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Large School of Manō Galapagos at Kamokuokamohoaliʻi

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Large School of Manō Galapagos at Kamokuokamohoaliʻi

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Ua Paʻa Nā Inoa Kahiko. Ancient Names Remembered

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Ua Paʻa Nā Inoa Kahiko. Ancient Names Remembered

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Kamokuokamohoali‘i means “The island of Kamohoali‘i,” referring to Pele’s brother Kamohoali‘i, the shark deity. The name signifies the extremely high number of sharks prevalent at Maro Reef, more than any other location in the Monument. Ko‘anako‘a literally means “the settlement of coral,” referring to Maro’s expansive coral reefs. Nalukākala describes surf that arrives in swells, such as the surf that froths over shallow reefs.

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Maro Reef is the largest coral reef in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with over 1,934 square kilometers (approximately 746 square miles or 478,000 acres) of reef area. Unlike the classic ring-shaped atoll, Maro is a complex maze of linear reefs that radiate out from the center like the spokes of a wheel. It is named after the whaling ship Maro, which traveled these waters in 1820.

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The Maro reef Hawaii's national fish Hawaii's national fish is the Reef triggerfish. The reason it is called a trigger fish, is because it can shoot a jet stream of water, to blow sand away to find food. Its Hawaiian name is Humuhumunukunukuapua’a (What is wrong with Hawaiian's)

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Photo by: Greg McFall/NOAA Office of National Marine SanctuariesA banded spiny lobster / ula (Panulirus marginatus) and a black spiny urchin / wana (Echinothr

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Jupiter Research Foundation: Aloha Raita Bank and Maro Reef

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Jupiter Research Foundation: Aloha Raita Bank and Maro Reef

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Maro, or Nalukākala, has the largest extent of coral reef habitat in Papahānaumokuākea and is one of the most ecologically rich locales in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The shallow waters consist of patch reefs and elongate structures called spur and groove formations. The reefs support numerous butterflyfish and surgeonfish species. Grey reef sharks, galapagos sharks, whitetip reef sharks, trevally, jacks, and other apex predators are also numerous. Sharks and other apex predators play an important role in maintaining balance within marine ecosystems by regulating the populations of other species lower in the food chain. In the Hawaiian culture, manō are honored as akua (gods) and ‘aumakua (family guardians).  http://jupiterfoundation.org/current/tag/Maro+Reefhttp://jupiterfoundation.org/current/tag/Maro+Reef

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The Far Atolls: Twenty-five days in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

Story by Kennenth R. Weiss.

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Hawaiians named this mostly submerged atoll for Kamohoali'i, the brother of Pele and the shark deity of Hawaiian religion, possibly because of the unusually large population of sharks found here. "Maro Reef is murky and spooky," says chief scientist Randy Kosaki, watching attentively from one of the boats, "so we don't like to dive on it."

Nonetheless, Kosaki cannot wait to get into the water, not because he's overly concerned about his divers dangling like human bait but because he doesn't want to miss out on the sharks. He dons snorkel gear and slides into the water. He first dives to his colleagues and lightens their load by hauling extraneous gear back to the boat. Then he takes another breath and descends to swim with the sharks.

At 53 the Native Hawaiian marine biologist has been collecting fish-both alive and at the end of a spear-since the 1970s. Like his younger sister, freediver and champion spearfisher Kimi Werner, Kosaki has a natural grace in the water. He's tall and lean, and when he's wearing the type of long-blade fins favored by freedivers, Kosaki looks like an undulating, ten-foot-long sea serpent. About a dozen Galapagos sharks trail him, but as soon as Kosaki turns to face them, even the boldest retreat into the gloom. "These were rather timid," Kosaki says. "Yesterday they were much friskier."

It's that kind of crew I find myself among, out here in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, hundreds of miles from anyone other than scientific divers, coral reef ecologists and avid spearfishers. The sort of folk who, when someone yells "shark!", they all jump in the water. But even these self-described fish nerds have their limits. "If I see a white shark, I get out of the water," says Richard Pyle, one of the deep divers and an ichthyologist at Bishop Museum in Honolulu. "If I see a tiger shark, I get my camera."

Their enthusiasm is infectious. My own landlubber view shifts from thinking of sharks as toothy gangsters best avoided like hoodlums in a dodgy neighborhood. Instead I begin to appreciate their sleek lines, their power and grace. They seem more curious than conniving. The more time I spend in the water among these sharks and the scientists who love them, the more I, too, want close encounters of the chondrichthyous kind.

Our expedition leaves Pearl Harbor on May 22 aboard the Hi'ialakai, a research vessel operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Over the next twenty-five days, the ship will explore a vast area of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, traveling almost four thousand miles while eighteen researchers and support divers conduct surveys and collect fish, algae and coral-some likely to be species never before seen or identified-over the course of some four hundred dives. By the end of the journey, they will have inscribed oceans of data on waterproof clipboards and recorded thou-sands of underwater images and untold hours of video.

