

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blueprints that show top views, side views and front and rear views and so on drawn in what is known as "orthographic" representation. This is a view that ignores the perspective distortion we see in real life objects.

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Barrel distortion describes a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards

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Pincushion distortion produces the opposite effect from barrel distortion. Instead of an image curving in, pincushion distortion causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image.

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor

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The ASA (American Standards Association) scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device.

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Film grain is the visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion.

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Digital noise in photos taken with digital cameras is random pixels scattered all over the photo. It is a similar effect as “grain” in film photography

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F-stop is the term used to denote aperture measurements on your camera. The aperture controls the amount of light that enters the camera lens, and it's measured in f-stops.

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a space through which light passes in an optical or photographic instrument, especially the variable opening by which light enters a camera.

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the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider

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the distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image

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The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity.

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Auto Mode. Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot

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In program mode, only the exposure is automatic, while other camera settings (e.g. shooting mode, exposure compensation, flash) can be set manually

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Manual mode stands for a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want

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In Shutter Priority mode, you set the shutter speed of your camera. Your camera then sets the aperture that complements your shutter speed to make sure the image is well-exposed.

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Aperture priority keeps your aperture fixed and changes your shutter speed. This is great for those who want to have the same depth of field in their pictures.

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The length of time the camera shutter is open, exposing light onto the camera sensor

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Bulb mode, is a shutter speed option accessible in manual mode that allows your shutter speed to be as long as you want, one minute, five minutes, 15 minutes, etc. The bulb mode keeps the shutter of the camera open as long as you hold the shutter release.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames.

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Tripods are a three-legged stand for supporting a camera or other apparatus. Monopods are a one-legged support for a camera or other objects.

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Camera shake is a term used to describe the involuntary blurring of a picture that occurs when the camera is moving at the time of exposure.

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Long exposure refers to a technique where you keep the shutter open for an unusually long period of time.

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Denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time.

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Light painting, painting with light, light drawing, or light art performance photography are terms that describe photographic techniques of moving a light source while taking a long-exposure photograph

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In cinematography and photography panning means swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject.

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Centre-weighted Average metering is like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point. It places greater emphasis on the centre area while also taking meter reading across the entire frame.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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By definition 18% gray is the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and white

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Shadows change shape, intensity, and even color along with the angle, direction, and temperature of light. Any photo that uses shadows as a prominent part of the composition — to enhance the contrast of a subject or as the subject itself

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A medium tone, one that is neither very dark nor very light.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos.

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The sepia effect is a well-known tonal editing technique that adds a warmer tone that gives an image a vintage or archival quality. If you want to add a bit of style to your composition, the sepia effect works exceptionally well with black and white images.

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What you use to determine where the camera will be focusing the image.

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When you bracket your shots you take exactly the same picture of your subject at several different exposures

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A number that represents a combination of a camera's shutter speed and f-number, such that all combinations that yield the same exposure have the same EV (for any fixed scene luminance).

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Helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure.

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Helps you adjust the white balance and exposure settings of images by providing a reference point.