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Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust Formulary

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West Yorkshire ICS Area Prescribing Committee

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Home - West Yorkshire ICS Area Prescribing Committee

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Welcome to the WY ICS APC website Since September 2021, all work approving new prescribing classifications and amber guidelines have gone through a single West Yorkshire Area Prescribing Committee. This single West Yorkshire Area Prescribing Committee is also overseeing the alignment of all existing medicines classifications and harmonisation of all prescribing guidelines. To reflect this […]

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Welcome to Devon Partnership NHS Trust
Medicines Optimisation Team:
What do we do?
We work together to enable people to use medicines safely and effectively.

We support prescribers, health care professionals and people who use our services and their carers.We provide Medicines Optimisation education and training.We provide advice and guidance on practice standards.We promote a wider understanding of and support the implementation of national guidance into local practice, including the Discharge Medication Service.We work with partners to develop and agree on best practice prescribing guidelines.We produce a comprehensive range of medicine-related policies and procedures.We provide external assurance to our partners around medicines governance.We provide prescribing and financial information.We spread best practice by incorporating the learning from audits and incidents into all of the work we do.We work with our partners to set up and monitor reliable systems to ensure the efficient and timely supply of medicines.We offer a Medicine Information helpline: 01392 674900The medicines information helpline is available Monday to Friday - 10am to 4pm (excluding Bank Holidays). How do we do it?

Medicines in Mental Health | DPT

This number is available if you would like to speak to a mental health pharmacist about your medication options or would like further information about side effects.

Discharge Medication Service:
As a Team that puts safety at the heart of everything we do, we can fully realise the benefits of the Medication Discharge Service. As a Team, we will be looking to phase referrals to this service. We have started with referring people prescribed lithium due to additional monitoring requirements. The next phase we are currently starting to refer is for people who may find it hard to adhere to their prescribed regime either through direct, or unintentional non-compliance. An overview of our inpatient wards can be found on the Trusts website, as well as a whole host of resources, and information on the Trusts services.

For any further information or communication required about a specific referral, please use the contact details included with the referral.
For any other medicine optimisation related queries, our general contact details are included below.

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Medicines Optimisation Team: What do we do? We work together to enable people to use medicines safely and effectively.

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Participants were involved in one or more working groups, according to their expertise and interest.

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https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/FRAX/tool.aspx?country=1

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Weight Conversion

Pounds kg

Height Conversion

Inches cm

Individuals with fracture risk assessed since 1st June 2011

Please answer the questions below to calculate the ten year probability of fracture with BMD.
Print tool and information
Risk factors

For the clinical risk factors a yes or no response is asked for. If the field is left blank, then a "no" response is assumed. See also notes on risk factors.

The risk factors used are the following:

Age

The model accepts ages between 40 and 90 years. If ages below or above are entered, the programme will compute probabilities at 40 and 90 year, respectively.

Sex

Male or female. Enter as appropriate.

Weight

This should be entered in kg.

Height

This should be entered in cm.

Previous fracture

A previous fracture denotes more accurately a previous fracture in adult life occurring spontaneously, or a fracture arising from trauma which, in a healthy individual, would not have resulted in a fracture. Enter yes or no (see also notes on risk factors).

Parent fractured hip

This enquires for a history of hip fracture in the patient's mother or father. Enter yes or no.

Current smoking

Enter yes or no depending on whether the patient currently smokes tobacco (see also notes on risk factors).

Glucocorticoids

Enter yes if the patient is currently exposed to oral glucocorticoids or has been exposed to oral glucocorticoids for more than 3 months at a dose of prednisolone of 5mg daily or more (or equivalent doses of other glucocorticoids) (see also notes on risk factors).

Rheumatoid arthritis

Enter yes where the patient has a confirmed diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Otherwise enter no (see also notes on risk factors).

Secondary osteoporosis

Enter yes if the patient has a disorder strongly associated with osteoporosis. These include type I (insulin dependent) diabetes, osteogenesis imperfecta in adults, untreated long-standing hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism or premature menopause (<45 years), chronic malnutrition, or malabsorption and chronic liver disease

Alcohol 3 or more units/day

Enter yes if the patient takes 3 or more units of alcohol daily. A unit of alcohol varies slightly in different countries from 8-10g of alcohol. This is equivalent to a standard glass of beer (285ml), a single measure of spirits (30ml), a medium-sized glass of wine (120ml), or 1 measure of an aperitif (60ml) (see also notes on risk factors).

