# data[].attributes.body
Albeck-ripka, L. (2022). Bowling Green Fraternity brothers sentenced in hazing death of student. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/us/ohio-hazing-death-sentence.html

Anti-Hazing, T. (2020). Texas anti-hazing law: Stophazing: Hazing prevention resource. stophazing.org. https://stophazing.org/policy/state-laws/texas/#:~:text=37.153.,in%20the%20commission%20of%20hazing

Cassidy, B. (2022). Text - S.775 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): End all hazing act. congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/775/text

Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education (2015). CAS statement of shared ethical principles. In J. B. Wells (Ed.), CAS professional standards for higher education (9th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Education, A.-H. (2021). Home. Anti. https://antihazingeducation.com/

Foundation, A. L. (2022). The Lawphil Project . R.A. 8049. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1995/ra_8049_1995.html

Frame, S. (2022). Members of WSU fraternity where Bellevue Freshman died didn't know what constitutes hazing, evidence shows. king5.com. https://www.king5.com/article/news/investigations/wsu-ato-fraternity-members-hazing-investigation/281-46b5dd58-3f41-4c3f-9a22-379a86bbb676

Hazing, S. (2020). Hazing statistics, data and facts: Stophazing: Hazing prevention resource. stophazing.org. https://stophazing.org/issue/hazing-statistics/

Laws, G. (2022). Section 17. General Law - Part IV, Title I, Chapter 269, Section 17. https://malegislature.gov/laws/generallaws/partiv/titlei/chapter269/section17

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#13 Bulleted List of Recommendations/Best Practices 

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#13 Bulleted List of Recommendations/Best Practices 

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Reporting Hazing Anonymously

Online Education

Request Speakers

Immediate Notification to Families & Law Enforcements

Educating Students During Orientation

Record of Strong Disciplinary Actions

Community Involvement Opportunities

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The context allowed me to understand the application of the law to my personal educational journey through my connections of being a fraternity member myself. As an undergraduate, I unfortunately was engaged in hazing activities as I was pledging. At that point in time I thought nothing negative of the actions taking place, from reading the laws and articles related to the topic I know my obligation as a professional to speak up and act as a catalyst for all students and ensuring their safety and well-being.

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CAS Statement of Ethical Principles, Principle 2, Non-Malfeasance - discusses the pledge to do no harm and pledge to create environments that are educational and supportive of the growth and development of the whole person (Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education, 2015).

Link: http://standards.cas.edu/getpdf.cfm?PDF=D67207DB-A711-46AA-86038F4A48ACF434

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Texas Anti-Hazing Law, Subchapter F, §37.153 - describes an organization hazing offense where it is defined as an organization commits an offense if the organization condones or encourages hazing or if an officer or any combination of members, pledges, or alumni of the organization commits or assists in the commission of hazing (Anti-Hazing, 2020).

Link: https://stophazing.org/policy/state-laws/texas/#:~:text=37.153.,in%20the%20commission%20of%20hazing.

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Republic Act No. 8049, §4,1 - states the if the person subjected to hazing or other related forms suffer from any physical injury or dies as a result, all parties involved shall suffer the penalty of Reclusion Perpetua (life imprisonment) if death, rape, sodomy or mutilation results (Foundation, 2022).

Link: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1995/ra_8049_1995.html

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AN ACT REGULATING HAZING AND OTHER FORMS OF INITIATION RITES IN FRATERNITIES, SORORITIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR

Section 1. Hazing, as used in this Act, is an initiation rite or practice as a prerequisite for admission into membership in a fraternity, sorority or organization by placing the recruit, neophyte or applicant in some embarrassing or humiliating situations such as forcing him to do menial, silly, foolish and other similar tasks or activities or otherwise subjecting him to physical or psychological suffering or injury.

The term "organization" shall include any club or the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Philippine National Police, Philippine Military Academy, or officer and cadet corp of the Citizen's Military Training and Citizen's Army Training. The physical, mental and psychological testing and training procedure and practices to determine and enhance the physical, mental and psychological fitness of prospective regular members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police as approved ny the Secretary of National Defense and the National Police Commission duly recommended by the Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Director General of the Philippine National Police shall not be considered as hazing for the purposes of this Act.

