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Barn doors are light modifiers that shape and direct light. They are flexible to use and can create focused light. They also make a variety of shapes. Barn doors are fixed onto the front of studio or theatre lights. They have four hinged doors around the light source.

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Chromatic aberration is the resultant imperfection when a lens fails to focus all wavelengths of color to the same spot on the focal plane, focusing them to different positions instead.

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The obtaining of posterlike reproductions having solid tones or colors and little detail from photographs or other continuous-tone originals by means of separation negatives.

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Aliasing is a phenomenon where a digital camera has trouble translating an intricate pattern. Aliasing can result in a number of odd visual artifacts in photos or videos.

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JPEG artifacts are caused by compression when an image is saved in the . jpg format. Each time an image is saved in this format it is compressed and “non-essential” data is discarded. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise and color degradation.

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The type of distortion caused by that extreme curve of a wide-angle lens is called barrel distortion.

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distortion in which the image of a straight line appears to be curved convexly toward the axis

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APS C is an adopted term for the image sensor format approximately the size of the now-defunct Advanced Photo System film negative classic, of 25.1×16.7 mm, with an aspect ratio of 3:2. APS C sensors are cropped sensors that are generally cheaper and easier to travel with than their full frame counterparts

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size – 36mm by 24mm – and the distinctive look it makes possible. Compared to a Super 35mm sensor, a full-frame sensor has over twice the surface area while providing a wider angle of view and shallower depth of ﬁeld.

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An image sensor or imager is a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, small bursts of current that convey the information. The waves can be light or other electromagnetic radiation.

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“Crop factor” is the ratio of the sensor size to 35mm / full-frame (see below). You take the provided crop factor number, multiply it with the focal length of the lens and you get the equivalent focal length relative to 35mm film / full-frame.

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte

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a group of binary digits or bits (usually eight) operated on as a unit.

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Cubism was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. They brought different views of subjects together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted.

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Minimalism is about avoiding the unnecessary , it's about simplicity, utility and elegance. It's all about “LESS IS MORE” in terms of embracing the most of fewer things.

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Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane mass-produced objects.

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new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the people introducing them.

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Surrealism aims to revolutionize human experience. It balances a rational vision of life with one that asserts the power of the unconscious and dreams. The movement's artists find magic and strange beauty in the unexpected and the uncanny, the disregarded and the unconventional.

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Appropriation in art and art history refers to the practice of artists using pre-existing objects or images in their art with little transformation of the original

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism.

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a still life is a work of art that focuses on inanimate subjects. Usually, the subjects are commonplace objects. That can include both manmade objects (such as vases, items of clothing, and consumer products) and natural objects (like plants, food, rocks, and shells).

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Commercial photography is a genre that encompasses any photos used for a business or publication.

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Aerial photography is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other airborne platforms. When taking motion pictures, it is also known as aerial videography.

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A histogram is a graphical representation of data points organized into user-specified ranges.

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Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. Somewhat paradoxically, anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art.

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Assemblage is art that is made by assembling disparate elements – often everyday objects – scavenged by the artist or bought specially

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An ND filter acts like sunglasses would to your eyes, it blocks light coming into the lens like sunglasses blocks light coming into your eyes. ND stands for Neutral Density which means it blocks the light in a neutral way without changing the colour of the light.

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Cross processing is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film. The effect was discovered independently by many different photographers often by mistake in the days of C-22 and E-4

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Catch light or catchlight is a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image. They are also referred to as eye lights or Obies, the latter a reference to Merle Oberon, for whom the light was invented by then husband and cinematographer, Lucien Ballard.

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To access this tool, select Enhance > Adjust Color > Adjust Color Curves. You can then click and drag the sliders to adjust the curve.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A ring light is a simple lighting tool that is commonly used for beauty shots, portraits, and macro photography. It features a number of small bulbs forming a circle or just one circular fluorescent bulb. When used in photography, it creates an attractive catch light on a subject's eyes.

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Tilt-shift photography is a creative and unique type of photography in which the camera is manipulated so that a life-sized location or subject looks like a miniature-scale model

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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They look like bees' honeycomb (hence being known as honeycomb grids) and are great for helping to make a beam of light that is soft but focused. Grids are especially useful if you want your subject relatively close to your background with your subject well-lit but not the background

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A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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In photography, a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape. Snoots can isolate a subject when using a flash.

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A softbox is a light modifier that confines light from an artificial source into a wire framed box and releases it through a layer of diffusion. Softboxes are commonly used in photography as a soft source of light that minimizes harsh shadows.

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A monolight is used to illuminate a large scene, be it a studio, a venue, an arena, or any setting in between. You can use a monolight to add to the natural light in an outdoor scene as well.

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The ambrotype is a photographic process on glass introduced in the early 1850s. The ambrotype quickly grew in popularity because it maintained the image clarity of the daguerreotype—an earlier process on silver-plated copper invented in 1839—but was faster and cheaper to produce.