Kosaki's mission is to explore the deep reefs around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands-one of the few places left in the world's vast oceans that remain dominated by sharks, big jacks and other apex predators. The collection of uninhabited atolls, reefs and shoals that comprise the North-western Hawaiian Islands lies far to the west of the main Hawaiian Islands. To both scientists and Native Hawaiians, these are the ancestors of the main islands, formed millions of years earlier by the same volcanic hot spot that is now creating Hawai'i Island and the yet-to-surface Lō'ihi seamount to its southeast.

Due to continental drift and other slow geologic forces like subsidence and erosion, these formerly high islands have flattened to emergent reefs and sandy atolls. They are scattered to the northwest of Ni'ihau like a loose string of jewels set in turquoise lagoons across 1,200 miles of the Pacific. Though small and rarely visited, these islets are places of superlatives: the world's largest tropical seabird rookery; the last undisturbed refuge for Hawai'i's sea turtles and sleepy-eyed Hawaiian monk seals. Its old-growth coral forests are home to the world's largest known sponge and a black coral that is the world's oldest known living animal. Among the thousands of species that inhabit these waters is the world's highest proportion of endemic fish, those species found nowhere else on Earth.

These flyspecks of land and the fifty-mile-wide buffer of protected ocean around them are celebrating their tenth anniversary as a marine national monument. Established on June 15, 2006 as the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, it was renamed Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument a year later. This summer the monument also celebrates its sixth year as America's first and still only mixed natural and cultural UNESCO World Heritage Site. At the time of this writing, President Barack Obama is weighing a proposal to expand the monument's boundary from fifty to two hundred miles out, quadrupling the area set aside for conservation. If that happens, Papahānaumokuākea will become the largest protected area on the planet, either on land or at sea.

Moonlight dances on the waves as Hi'ialakai crosses the boundary into the monument. The name Papahānaumokuākea comes from Native Hawaiians, who wanted the monument to reflect their understanding that these are the kūpuna islands, the revered elders, both literally and spiritually. The name invokes both the female earth-mother Papahānaumoku and the sky-father Wākea of Hawaiian cosmology, deities whose union birthed the Hawaiian archipelago-and the Hawaiian people.

At 5:32 a.m. the Hi'ialakai crosses the Tropic of Cancer, the latitude at which the sun reaches its zenith during the summer solstice. The Native Hawaiians who navigated these same waters centuries ago in double-hulled sailing canoes also understood this latitude to be an important boundary, and not just for navigation: It is the line between ao, the world of light and life, and pō, the world of the gods and primordial darkness. We're headed into pō, a place of so much mana, so much spiritual power, it's the place from whence all life emerged, beginning with the coral polyp, and to which all life returns after death. This boundary runs through Mokumanamana (Necker Island), an islet with so many archeological sites that it's thought to be a spiritual and ancestral gateway to the islands beyond, the places of the gods.(Bishop Museum in Honolulu will feature some ki'i [carved figures] from Mokumanamana in a new exhibit about Papahānaumokuākea beginning August 13 and running through January.)

We enter pō at first light. A soft glow rises in the east as the darkness shades to a palette of pale blues. Water and sky surround the ship, uninterrupted by land. There are no other ships within hundreds of miles, no planes scraping the sky. The only sounds are the low rumble of the engines, the lapping waves and the cries of the red-footed boobies, which had perched on the forward mast for the night.

Lieutenant Faith Knighton stands watch on the bridge of the Hi'ialakai, which once served as a quiet US Navy surveillance vessel. The only light comes from the computer screens around her, displaying the ship's position, course, direction and speed with data from satellites, radar, depth sounders and collision avoidance systems. In these quiet early hours, Knighton says she imagines what it would have been like to navigate the vast Pacific without such instruments, using the stars for guidance. "Very few people can name even more than a few stars," she says. "It's amazing that Hawaiians could navigate the oceans using stars and get within a few miles of an atoll." After Knighton visited the Hōkūle'a, a replica of the kind of double-hulled voyaging canoes on which early explorers discovered and settled Polynesia, she was astonished by its modest size and its low profile in the water. How could those adventurers have possibly navigated close enough to spot land?

As the sun climbs, Knighton beams as she sees one of the signs they must have followed: the bottom of a fluffy cumulus cloud bank is tinted aquamarine, a reflection from an unseen shallow lagoon ahead.

They look more machine than man in their masks, mouthpieces, wraparound hoses, valves, computer displays and tanks. Kosaki and three other divers are suited up, ready to dive to 330 feet-far beyond the limits of traditional scuba gear. Dive safety officer Jason Leonard runs through a thirty-point safety checklist like a drill sergeant. "Attach counterlungs to waist clip!" he barks. "Check!" the divers respond in unison. It's a serious process, similar to a preflight checklist for test pilots or astronauts. Gear failure at such depths can be fatal. These aquanauts don't talk about friends they've lost on deep dives, though many of them have. It's all business until the last item on Leonard's clipboard is checked. Then he lets out a war whoop and sends the four into the deep with "Dive! Dive!"