Section 2. No hazing or initiation rites in any form or manner by a fraternity, sorority or organization shall be allowed without prior written notice to the school authorities or head of organization seven (7) days before the conduct of such initiation. The written notice shall indicate the period of the initiation activities which shall not exceed three (3) days, shall include the names of those to be subjected to such activities, and shall further contain an undertaking that no physical violence be employed by anybody during such initiation rites.

Section 3. The head of the school or organization or their representatives must assign at least two (2) representatives of the school or organization, as the case may be, to be present during the initiation. It is the duty of such representative to see to it that no physical harm of any kind shall be inflicted upon a recruit, neophyte or applicant.

Section 4. If the person subjected to hazing or other forms of initiation rites suffers any physical injury or dies as a result thereof, the officers and members of the fraternity, sorority or organization who actually participated in the infliction of physical harm shall be liable as principals. The person or persons who participated in the hazing shall suffer:

1. The penalty of reclusion perpetua (life imprisonment) if death, rape, sodomy or mutilation results there from.

2. The penalty of reclusion temporal in its maximum period (17 years, 4 months and 1 day to 20 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall become insane, imbecile, impotent or blind.

3. The penalty of reclusion temporal in its medium period (14 years, 8 months and one day to 17 years and 4 months) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have lost the use of speech or the power to hear or to smell, or shall have lost an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm or a leg or shall have lost the use of any such member shall have become incapacitated for the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged.

4. The penalty of reclusion temporal in its minimum period (12 years and one day to 14 years and 8 months) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall become deformed or shall have lost any other part of his body, or shall have lost the use thereof, or shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for a period of more than ninety (90) days.

5. The penalty of prison mayor in its maximum period (10 years and one day to 12 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for a period of more than thirty (30) days.

6. The penalty of prison mayor in its medium period (8 years and one day to 10 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for a period of ten (10) days or more, or that the injury sustained shall require medical assistance for the same period.

7. The penalty of prison mayor in its minimum period (6 years and one day to 8 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged from one (1) to nine (9) days, or that the injury sustained shall require medical assistance for the same period.

8. The penalty of prison correccional in its maximum period (4 years, 2 months and one day to 6 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim sustained physical injuries which do not prevent him from engaging in his habitual activity or work nor require medical attendance.

The responsible officials of the school or of the police, military or citizen's army training organization, may impose the appropriate administrative sanctions on the person or the persons charged under this provision even before their conviction. The maximum penalty herein provided shall be imposed in any of the following instances:

(a) when the recruitment is accompanied by force, violence, threat, intimidation or deceit on the person of the recruit who refuses to join;

(b) when the recruit, neophyte or applicant initially consents to join but upon learning that hazing will be committed on his person, is prevented from quitting;

(c) when the recruit, neophyte or applicant having undergone hazing is prevented from reporting the unlawful act to his parents or guardians, to the proper school authorities, or to the police authorities, through force, violence, threat or intimidation;

(d) when the hazing is committed outside of the school or institution; or

(e) when the victim is below twelve (12) years of age at the time of the hazing.

The owner of the place where hazing is conducted shall be liable as an accomplice, when he has actual knowledge of the hazing conducted therein but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring. If the hazing is held in the home of one of the officers or members of the fraternity, group, or organization, the parents shall be held liable as principals when they have actual knowledge of the hazing conducted therein but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring.

The school authorities including faculty members who consent to the hazing or who have actual knowledge thereof, but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring shall be punished as accomplices for the acts of hazing committed by the perpetrators.

The officers, former officers, or alumni of the organization, group, fraternity or sorority who actually planned the hazing although not present when the acts constituting the hazing were committed shall be liable as principals. A fraternity or sorority's adviser who is present when the acts constituting the hazing were committed and failed to take action to prevent the same from occurring shall be liable as principal.

The presence of any person during the hazing is prima facie evidence of participation therein as principal unless he prevented the commission of the acts punishable herein.

Any person charged under this provision shall not be entitled to the mitigating circumstance that there was no intention to commit so grave a wrong.