Bone mineral density (BMD)

(BMD) Please select the make of DXA scanning equipment used and then enter the actual femoral neck BMD (in g/cm2). Alternatively, enter the T-score based on the NHANES III female reference data. In patients without a BMD test, the field should be left blank (see also notes on risk factors) (provided by Oregon Osteoporosis Center).

Notes on risk factors

Previous fracture

A special situation pertains to a prior history of vertebral fracture. A fracture detected as a radiographic observation alone (a morphometric vertebral fracture) counts as a previous fracture. A prior clinical vertebral fracture or a hip fracture is an especially strong risk factor. The probability of fracture computed may therefore be underestimated. Fracture probability is also underestimated with multiple fractures.

Smoking, alcohol, glucocorticoids

These risk factors appear to have a dose-dependent effect, i.e. the higher the exposure, the greater the risk. This is not taken into account and the computations assume average exposure. Clinical judgment should be used for low or high exposures.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

RA is a risk factor for fracture. However, osteoarthritis is, if anything, protective. For this reason reliance should not be placed on a patient's report of 'arthritis' unless there is clinical or laboratory evidence to support the diagnosis.

Bone mineral density (BMD)

The site and reference technology is DXA at the femoral neck. T-scores are based on the NHANES reference values for women aged 20-29 years. The same absolute values are used in men.

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Pounds kg Inches cm Individuals with fracture risk assessed since 1st June 2011 Please answer the questions below to calculate the ten year probability of fracture with BMD. Print tool and information For the clinical risk factors a yes or no response is asked for.

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Polyfill.io vulnerability

28 june 2024

Our eHealth team advised us yesterday of an international vulnerability relating to polyfill.io . This domain has become compromised and is spreading malware through a widespread supply chain attack, estimated to affect over 110,000 websites including major websites such as the BBC. The Polyfill site offered widely used bits of code for older browsers that allowed the use of modern Javascript features. Such code makes the work for web developers easier and allows compatibility with a broader range of browsers.

Websites that have used the Javascript code from Polyfill have been urged to remove such code immediately. The change occurred after a suspected Chinese firm purchased the domain in early 2024.

Tactuum have identified and are now testing a fix to remove all Polyfill code from the RDS site.. They will be deploying the fix on Monday 1 July along with other planned fixes and amendments. I will notify you of the timing of the deployment as soon as possible.
In the meantime, please ensure that you have up-to-date anti-virus software installed on your machines and personal devices.

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28 june 2024 Our eHealth team advised us yesterday of an international vulnerability relating to polyfill.io . This domain has become compromised and is spreading malware through a widespread supply chain attack, estimated to affect over 110,000 websites including major websites such as the BBC.

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Welcome to Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust

The Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust (EPUT) Pharmacy Service exists to proactively support staff, service users, family friends and carers in achieving safe and effective medicines management, optimising the use of medicines by providing a high-quality and friendly service.

We do this by providing:

Accurate and independent information and education about medicines to other healthcare professionals, service users and carers

Clinical and dispensing activities to facilitate the management of medicines by service users within inpatient and community teams

Support to ensure that medicines management resources are used cost-effectively within EPUT

We have an in house pharmacy with specialist pharmacists and technicians in Essex whilst for the two wards that we operate in Bedfordshire & Luton these members of staff are based within the East London Foundation Trust pharmacy department.
Pharmacy Contact Details:
Chief Pharmacist - Hilary Scott
Telephone: 01268 739600 ext 1699
E-mail: hilary.scott@eput.nhs.uk

Head Office or Trust HQ:
The Lodge, Runwell Chase, Wickford, Essex, SS11 7XX
Telephone: 0300 123 0808

Chelford Court Pharmacy Pharmacy Locations:

Telephone: 01245 315500

General Opening Hours:
Monday to Friday - 9am to 5pm
Saturday - 9.30am to 12.30pm

General Enquiries:
epunft.askpharmacy@nhs.net
Staff across EPUT have access to on call pharmacy services outside of these hours by contacting 0300 123 0808

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Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust Home

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The Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust (EPUT) Pharmacy Service exists to proactively support staff, service users, family friends and carers in achieving safe and effective medicines management, optimising the use of medicines by providing a high-quality and friendly service.