What compels these men to plumb such depths? "It's not thrill-seeking," Pyle says. "It's the thrill of discovery. The magic moment comes when I see a fish that no one else has ever seen before." For Pyle, that happens at three hundred feet off of Hōlanikū (Kure Atoll), the westernmost island of the chain and the outer limit of the Hawaiian universe. There, out of the corner of his eye, he spies an unusual Anthias, a multicolored, two-inch-long fish with a distinctive orange spot on its dorsal fin. Though Hawaiian fishes are well documented, the deep-diving team is racking up new species in the limbo of the mesophotic reef, a region they call the twilight zone.

Pyle recorded his capture of the Anthias (a male) on a camera affixed to his rebreather rig. So did Brian Greene, a fish expert associated with Bishop Museum, who captured a female. Unlike with traditional scuba, divers are able to talk into their rebreathers, although the helium that's mixed with the oxygen and nitrogen makes them sound like biologists from Munch-kinland. Every evening Pyle and Greene sit in the ship's dry lab and watch their videos, laughing themselves silly as they listen to themselves hunting for rare creatures of the deep in the voices of Alvin and the Chipmunks.

When diving three hundred feet or deeper, bottom time is often limited to fifteen or twenty minutes, followed by a long, slow ascent-often two hours or more-to prevent decompression sickness. It's tedious, which is why the divers love to see sharks-or mostly love to. At 150 feet, Greene's camera records a twelve-foot tiger shark beelining for Kosaki from behind. Greene screams into his mouthpiece. At the last moment the shark abruptly turns and disappears.

Kosaki has no clue until he sees the video hours later. "It makes you think about what else you don't see swimming behind you," he says. Mostly, he's disappointed he missed a close sighting. "It's really amazing to see a tiger shark that big. Their girth is huge," he says, holding out his arms as if hugging a barrel. "You think of all of the fish, all of the turtles and monk seals that shark ate to get that big."

Tiger sharks are ambush predators, and stealth is key to their strategy. "I've found that when you make eye contact with tiger sharks, they veer away," says Kosaki. He suspects if he had looked up, the shark would have peeled off sooner. "We're not on the menu," he says. Kosaki texts his wife that evening to share the story. She replies with a string of emoji, a hamburger and other edibles. Diving in these wild oceans, her husband is just another morsel in the food chain.

Sharks and other predators tend to dominate healthy coral reefs, scientists say, and help to maintain a balance of fish. And the reefs at this end of the archipelago are among the healthiest in the world. One reason is that they are so remote, far from land-based pollution. Another is that they're protected from overfishing, which can disrupt a reef's equilibrium; these reefs have been completely off-limits to fishing for the last decade. Yet even the most remote marine reserve cannot protect against global stressors, including rapidly warming and acidifying waters. Scientists suggest these reefs might be the best positioned in the world to withstand such changes. But are they?

John Burns lays a measuring tape across the reef off Kapou, otherwise known as Lisianski Island, with the help of Keisha Bahr. These newly minted PhD coral ecologists from University of Hawai'i at Mānoa are evaluating the reef's health. Burns takes hundreds of pictures from different angles. A computer program will later collate the images to create a 3-D model of this twenty-by-fifty-foot section of reef. This is the third consecutive year that Burns has examined the architecture of this reef; not long ago it was a kaleidoscope of colorful corals, including the gorgeous purple rice coral ( Montipora dilatata) that is now designated as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List.

In 2014 much of the reef off Kapou bleached after being bathed for weeks in unusually warm water resulting from a global rise in temperature. When stressed, coral polyps eject the symbiotic algae on which they rely for nutrition-and which give the corals their vibrant color. Some-times corals recover from bleaching events, but Burns' 2015 survey showed that 90 percent hadn't. In this year's survey Burns and Bahr are horrified to find the reef smothered by gobs of green algae. The stuff is so aggressive that chunks of it had torn off and collected in sandy channels, like slimy green leaf litter. Burns compares a thriving coral reef to a diverse, bustling city with high-density housing. "A few years ago the complexity of these corals was phenomenal," he says. "Gorgeous and great habitat. What remains is rubble, a wasteland. It's hard for me to believe it's the same place." Bahr opts for a more direct simile. "It was like diving on a graveyard," she says.

Deeper reefs held up much better in the surveys. And for the most part the waters here offer an impressive array of fish: great schools of surgeonfishes, clouds of chubs and parades of parrotfishes, some as large as dogs. When it comes to fish, every shallow dive offers a visual feast of kole, or goldring surgeonfishes, blennies, butterfly fishes, tangs, unicorn fishes and wrasses.

The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands have fallen under some sort of protection since President Theodore Roosevelt dispatched the Navy in 1903 to halt the slaughter of albatrosses and other seabirds for feathers to adorn women's hats. He was the first of five presidents to expand protections. In 2006 President George W. Bush surprised NOAA officials-and the nation-by invoking the Antiquities Act of 1906 to establish Papahānaumokuākea, a monument covering nearly 140,000 square miles. first lady Laura Bush further impressed Island residents in 2007 by (mostly) correctly pronouncing "Papahānaumokuākea" during a speech in Honolulu to announce the monument's new name.