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A Polaroid transfer, sometimes known as an image transfer, is a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper. In a Polaroid transfer, the image is peeled apart prematurely and the negative is placed down on a desired material

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The photogravure is an intaglio print process that was sometimes used to produce high-quality reproductions of photographs in ink. A positive transparency of a photographic image is used to control the etching of a specially prepared metal plate.

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Print a cyanotype by placing your negative (to reproduce a photograph) or object (to make a photogram) in contact with your coated paper or fabric. Sandwich it with a piece of glass. Expose the sandwich to UV light. Natural sunlight is the traditional light source, but UV lamps can also be used.

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Chlorophyll's job in a plant is to absorb light—usually sunlight. The energy absorbed from light is transferred to two kinds of energy-storing molecules. Through photosynthesis, the plant uses the stored energy to convert carbon dioxide (absorbed from the air) and water into glucose, a type of sugar.

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Split lighting is a lighting technique that lights up half of a subject's face while leaving the other half in a shadow, essentially “splitting” the face. This splitting effect is achieved by a light source that is perpendicular to the subject illuminating directly from one specific side

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Rembrandt lighting is characterized by an illuminated triangle (also called "Rembrandt patch") under the eye of the subject on the less illuminated side of the face.

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Loop lighting is an essential lighting technique for portrait photographers. It is easy to create with just a single light source and is flattering on most subjects. This lighting pattern will create a shadow that loops down and around the side of the nose, and on the neck and under the chin.

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Butterfly lighting is a lighting pattern used in portrait photography where the key light is placed above and pointing down on the subject's face. This creates a dramatic shadow under the nose and chin that looks like a butterfly.

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Broad lighting is a type of lighting setup where the area of a subject's face that is facing the camera is lit more brightly. The term “broad lighting” comes from lighting the broad side of a subject's face. It is also on of the typical photography lighting setups for shooting portraits.

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What is short lighting? Short lighting is a lighting technique used primarily in portrait photography in which the far side of a subject's face is lit relative to the camera. This leaves the near side of the face darker or entirely shadowed.

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A tintype, also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic

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lacking in movement, action, or change, especially in a way viewed as undesirable or uninteresting.

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Visual weight is a measure of the force that an element exerts to attract the eye. Two-dimensional objects can attract attention. The more an element attracts the eye, the greater its visual weight.

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Rendering or image synthesis is the process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by means of a computer program

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Linear Perspective - By using either 1 point perspective, 2 point perspective, or 3 point perspective, an artist can create the illusion of space. Linear perspective is a drawing method that uses lines to draw objects in space.

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vortograph, the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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Scanography (also spelled scannography), more commonly referred to as scanner photography, is the process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD (charge-coupled device) array capturing device.

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A photographic typology is a single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. This consistency is usually found within the subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject.

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"New Topographics: Photographs of a Man-Altered Landscape" was a groundbreaking exhibition of contemporary landscape photography held at the George Eastman House's International Museum of Photography from October 1975 to February 1976.

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Solargraphy is the art of pinhole photography and a part of Space Art, too. Solarigraphics or solargraphs are pinhole photographs taken with a lensless pinhole camera with a long exposure. By doing so the invisible movements of the Sun can be made visible in landscapes.

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The kelvin, symbol K, is the primary unit of temperature in the International System of Units, used alongside its prefixed forms and the degree Celsius. It is named after the Belfast-born and University of Glasgow based engineer and physicist William

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Subtractive Primary Colors are the three colors in the visible light spectrum that are produced when either red, green, or blue light is absorbed or subtracted and the unabsorbed colors are reflected or transmitted.

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Lighting ratio in photography refers to the comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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In color management, an ICC profile is a set of data that characterizes a color input or output device, or a color space, according to standards promulgated by the International Color Consortium.

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Flat light occurs due to the image being very evenly lit and id different to soft light versus hard light which is the transition of light from highlight to shadow. Overcast days create flat lighting and so does direct flash and is often used in beauty shots and also some documentary photographers.

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Chimping is a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display (LCD) immediately after capture.

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A nifty fifty is an excellent walk-around lens, ideal for capturing candid moments, making it a favourite for street photography (guide). When it comes to shooting people, it's less intimidating and intrusive than a large, pretentious zoom, and can make your subject more relaxed.

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It's short for a photographer. A Street Tog is slang for a street photographer.

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When a photoshop file has hundreds of unnamed layers.

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Appearance of print in which tone reproduction is low in contrast, lacking deep blacks or brilliant whites.

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They are often dust particles or, especially in the Spring and Summer months, pollen. If static charges build up, dust bunnies can become attracted to each other, resulting in large “super” dust bunnies. These can collect on the sensor glass of your camera and result in dark blobs when you image.

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In digital photography and digital video, clipping is a result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented. It is an instance of signal clipping in the image domain.

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In television, film, stage, or photographic lighting, a fill light may be used to reduce the contrast of a scene to match the dynamic range of the recording media and record the same amount of detail typically seen by eye in average lighting and considered normal.

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The key light is the first and usually most important light that a photographer, cinematographer, lighting cameraman, or other scene composer will use in a lighting setup. The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject.