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This tool cannot accurately calculate risk for women with a medical history of breast cancer, DCIS or LCIS. Other tools may be more appropriate for women with known mutations in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, or other hereditary syndromes associated with higher risks of breast cancer. See Other Risk Assessment Tools for more information.

Although a patient's risk may be accurately estimated, these predictions do not allow one to say precisely which woman will develop breast cancer.

Some women who do not develop breast cancer have higher risk estimates than those who do develop the disease.

This tool was designed for use by health professionals. If you are not a health professional, you are encouraged to print these results and discuss them with your provider.

The answers provided were used to estimate absolute risk of developing invasive breast cancer during the next 5-year period and up to age 90 (lifetime risk).

Factors included: patient's personal medical and reproductive history and the history of breast cancer among her first-degree relatives (mother, sisters, daughters).

For comparison, the tool also presents 5-year and lifetime risk estimates for a woman of the same age and race/ethnicity who is at average risk for developing breast cancer.

Your Answers

These results are based upon how you answered the following questions:

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This tool cannot accurately calculate risk for women with a medical history of breast cancer, DCIS or LCIS. Other tools may be more appropriate for women with known mutations in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, or other hereditary syndromes associated with higher risks of breast cancer.

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Welcome to GPnotebook – a concise synopsis of clinical medicine focused on the needs of the general practitioner, which aims to help you make fast, evidence-based decisions.

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The NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS) site is only available to users in the UK, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories.

CKS content is produced by Clarity Informatics Ltd (trading as Agilio Software | Primary Care). It is available to users outside the UK via subscription from the Agilio | Prodigy website.

If you believe you are seeing this page in error please contact us.

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The NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary (CKS) site is only available to users in the UK, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories

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YHPHN | Yorkshire and Humber Public Health Network

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Notification of Infectious Disease (NOID) Yorkshire and Humber (Y&H)

Reporting Notifiable Diseases in Yorkshire and Humber
Schedule 1 Diseases - URGENT
Diseases marked with an asterisk (*) should be notified urgently. Urgent notifications should be telephoned to the Yorkshire and Humber HPT within 24 hours on 0113 386 0300 - please refer to Department of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010 ( http://www.dh.gov.uk/)
PLEASE REMEMBER: this is not an exhaustive list and the general 'all hazards' principle is to notify all cases where there may be a risk to other people as part of outbreaks or from other exposures such as carbon monoxide poisoning.

Acute meningitis*

Acute poliomyelitis*

Acute infectious hepatitis*

Anthrax*

Botulism*

Cholera*

Diphtheria*

Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid fever)*

Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)*

Invasive group A streptococcal disease*

Legionnaires' Disease*

Meningococcal septicaemia*

Measles*

Monkeypox

Rabies*

SARs*

Smallpox*

Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF)*

Schedule 1 Diseases (not urgent)
The process for completing a notification form has changed. Routine notifications for Yorkshire and Humber should be completed via the online form Notification (NOID) Form for any of the following:

Registered medical practitioners (RMPs) have a statutory duty to notify the 'proper officer' at their local health protection team (HPT) of (they do not need to be laboratory confirmed) cases of certain infectious diseases. For more detail on reporting responsibilities of RMPs, see page 14 of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010 .

All RMPs must pass the notification to PHE via their local health protection team within 3 days of becoming aware of the case, or within 24 hours for urgent cases.
If you think your patient may live outside of Yorkshire and Humber and you need help finding your local HPT use the postcode lookup.
The RMP should notify any infection or chemical contamination which could present significant harm to human health. For a list of notifiable diseases click (HPT Infectious Diseases). The risk may often be to other people and notification may prevent other people becoming unwell.

RMPs attending a patient must notify the local authority in which the patient resides when they have "reasonable grounds for suspecting" that the patient:

has a Notifiable disease as listed in Schedule 1 (see ) of the Notification Regulations; or

has an infection not included in Schedule 1 which in the view of the RMP presents, or could present, significant harm to human health e.g. emerging or new infections; or

is contaminated, such as with chemicals or radiation, in a manner which, in the view of the RMP presents, or could present, significant harm to human health; or

has died with, but not necessarily because of, a Notifiable disease, or other infectious disease or contamination that presents, or could present, or that presented or could have presented significant harm to human health.