At that time, George W. Bush could rightly boast that Papahānaumokuākea was the largest marine reserve in the world, edging out Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Since then, though, larger reserves have been created as part of an effort to meet the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity's goal to set aside 10 percent of the world's oceans for conservation by 2020. So far, less than 3 percent of the world's oceans are protected, compared with 15 percent of its land and inland waters. Many scientists think it's a good idea to extend those protections to the edge of US juris-diction, the two-hundred-mile Exclusive Economic Zone, to thwart fish poaching, to protect migratory sharks and other fish and to safeguard the seabed-most of which is unexplored-from mining.

Biologist Daniel Wagner coordinates deep-sea research for the monument. On this trip he's spending evenings using the Hi'ialakai 's multibeam sonar to map that unexplored seabed. Watching the sonar's progress on a monitor, Wagner talks about how such surveys have discovered unknown ridges and an undersea mountain that rises 13,800 feet from the seafloor-as tall as Mauna Kea if measured from sea level. It isn't just fascinating geology down there, Wagner says: Remotely operated vehicles have revealed a rich density and diversity of corals, and they have photo-graphed otherworldly creatures: a ghost-white octopus; a sponge with Shar-Pei-like wrinkles that's as big as a minivan; a branching coral that stands taller than an adult giraffe; a black coral that's been carbon-dated to 4,265 years old. Wagner, who studies black corals, has a backlog collection of forty-nine species awaiting further study. All of them, he believes, have never been seen in Hawai'i or are new to science. "This is one of those rare instances where we are learning about a new environment before damage happens," he says, but he sees that damage coming. Much of the monument and its surrounding waters overlap with the Pacific Prime Crust Zone, an area rich in manganese, copper and zinc-all elements needed for cell phones and electronics. "We're running out of land-based sources. Seabed mining is certainly coming," Wagner says. "If they allow mining here, it will be very, very bad for this fragile environment."

Before I'm allowed to set foot on Kamole, or Laysan Island, I must change. I put on clothes that have been stored in a freezer for at least forty-eight hours. The hat on my head, the sandals on my feet, the straps on my camera and sunglasses are straight-off-the-shelf new and still a bit frosty. All to make sure no living insects or viable seeds hitch a ride to these remote places. Each atoll I visit means a different set of unused clothes. Such precautions might seem excessive, but there's a war going on: a battle against aliens-invasive plants, voracious introduced ants and, in the case of Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll), a plague of mice.

Wildlife reigns supreme on all these islands. Millions of seabirds nest on them, beak by jowl. Humans are scarce. Apart from a few dozen people on Kuaihelani and a half-dozen on Hōlanikū, the islands are deserted except during the summer, when small tent camps house a few young volunteers there to monitor monk seals. To walk amid these colonies, surrounded by fluttering wings and a cacophony of cries, is to witness one of nature's grand spectacles. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands remain one of the last, best refuges for seabirds, which have seen global numbers plummet by 70 percent since the 1950s.

Because these birds evolved in the absence of humans or land-based predators, they're vulnerable. Mōlī (Laysan albatross) and ka'upu (black-footed albatross) lay their eggs on the sand and leave their chicks unguarded for weeks while the adults forage at sea to feed them regurgitated squid, fish eggs and, too often, bits of plastic. Various species of terns, noddies, tropicbirds and shearwaters are also ground nesters. Petrels burrow beneath soft sand. Every step risks tragedy: a crushed egg, an injured chick or petrel family buried alive in a collapsed burrow. Introduced rodents and ants also took a heavy toll on ground-nesting birds until wildlife biologists intervened to mitigate it.

Much of the effort on Hōlanikū and Kuaihelani now focuses on removing Verbesina encelioides, a member of the daisy family that grows faster and taller than the chicks. It engulfs them in a sea of yellow flowers, making it hard for the parents to find and feed them. Many starve. So state and federal wildlife biologists have moved to eradicate this plant and replace it with native bunch grass, Eragrostis variabilis. They are also planting naupaka, Scaevola sericea, a waxy, green-leafed shrub that builds dunes.

Making her rounds on Kuaihelani, Meg Duhr-Schultz, a wildlife biologist with the US Fish & Wildlife Service, checks on a mōlī chick with a red band. It's the latest offspring of Wisdom, the oldest known wild bird. Wisdom, who is at least 65 years old, has returned to Kuaihelani every year to raise her young since she was first banded in 1956. Whether this chick will have similar breeding success in the decades to come, given rising sea levels, is part of what drives Duhr-Schultz to work on island restoration. After pulling some Verbesina, she stops to admire a fresh dune that appears to be swallowing a naupaka bush; only small branches poke out from the sand. She digs down a couple of inches to reveal new roots reaching out in all directions, securing the aggregated sand. "This isn't going to stop sea-level rise," she says, "but it could buy us time over the next hundred years."