This section shall apply to the president, manager, director or other responsible officer of a corporation engaged in hazing as a requirement for employment in the manner provided herein.

Section 5. If any provision or part of this Act is declared invalid or unconstitutional, the other parts or provisions thereof shall remain valid and effective.

Section 6. All laws, orders, rules or regulations which are inconsistent with or contrary to the provisions of this Act are hereby amended or repealed accordingly.

Section 7. This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) calendar days after its publication in at least two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation

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AN ACT REGULATING HAZING AND OTHER FORMS OF INITIATION RITES IN FRATERNITIES, SORORITIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR Section 1.

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Republic Act No. 8049, §2 - states no hazing or initiation of any from from a Greek organization will be allows without prior written notice along with the name of those subjected to listed activities that contain no physical violence during initiation period (Foundation, 2022).

Link: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1995/ra_8049_1995.html

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AN ACT REGULATING HAZING AND OTHER FORMS OF INITIATION RITES IN FRATERNITIES, SORORITIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR

Section 1. Hazing, as used in this Act, is an initiation rite or practice as a prerequisite for admission into membership in a fraternity, sorority or organization by placing the recruit, neophyte or applicant in some embarrassing or humiliating situations such as forcing him to do menial, silly, foolish and other similar tasks or activities or otherwise subjecting him to physical or psychological suffering or injury.

The term "organization" shall include any club or the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Philippine National Police, Philippine Military Academy, or officer and cadet corp of the Citizen's Military Training and Citizen's Army Training. The physical, mental and psychological testing and training procedure and practices to determine and enhance the physical, mental and psychological fitness of prospective regular members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police as approved ny the Secretary of National Defense and the National Police Commission duly recommended by the Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Director General of the Philippine National Police shall not be considered as hazing for the purposes of this Act.

Section 2. No hazing or initiation rites in any form or manner by a fraternity, sorority or organization shall be allowed without prior written notice to the school authorities or head of organization seven (7) days before the conduct of such initiation. The written notice shall indicate the period of the initiation activities which shall not exceed three (3) days, shall include the names of those to be subjected to such activities, and shall further contain an undertaking that no physical violence be employed by anybody during such initiation rites.

Section 3. The head of the school or organization or their representatives must assign at least two (2) representatives of the school or organization, as the case may be, to be present during the initiation. It is the duty of such representative to see to it that no physical harm of any kind shall be inflicted upon a recruit, neophyte or applicant.

Section 4. If the person subjected to hazing or other forms of initiation rites suffers any physical injury or dies as a result thereof, the officers and members of the fraternity, sorority or organization who actually participated in the infliction of physical harm shall be liable as principals. The person or persons who participated in the hazing shall suffer:

1. The penalty of reclusion perpetua (life imprisonment) if death, rape, sodomy or mutilation results there from.

2. The penalty of reclusion temporal in its maximum period (17 years, 4 months and 1 day to 20 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall become insane, imbecile, impotent or blind.

3. The penalty of reclusion temporal in its medium period (14 years, 8 months and one day to 17 years and 4 months) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have lost the use of speech or the power to hear or to smell, or shall have lost an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm or a leg or shall have lost the use of any such member shall have become incapacitated for the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged.

4. The penalty of reclusion temporal in its minimum period (12 years and one day to 14 years and 8 months) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall become deformed or shall have lost any other part of his body, or shall have lost the use thereof, or shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for a period of more than ninety (90) days.

5. The penalty of prison mayor in its maximum period (10 years and one day to 12 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for a period of more than thirty (30) days.

6. The penalty of prison mayor in its medium period (8 years and one day to 10 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged for a period of ten (10) days or more, or that the injury sustained shall require medical assistance for the same period.

7. The penalty of prison mayor in its minimum period (6 years and one day to 8 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim shall have been ill or incapacitated for the performance on the activity or work in which he was habitually engaged from one (1) to nine (9) days, or that the injury sustained shall require medical assistance for the same period.

8. The penalty of prison correccional in its maximum period (4 years, 2 months and one day to 6 years) if in consequence of the hazing the victim sustained physical injuries which do not prevent him from engaging in his habitual activity or work nor require medical attendance.