To check if a notification is urgent, click .

All URGENT cases should be reported, by PHONE, within 24 hours as there is often a CRITICAL WINDOW OF TIME within which effective public health control measures can be implemented. If incidents occur late at night or in the early hours of the morning, please consider if notification will wait until the following morning. This should be followed up by a written notification within 3 days. ROUTINE cases should be notified in writing within 3 days.
NOTE: NOTIFICATION SHOULD BE MADE ON THE BASIS OF CLINICAL SUSPICION - DO NOT WAIT FOR LAB CONFIRMATION.
What happens when you make a notification?

Depending on the infectious disease suspected or confirmed, public health advice may include self-isolation, exclusion from school or the workplace, further testing (for certain infectious diseases Y&H HPT may provide self-administered salivary swab tests to patients, or antibiotic prophylaxis or vaccination of family members or other contacts.

Laboratories: report notifiable organisms (causative agents)

All laboratories in England must notify PHE on the confirmation of a notifiable disease.

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Notifications of infectious diseases (NOIDs) Yorkshire

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Notification of Infectious Disease (NOID) Yorkshire and Humber (Y&H) Schedule 1 Diseases - URGENT Diseases marked with an asterisk (*) should be notified urgently.

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Why become a registered member with CredibleMeds? Learn the basic principles and tips for safe medication use, download a list of over 190 medicines that have potential risk of causing heart rhythm disturbances, receive notification by email when new drugs have been added to the list, read articles about medication safety and bookmark ones that pertain to you, make a personal log of your medications and submit questions to Dr. Ray Woosley, AZCERT's founder and credible resource on safe medication use.

*For urgent medical matters or questions, please contact your doctor's office.

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Why become a registered member with CredibleMeds? Learn the basic principles and tips for safe medication use, download a list of over 190 medicines that have potential risk of causing heart rhythm disturbances, receive notification by email when new drugs have been added to the list, read articles about medication safety and bookmark ones that pertain to you, make a personal log of your medications and submit questions to Dr. Ray Woosley, AZCERT's founder and credible resource on safe medication use.

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Home :: West Yorkshire Healthier Together

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Healthier Together - a West Yorkshire Partnership. The website provides advice for parents, young people and pregnant women, and clinical resources to support healthcare professionals

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Patient and GP information re HRT CBT SSRI's delaying bleeding on SCT

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The benefits of HRT can be divided into short-term and long-term effects.

HRT is effective at relieving the symptoms of menopause. These include night sweats, hot flushes, mood swings, and reduced libido, all of which can significantly lower quality of life.

In the longer term, HRT is also effective at improving health, mood and bone strength and reducing the risk associated with cardiovascular disease, adult-onset diabetes, osteoarthritis and dementia.

Continued use of HRT carries many benefits, some of which are explained below. Each array is composed of 100 women, meaning one person is equivalent to 1%.

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Acute vertigo: Identifying possible causes

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An interactive tool that can be used to suggest possible causes of dizziness and related symptoms

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NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) Fibrosis Score - MDCalc

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The NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) Fibrosis Score estimates amount of scarring in the liver based on several laboratory tests.

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Resources for the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment based

Screening Tool Of Older People's Prescriptions (STOPP)

Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment (START)

Proactive and Personalised Primary Care of the Elderly

Purpose : STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment) are explicit criteria that facilitate medication review in multi-morbid older people in most clinical settings.

Admin time : Highly operator dependent - 5 mins for an expert, up to 20-30 mins

User Friendly : Moderate

Administered by : GP, Physician, Community Pharmacist

Content : Explicit criteria that facilitate medication review in multi-morbid older people in most clinical settings.

​Author : O'Mahony D, 2015

​

Copyright : Public Domain

Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing (including potential prescribing omissions) are risk factors for adverse drug reactions, which commonly cause adverse clinical outcomes in older people.(Atkin PA,1999) (Beers MH,1991)

The elderly (aged 65 and above) are particularly vulnerable to adverse drug reactions due to changes in physiology with age and multiple comorbidities. (Byrne S,2008) (Fick DM,2003)

Adverse drug reactions account for 30% of all hospital admissions in the elderly. (Gallagher PF, 2011)

They have been shown to contribute significantly to emergency department attendances, in-hospital morbidity/mortality (Gallaghr PF, 2011) and new hospital admissions.