On Kamole, NOAA fisheries has warriors fighting a different battle. Hope Ronco and two colleagues often find themselves focused on another unwelcome visitor: an endless tide of nets, ropes, lines and other discarded fishing gear. "The marine debris is so frustrating," Ronco says."It keeps washing ashore." Ronco walks out on the reef, gathers some line and drags it up the beach, leaving it above the high-tide line. It's out of the sea at least but not completely out of harm's way. Monk seals are curious, painfully adept at getting entangled while poking their muzzles into such debris. "A pup could get entangled on land and overheat in the sun. Or it could get entangled in the water and drown," Ronco says. Kamole has the largest monk seal population in the archipelago, about 250 of a total 1,300 animals worldwide. The crew here intervenes when necessary, and such small-scale rescues are the reason that a third of the seal population is alive today. And after decades of decline, the Hawaiian monk seal population shows signs of stabilizing.

Walking around Kamole seems like a dream, a step back in time. Fat seals lounge on the beaches. Mothers nurse their young. Ronco gives them a wide berth so as not to disturb, but most seem like they couldn't care less. It's as if they know: This is their atoll, as it's been since long before humans came along. They've been known to park their blubbery bodies in front of tents and on some islands have even crawled inside to take an afternoon nap.

Nesting seabirds seem equally untroubled. Sometimes, if I get close enough, a mōlī chick rocks back on its knees and claps its beak with a self-defensive bravado that's more comic than threating. The adult mōlī simply ignore me. It's unusual and freeing to be a nearly invisible voyeur amid such abundant wildlife. My humanoid form doesn't even seem to trigger their pattern recognition; maybe they don't see me as a threat because they don't really see me at all.

Anywhere I slip into the sea in these waters, I'm reminded that I'm no longer a top predator but rather somewhere in the middle of the food chain. Sharks patrol with hungry curiosity. On every dive at least one huge ulua, or giant trevally, swims straight up to my face, measuring me with its huge, unblinking eyes and thrusting forward its bear-trap jaws as if to tell me who's boss. And here on these distant atolls, these farthest-flung reaches of the most remote archipelago in the world, it isn't me. HH

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Hawaiians named this mostly submerged atoll for Kamohoali'i, the brother of Pele and the shark deity of Hawaiian religion, possibly because of the unusually large population of sharks found here. "Maro Reef is murky and spooky," says chief scientist Randy Kosaki, watching attentively from one of the boats, "so we don't like to dive on it."

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Studying traditional chant and stories of the Pele clan migration, we can learn of her brother Kamohoaliʻi who was born from the top of Haumeaʻs head. Traditional ʻike offers valuable insight into who Kamohoaliʻi was, his role in navigation of the Pacific and the protocols surrounding spaces associated with him.

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Jean-Michel Cousteau and his team dive at Maro Reef in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands as part of Hour 1 of Voyage to Kure, the award winning PBS series, Jean-Michel Cousteau: Ocean Adventures.  The segment ends with team diver Holly Lohuis diving with galapagos sharks.

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Plot of the newly surveyed 100 fathom contour around Maro Reef. Data from Kilo Moana shows the reef located approximately 2 nm north of its charted position.

Related Links

NW Hawaiian Islands

NW Hawaiian Islands: November 15 Log

NOAA Ocean Explorer Gallery

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NOAA Ocean Explorer: NW Hawaiian Islands: Contour map of area around Maro Reef

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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument: Ahu Kupanaha Iā Hawaiʻi ʻImi Loa.

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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument: Ahu Kupanaha Iā Hawaiʻi ʻImi Loa.

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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (“PMNM” or “Monument”) is administered jointly by three Co-Trustee agencies: the Department of Commerce through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Department of Interior through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the State of Hawai‘i through the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) (collectively, the “Co-Trustees''). The Co-Trustee agencies work in close collaboration and consultation with the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA) to ensure that both cultural and natural resources are protected in a manner aligned with Native Hawaiian resource management best practices.

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Explore this awesome website which includes text and images of Kamokuokamohoaliʻi.

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The name Koʻanakoʻa literally means the settling of coral, referring to Maro's expansive coral reefs. Another name, Nalukakala, describes surf that arrives in combers, such as the surf that froths over shallow reefs. (PMNM)

In 1820, the ships Maro and Rambler of Nantucket, commanded respectively by Captains Joseph Allen and Benjamin Worth, in company with the Syren of London, rendezvoused at the Sandwich islands.

At this same time, Honolulu was described as a scattered, irregular village of thatched huts, of 3,000 or 4,000-inhabitants. (Maly)

Here they met Captain Winship of the ship O'Cane, a veteran northwest coast merchantman, who informed them that while crossing on his many voyages from the Sandwich Islands to Canton, China, he observed a great number of sperm whales off the coast of Japan. (Allen on the Maro is credited with discovering the "Japan Grounds.")