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Tethering, or phone-as-modem, is the sharing of a mobile device's Internet connection with other connected computers. Connection of a mobile device with other devices can be done over wireless LAN, over Bluetooth or by physical connection using a cable, for example through USB.

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Infrared photography refers to a special type of photography using films or sensors that have infrared light sensitivity. By using infrared light in a photograph one can add special effects, like false colors, to photographs.

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Simply put, composite photography is when a photographer uses two or more different images to create one new image. Composite photography can wear many different hats, so no matter what kind of photographer you are, you may be able to benefit from creating a composite.

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Lifestyle photography is a style of portrait photography that aims to capture real-life situations in an artistic manner. The purpose of this type of photography is to share people's stories through candid, unstaged scenes.

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Urbex is a subfield of architecture photography, which takes many different forms. Mostly, it is about exploring the urban habitat and the countless exciting places within it. This usually involves entering abandoned buildings such as old factories, derelict residences or other urban ruins.

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Astrophotography involves taking photographs of the night sky or deep space objects. This can involve simple star trails, pictures of the moon, the milky way or other celestial objects or deep space images of objects such as nebulae or galaxies.

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Clamshell lighting is when the photographer uses two frontal light sources to illuminate the subject, helping to minimize shadows and often giving a glowing effect.

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Doubleback lighting, which I also found to be called as “badger” lighting is a creative two-light setup that helps to emphasize shadows which adds angles to the face and body

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High-key lighting is a style of lighting for film, television, or photography that aims to reduce the lighting ratio present in the scene. This was originally done partly for technological reasons, since early film and television did not deal well with high contrast ratios, but now is used to suggest an upbeat mood.

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Low-key lighting is a style of lighting for photography, film or television. It is a necessary element in creating a chiaroscuro effect. Traditional photographic lighting uses a key light, a fill light and a back light for illumination.

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High-key lighting reduces the lighting ratio in the scene, meaning there's less contrast between the darker tones and the brighter areas. Alternatively, low-key lighting has greater contrast between the dark and light areas of the image with a majority of the scene in shadow.

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the process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or across an edge, typically accompanied by interference between the wave forms produced.

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IPS monitors or “In-Plane Switching” monitors, leverage liquid crystals aligned in parallel to produce rich colors. IPS panels are defined by the shifting patterns of their liquid crystals. These monitors were designed to overcome the limitations of TN panels.

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Anamorphic lenses squeeze visual information on the recording medium to create a wider aspect ratio for viewers. This cinematic technique results in a widescreen format and can create visual effects, such as horizontal lens flares.

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ATGNI. This acronym means All The Gear, No Idea. It refers to people who are constantly upgrading their equipment to the latest camera bodies, lenses, and tripods, yet have no idea how to properly use any of them.

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In the visual arts, gradation is the technique of gradually transitioning from one hue to another, or from one shade to another, or one texture to another. Space, distance, atmosphere, volume, and curved or rounded forms are some of the visual effects created

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An ND filter acts like sunglasses would to your eyes, it blocks light coming into the lens like sunglasses blocks light coming into your eyes. ND stands for Neutral Density which means it blocks the light in a neutral way without changing the colour of the light.An ND filter acts like sunglasses would to your eyes, it blocks light coming into the lens like sunglasses blocks light coming into your eyes. ND stands for Neutral Density which means it blocks the light in a neutral way without changing the colour of the light.

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A CPL filter – which stands for circular polarizer/linear – is a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces. Although there are various types available on the market, the most popular is the circular model, partly as it can fit easily onto the end of virtually any camera lens.

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Chromatic aberration, also known as color fringing, is a color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph. Often, it appears along metallic surfaces or where there's a high contrast between light and dark objects, such as a black wall in front of a bright blue sky.

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As the name suggests, mirrorless cameras capture images without the use of a mirror in the camera body. This is different from DSLR cameras, which reflect images into viewfinders via mirrors. Instead, mirrorless cameras often use electronic viewfinders (EVF) to display images digitally.

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A watermark is an identifying image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light, caused by thickness or density variations in the paper. Watermarks have been used on postage stamps, currency, and other government documents to discourage counterfeiting

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Professional photographers use a technique called focus stacking to portray multiple objects in focus on various focal planes in one sharp image where everything is in focus, essentially mimicking a greater depth of field without any loss of definition.

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The Sunny f16 rule states that, on sunny days, at an aperture of f/16, your shutter speed is the inverse of your ISO value. This means that if you are at, say, aperture f/16 and ISO 100, your shutter speed should be 1/100 seconds. This is one of the easiest photography rules to remember.

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The term alternative process refers to any non-traditional or non-commercial photographic printing process.

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Photography is the simultaneous recognition, in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as of a precise organisation of forms which give that event its proper expression.

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Spray and Pray means the same thing as Grip and rip. It means to have your camera set up in a fast burst mode, shooting several photos per second, and then to simply hold down the shutter button, hoping to capture the perfect image within the sequence.

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Enables you to take photos as if they were shot with a toy camera