These types of errors are prevalent in all healthcare settings.

Studies in Ireland have shown that inappropriate prescribing of one or more drugs was prevalent in 21% of patients in the primary care setting, (Hanlon JT, 1997) 35% in the acute hospital setting, (Hill-Taylor B, 2016) and 60% in nursing home care.(Hill-Taylor B, 2016).

These studies have also revealed that serious prescribing omissions were even more prevalent, with 58% of patients in hospitals and 23% of patients in primary care not being prescribed appropriate medication for their comorbidities.

The Beers criteria were developed in 1991 to help tackle inappropriate prescribing in the elderly nursing home population.(Hutchison LC, 2007)

It was widely used but found to have limitations, as several of the drugs were no longer in use in Europe and others were no longer contraindicated in elderly people.

Furthermore, the Beers criteria did not account for prescribing omissions.(Lazarou J,1998).

In 2010, a new criterion for inappropriate prescribing in the elderly was created, which was explicitly designed to be used in the clinical setting and found to be more sensitive than the Beers criteria.(NICE, 2015).

It is known as the Screening Tool of Older Persons' Prescriptions (STOPP) and Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment (START) criteria and was revised in 2014 (O'Mahoney D, 2015).

The STOPP/START criteria are composed of a total of 114 criteria, 80 STOPP and 34 START, which were formed, using a Delphi consensus methodology, by a panel of doctors, pharmacists, pharmacologists and primary care physicians with expertise in geriatric medicine and pharmacotherapy in the elderly population from 13 countries in Europe.(Lazarou J,1998).

The 80 STOPP and 34 START criteria are grouped by a physiological system (e.g. the cardiovascular system, central nervous system) and accompanied by a short explanation of the interaction.

The STOPP/START criteria have since been successfully applied in a number of settings.

A randomised controlled trial showed that using the STOPP/START criteria as an intervention significantly improved medication appropriateness and reduced prescribing omissions in older people hospitalised for acute illness.(O'Mahoney D, 2010).

This Tool is used in the Medication Review

Back To : Medication Review

The Medication Review is one of 5 sub-domains of the

Back To : Medical Assessment

The Medical Assessment is one of 8 domains of the

Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)

Back To : Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment

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STOPP-START - CGA Toolkit Plus : Resources for the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment based Proactive Primary Care of the Elderly.

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The Eczema Written Action Plan (EWAP) has been developed to support the management of children's eczema. It is a patient-held plan which explains how to treat eczema depending on how bad the symptoms are at any given time, and when to contact the GP surgery for help. This short video explains why the EWAP was developed and how it can help:

Who is it for?

The EWAP is for use by parents or carers to help them manage their child's eczema at home with advice and input from their GP. Parents or GPs can download the EWAP and complete it together (see 'Download the EWAP' below).

It is also available for use by researchers. If you would like to use the EWAP for research purposes, please contact the research team: apache-study@bristol.ac.uk.

Download the EWAP

The EWAP is free to download and use in routine clinical care. In doing so you agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of the EWAP Licence (Office document, 64kB).

Please complete this short form before you download the EWAP.

EWAP-Word (Office document, 425kB): version in which the child's details and treatments can be edited electronically before printing.

EWAP-pdf (PDF, 530kB): can be printed and completed by hand.

Videos

The EWAP includes links to videos that can help parents and carers manage their child's eczema, for example by explaining how to apply different skin treatments.

Background and funders

The EWAP was developed by researchers at the Centre for Academic Primary Care at the University of Bristol - Dr Matthew Ridd (principal investigator), Kingsley Powell, Dr Emma LeRoux and Dr Jon Banks - with parents of children with eczema, GPs, and other health professionals and stakeholders.

It was funded by grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR: PDF-2014-07-013), Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol, the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund, and Avon Primary Care Research Collaborative (APCRC).

More information about how the EWAP was developed is available from the Action Plans for Children with Eczema (APACHE) website.

Contact

To contact the research team, please email apache-study@bristol.ac.uk.

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The Eczema Written Action Plan (EWAP) has been developed to support the management of children's eczema. It is a patient-held plan which explains how to treat eczema depending on how bad the symptoms are at any given time, and when to contact the GP surgery for help.