One of the principal benefits to the economy of the Islands was the rendezvousing of the Pacific whaling fleets from the US and other countries at the various ports of the islands for many years, and the transshipment of oil and bone from these ports.

By 1820, the calls of whalers at Honolulu were quite frequent. Americans were quick to see the superiority of the islands for recruiting and refitting over other stations in the Pacific, and very soon all the American vessels in the Pacific, and quite a few from other countries, were touching at the islands regularly. (US Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 1901)

It was that year, after his discovery of Gardner Pinnacles, that Captain Joseph Allen on the Maro, sighted and named the reef after his whaling ship, Maro.

Maro Reef has less than one acre of periodically emergent land; at very low tide, only a small coral rubble outcrop of a former island is believed to break above the surface. As a result, Maro supports no terrestrial biota.

In contrast, the shallow water reef system is extensive, covering nearly a half-million acres and is the largest coral reef in the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.)

It is also one of the chain's most ecologically rich shallow water marine ecosystems, with 64-percent coral cover over the entire area, among the highest percentage observed in the Monument.

Unlike the classic ring-shaped atoll, Maro is a complex maze of linear reefs that radiate out from the center like the spokes of a wheel.

The documented marine biota at Maro Reef includes 37-species of corals and 142-species of reef fish. Fish species endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago make up half of all fish recorded here.

Maro's reefs are intricate and reticulated (like a net or network,) forming a complex network of reef crests, patch reefs and lagoons. Deepwater channels with irregular bottoms cut between these shallow reef structures.

Because the outermost reefs absorb the majority of the energy from the open ocean swells, the innermost reefs and aggregated patch reefs are sheltered and have the characteristics of a true lagoon. Given the structural complexity of this platform, its shallow reefs are poorly charted and largely unexplored. (PMNM)

While Maro Reef has very healthy reefs, it may be 'on the verge of drowning' because the reefs are narrow, unconnected, and unprotected from storm waves. Others feel that the health of the corals suggest that Maro Reef is a complicated reef system on a large seamount, living in balance with the elements. (FWS)

As Chair of the Board of the Land and Natural Resources I made the recommendation to the rest of the BLNR (and we then voted unanimously) to impose the most stringent measures to assure protection of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

In helping people understand why, I have referred to my recommendation to impose stringent protective measures and prohibit extraction as the responsibility we share to provide future generations a chance to see what it looks like in a place in the world where you don't take something.

That action created Refuge rules "To establish a marine refuge in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands for the long-term conservation and protection of the unique coral reef ecosystems and the related marine resources and species, to ensure their conservation and natural character for present and future generations." Fishing and other extraction is prohibited.

The BLNR's action started a process where several others followed with similar stringent protective measures.

Koʻanakoʻa (Maro Reef) is now part of Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, a State and Federal (State of Hawaiʻi, Department of the Interior's US Fish and Wildlife Service and the Commerce Department's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) co-managed marine conservation area.

The monument encompasses nearly 140,000-square miles of the Pacific Ocean - an area larger than all the country's national parks combined.

On July 30, 2010, Papahanaumokuakea was inscribed as a mixed (natural and cultural) World Heritage Site by the delegates to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO.) It is the first mixed UNESCO World Heritage Site in the US and the second World Heritage Site in Hawaiʻi (Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park was inscribed in 1987.)
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The name Koʻanakoʻa literally means the settling of coral, referring to Maro's expansive coral reefs. Another name, Nalukakala, describes surf that arrives in combers, such as the surf that froths over shallow reefs. (PMNM) In 1820, the ships Maro and Rambler of Nantucket, commanded respectively by Captains Joseph Allen and Benjamin Worth, in company with the Syren of London, rendezvoused at the Sandwich islands.

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Europa has endured some strong winds and high seas the last few days as a cold front has moved from west to east across the chain. The sea surface temperature has also dropped a bit as we keep heading NW. We were a bit nervous as Europa tracked close to Maro Reef in search of humpbacks. Previous research has indicated that humpback whales frequent the waters surrounding Maro Reef. Humpbacks at Raita Bank have not been previously reported, possibly due to limited survey effort. Europa’s survey has confirmed an abundance of singing humpbacks as well as other odontocetes around Maro Reef and we are happy to report that Europa heard a fair number of humpbacks off Raita Bank as well. Again, this shows the enormous potential autonomous vehicles could have for studying whales in remote areas.

There are approximately 30 submerged banks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Up until recently very little was known about the banks beyond that they were shield volcanoes formed at the hotspot. Some scientists believe that many of the banks act as ‘stepping stones’ for marine organisms to migrate in the region. The bank areas provide extensive habitat for bottomfish and a few are known to provide foraging habitat for endangered Hawaiian monk seals. Large precious corals, such as gold, pink and black are also found in the deep waters of the banks. Unlike shallow reef corals which are able to harness sunlight as an energy source due to photosynthesizing symbiotic dinoflagellates in their tissues, deep-water precious corals live in near-total darkness and are completely dependent upon capturing plankton from the water column with their tentacles.

Raita Bank is just west of Gardner Pinnacles. The crest, or top, of Raita Bank is about 60 feet from the ocean surface. Bottom habitats of relatively shallow banks such as Raita tend to be barren when compared with more sheltered coral reef environments. Recent surveys revealed less than 1% live coral cover in the shallow portions of Raita Bank, with the bottom scoured by wave action and strong currents. Raita is one of the larger banks in the NWHI, and there is much yet to be discovered about this area.

Maro Reef spans 50 kilometers in length and 30 kilometers in width. Maro Reef is almost completely submerged with very few areas above sea level. The Hawaiian name for Maro Reef is Nalukākala. This name, translated as wave (nalu) and surf comber; to form combers; to blow in gusts (kākala), references the rough seas encountered here.

Maro Reef was named for the Nantucket whaling ship Maro which was the first American whaler to cross the mid-Pacific. This atoll is a hazard for navigators because the lack of visible landmarks makes it difficult to avoid grounding a ship on shallow areas of the reef. On October 8, 1957, the oil tanker USNS Mission San Miguel ran aground while running at full speed and sank here.

Maro, or Nalukākala, has the largest extent of coral reef habitat in Papahānaumokuākea and is one of the most ecologically rich locales in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The shallow waters consist of patch reefs and elongate structures called spur and groove formations. The reefs support numerous butterflyfish and surgeonfish species. Grey reef sharks, galapagos sharks, whitetip reef sharks, trevally, jacks, and other apex predators are also numerous. Sharks and other apex predators play an important role in maintaining balance within marine ecosystems by regulating the populations of other species lower in the food chain. In the Hawaiian culture, manō are honored as akua (gods) and ‘aumakua (family guardians).

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Maro Reef — Current Blog — Jupiter Research Foundation

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Europa has endured some strong winds and high seas the last few days as a cold front has moved from west to east across the chain. The sea surface temperature has also dropped a bit as we keep heading NW. We were a bit nervous as Europa tracked close to Maro Reef in search of humpbacks. Previous res…

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Hawaiʻi State Library

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YOU SEARCHED FOR:

All of the terms: kamohoalii From the field: Subject

Your search retrieved 39 references.
Results are displayed in order by Subject, Book, Legend.

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "When the Little Blond Shark Went Visiting"
in the book: Colum, Padraic, Legends of Hawaii
on pages: 84-91
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 C
UHM Call Number: GR385 .C64 1960

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "When the Little Blond Shark Went Visiting"
in the book: Colum, Padraic, The Bright Islands
on pages: 197-207
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 C
UHM Call Number: GR385 .C63

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Pele and Hiiaka"
in the book: Emerson, Nathaniel Bright, Pele and Hiiaka: A Myth from Hawaii
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 E
UHM Call Number: GR385 .H3 E55 1993
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/pelehiiakamythfr00emeriala

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "The Legend of Aukelenuiaiku"
in the book: Fornander, Abraham, Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore, Volume 4
on pages: 32-111
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 Fo v.4
UHM Call Number: AM101 .B4473 v.4 1985
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/FornanderCollection4

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "The Flood in Hawaii in the Olden Times"
in the book: Fornander, Abraham, Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore, Volume 5
on pages: 522-527
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 Fo v.5
UHM Call Number: AM101 .B4473 v.5 1985
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/FornanderCollection5

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Aukelenuiaiku"
in the book: Haleole, S. N., and Martha Warren Beckwith, The Hawaiian Romance of Laieikawai
on pages: 636-638
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 L
UHM Call Number: PL6448.5 .L3
Online: http://archive.org/details/annualreportofbu33smithso

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Kamohoalii"
in the book: Kaopio, Matthew, Hawaiian Family Legends
on pages: 26-27
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 Ka
UHM Call Number: GR110 .H38 K366 2003

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Little Yellow Shark"
in the book: Knudsen, Eric A., Teller of Hawaiian Tales
on pages: 9-13
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 K
UHM Call Number: GR385 .K59 1946

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Pohaku Paakiki"
in the book: Landgraf, Anne Kapulani, and Kalani Meinecke, Na Wahi Pana o Koolau Poko = Legendary Places of Koolau Poko
on page: 156
HSL Call Number: H 919.693 L
UHM Call Number: DU628 .O3 L36 1994

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Pele, Goddess of Volcanoes"
in the book: Nakuina, Emma M., Hawaii, Its People, Their Legends
on pages: 22-25
HSL Call Number: RH 398.2 Na
UHM Call Number: DU623 .N16
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiiitspeoplet00nakuiala

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Nanaue"
in the book: Nakuina, Emma M., Nanaue the Shark Man & Other Hawaiian Shark Stories
on pages: 19-32
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 N
UHM Call Number: GR385 .H3 N14 1994