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Patient Information Leaflets - British Association of Dermatologists

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These patient information leaflets (PILs) are specially written by the BAD to help you understand more about a particular skin condition. They inform you what the condition is, what causes it, what can be done about it and where you can find out more information about it. Where possible, they advise…

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Liverpool Hepatitis Drug Interaction Checker

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Liverpool Hepatitis Drug Interaction Checker

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Interaction Checker Interaction Checker Lite View All Checker

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Professional Reference tools are designed for health professionals to use. They are written by UK doctors and based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines, so you may find the language more technical than the condition leaflets.

The EMIS predicted peak flow calculation used within its clinical systems is based on a published revision to the original Nunn and Gregg equation in 1973. The revised Nunn and Gregg equation is as below and applies to ages 15-85 years.

Male
Loge(PEF)= 0.544 x loge(age) - 0.0151 x(age) - 74.7/(height) + 5.48

Female
Loge(PEF)= 0.376 x loge(age) - 0.0120 x (age) - 58.8/(height) + 5.63

The paediatric calculation (for ages below 15 years) is taken from Lung Function by J E Coates (Fourth Edition):
PEF = 455 x (height/100)-332

In 2004 the Department of Health initiated a change to PEF meters to align to those that met a new EC standard. The new scale resulted in a conversion being required for PEF recorded using the conventional Wright McKerrow scale to the new European standard.

A conversion equation was developed by Clement Clarke™ that allows conversions of readings from the Wright McKerrow scale to EN 13826 scale.

EU = 50.356 + (0.4 x W) + (0.0008814 x W2) - (0.0000001116 x W3)

It is therefore necessary that when using one of the three equations above for male, female, or paediatric predicted peak flow, the value obtained should be converted to the EU scale. The clinical systems use an array of values to look up old values against the EU value. Alternatively, the above equation can be applied to achieve the same result.

This calculator uses an algorithm derived from healthy adult lifetime non-smokers in Australia.

VC (SVC)

Vital capacity (slow vital capacity)

Maximal amount of air exhaled steadily from full inspiration to maximal expiration (not time-dependent). It should be >80% of predicted, reduced in restrictive disease.

FVC

Forced vital capacity

Volume of lungs from full inspiration to forced maximal expiration. It is reduced in restrictive disease, and in obstructive disease if air trapping occurs.

FEV1

Forced expiratory volume in one second

Volume of air expelled in the first second of a forced expiration. Reduced in both obstructive and restrictive disease.

FEV1% (FER)

Forced expiratory ratio (FEV1/FVC)x100

Percentage of FVC expelled in the first second of a forced expiration.
Normal in restrictive disease - reduced in obstructive disease.

FEF 25-75%

Forced expiratory flow between 25-75%

Average expiratory flow rate at the middle part of forced expiration. It is a more sensitive indication of what is happening in the middle/lower airways, but is not as reproducible as FEV1. Normal in restrictive disease.

PEFR

Peak expiratory flow rate

Maximum rate of airflow achieved during expiration.

Nunn AJ, Gregg I; New regression equations for predicting peak expiratory flow in adults. BMJ. 1989 Apr 22 298(6680):1068-70.

Marks GB; Are reference equations for spirometry an appropriate criterion for diagnosing disease and predicting prognosis? Thorax. 2012 Jan 67(1):85-7. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200584. Epub 2011 Aug 8.

Olofson J, Bake B, Tengelin MN, et al; COPD 'diagnosis' based on spirometric reference equations. Clin Respir J. 2008 Oct 2(4):214-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-699X.2008.00065.x.

Gore CJ, Crockett AJ, Pederson DG, et al; Spirometric standards for healthy adult lifetime nonsmokers in Australia. Eur Respir J. 1995 May 8(5):773-82.

Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. Egton Medical Information Systems Limited has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions.

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Professional Reference tools are designed for health professionals to use. They are written by UK doctors and based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines, so you may find the language more technical than the condition leaflets .

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Lactose-free medicines - NHS Brighton and Hove City Primary Care ...

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Prescribing Specialist Infant Formula SWYAPC

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Prescribing Specialist Infant Formula SWYAPC

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Classic FM - Listen Live | Global Player

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Access your favourite Classic FM shows now!

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DR ALEX GAWTHROPE - CKD Management Calculator