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "The Water of Kane"
in the book: Pukui, Mary Kawena, and Caroline Curtis, The Water of Kane: And Other Legends of the Hawaiian Islands
on pages: 3-22
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 P
UHM Call Number: GR385 .P8 1994
Online: http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=water&l=en

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Pele and Kapiolani"
in the book: Thorpe, Cora Wells, In the Path of the Trade Winds
on pages: 127-135
HSL Call Number: RH 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T37

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Aiai, Son of Kuula"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends
on pages: 230-249
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T4
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiianfolktale00thru

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Pele and the Deluge"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends
on pages: 36-38
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T4
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiianfolktale00thru

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "The Shark-man, Nanaue"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends
on pages: 255-268
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T4
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiianfolktale00thru

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Keaniniulaokalani"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., More Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions
on pages: 220-227
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T5

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Punaaikoae"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., More Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions
on pages: 185-196
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T5

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Shark Beliefs"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., More Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions
on pages: 288-292
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T5

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Story of Kaehuikimanoopuuloa"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., More Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions
on pages: 293-306
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T5

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Hawaiian Ghost Testing"
in the book: Westervelt, W. D., Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost-Gods
on pages: 84-93
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 We
UHM Call Number: GR385 .H3 W35 1998
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/legendsofgodsgho00westrich

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Laukaieie"
in the book: Westervelt, W. D., Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost-Gods
on pages: 36-48
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 We
UHM Call Number: GR385 .H3 W35 1998
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/legendsofgodsgho00westrich

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Puna and the Dragon"
in the book: Westervelt, W. D., Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost-Gods
on pages: 152-162
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 We
UHM Call Number: GR385 .H3 W35 1998
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/legendsofgodsgho00westrich

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "The Shark-man of Waipio Valley"
in the book: Westervelt, W. D., Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost-Gods
on pages: 59-65
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 We
UHM Call Number: GR385 .H3 W35 1998
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/legendsofgodsgho00westrich

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "A Shark Punished at Waikiki"
in the book: Westervelt, W. D., Hawaiian Legends of Old Honolulu
on pages: 55-58
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 We
UHM Call Number: GR385 .W45 1964
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/legendsofoldhono01west

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Legend of the Bread-Fruit Tree"
in the book: Westervelt, W. D., Hawaiian Legends of Old Honolulu
on pages: 28-36
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 We
UHM Call Number: GR385 .W45 1964
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/legendsofoldhono01west

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Genealogy of the Pele Family"
in the book: Westervelt, W. D., Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes
on pages: 63-71
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 We
UHM Call Number: GR950 .V8 W4 1963
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiianlegendso00west

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "How Pele Came to Hawaii"
in the book: Westervelt, W. D., Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes
on pages: 4-13
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 We
UHM Call Number: GR950 .V8 W4 1963
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiianlegendso00west

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Pele's Long Sleep"
in the book: Westervelt, W. D., Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes
on pages: 72-86
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 We
UHM Call Number: GR950 .V8 W4 1963
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiianlegendso00west

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Aukele and the Water of Life"
in the book: Wheeler, Post, Hawaiian Wonder Tales
on pages: 21-48
HSL Call Number: RH 398.2 W
UHM Call Number: PZ8.1 .W566 Haw

Subject: Kamohoalii
appears in the legend: "Wahineomao's Story"
in the book: Wichman, Frederick B., Pele Ma: Legends of Pele from Kauai
on pages: 120-125
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 Wi
UHM Call Number: PS571 .H3 B35 no.80

Subject: Kamohoalii (King)
appears in the legend: "Kuula, the Fish God of Hawaii"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends
on pages: 215-229
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T4
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiianfolktale00thru

Subject: Kamohoalii (King)
appears in the legend: "Legends Resembling Old Testament History"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends
on pages: 15-30
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T4
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/hawaiianfolktale00thru

Subject: Kamohoalii (King)
appears in the legend: "Kauiki and Hana Traditions"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., More Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions
on pages: 68-76
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T5

Subject: Kamohoalii (King)
appears in the legend: "The Hinas of Hawaiian Folk-Lore"
in the book: Thrum, Thomas G., More Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions
on pages: 197-213
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 T
UHM Call Number: GR385 .T5

Subject: Kekuaokalani (Kamohoalii's Guard)
appears in the legend: "The Legend of Aukelenuiaiku"
in the book: Fornander, Abraham, Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore, Volume 4
on pages: 32-111
HSL Call Number: H 398.2 Fo v.4
UHM Call Number: AM101 .B4473 v.4 1985
Online: http://www.archive.org/details/FornanderCollection4

Subject: Kamailiili
See: Kamohoalii

Subject: Kamoho
See: Kamohoalii

Subject: Kings and Rulers
See Also: Kamohoalii (King)

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YOU SEARCHED FOR: All of the terms: kamohoalii From the field: Subject Your search retrieved 39 references.Results are displayed in order by Subject, Book, Legend.

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Tradition of Political Structure and Conservation in Oceania

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Tradition of Political Structure and Conservation in Oceania