The responsible officials of the school or of the police, military or citizen's army training organization, may impose the appropriate administrative sanctions on the person or the persons charged under this provision even before their conviction. The maximum penalty herein provided shall be imposed in any of the following instances:

(a) when the recruitment is accompanied by force, violence, threat, intimidation or deceit on the person of the recruit who refuses to join;

(b) when the recruit, neophyte or applicant initially consents to join but upon learning that hazing will be committed on his person, is prevented from quitting;

(c) when the recruit, neophyte or applicant having undergone hazing is prevented from reporting the unlawful act to his parents or guardians, to the proper school authorities, or to the police authorities, through force, violence, threat or intimidation;

(d) when the hazing is committed outside of the school or institution; or

(e) when the victim is below twelve (12) years of age at the time of the hazing.

The owner of the place where hazing is conducted shall be liable as an accomplice, when he has actual knowledge of the hazing conducted therein but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring. If the hazing is held in the home of one of the officers or members of the fraternity, group, or organization, the parents shall be held liable as principals when they have actual knowledge of the hazing conducted therein but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring.

The school authorities including faculty members who consent to the hazing or who have actual knowledge thereof, but failed to take any action to prevent the same from occurring shall be punished as accomplices for the acts of hazing committed by the perpetrators.

The officers, former officers, or alumni of the organization, group, fraternity or sorority who actually planned the hazing although not present when the acts constituting the hazing were committed shall be liable as principals. A fraternity or sorority's adviser who is present when the acts constituting the hazing were committed and failed to take action to prevent the same from occurring shall be liable as principal.

The presence of any person during the hazing is prima facie evidence of participation therein as principal unless he prevented the commission of the acts punishable herein.

Any person charged under this provision shall not be entitled to the mitigating circumstance that there was no intention to commit so grave a wrong.

This section shall apply to the president, manager, director or other responsible officer of a corporation engaged in hazing as a requirement for employment in the manner provided herein.

Section 5. If any provision or part of this Act is declared invalid or unconstitutional, the other parts or provisions thereof shall remain valid and effective.

Section 6. All laws, orders, rules or regulations which are inconsistent with or contrary to the provisions of this Act are hereby amended or repealed accordingly.

Section 7. This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) calendar days after its publication in at least two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation

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AN ACT REGULATING HAZING AND OTHER FORMS OF INITIATION RITES IN FRATERNITIES, SORORITIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR Section 1.

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General Laws, Part IV, Title I, Chapter 269, §17 - discusses the definition of the term "hazing" along with declaring whoever the principal organizer or participant in the crime of hazing, shall be punished by a fine of not more than three thousand dollars or by imprisonment in a house of correction for not more than one year, or both such fine and imprisonment (Laws, 2022).

Link: https://malegislature.gov/laws/generallaws/partiv/titlei/chapter269/section17

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Skip to Content Section 17. Whoever is a principal organizer or participant in the crime of hazing, as defined herein, shall be punished by a fine of not more than three thousand dollars or by imprisonment in a house of correction for not more than one year, or both such fine and imprisonment.

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END All Hazing Act, §775, 117th Congress - this bill requires institutions of higher education to collect information and reports on hazing-related misconducts where the report must include the organizations name, description of violation, and any sanctions placed against the organization (Cassidy, 2022).

Link: https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/775#:~:text=This%20bill%20requires%20institutions%20of,report%20on%20hazing%2Drelated%20misconduct.

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A 19-year old male student named Sam Martinez attending Washington State University died of alcohol poisoning during a "Big-Little" pledge event for Alpha Tau Omega. This is not the first hazing allegation Alpha Tau Omega has received. The chapter was found for breaking hazing, reckless endangerment, and alcohol laws after pledges were taking part in hazing activities. The chapter was given a two-year probation period where the president then overruled and lowered the probationary period to eight months. Jolayne Holtz, Sam's mother, made a statement, "It's just this ridiculous cycle. And why would you repeat past mistakes? You know it's not working. When were they going to take it seriously?" Holtz and family hopes Sam's death will create a culture change and the way society handles these situations (Frame, 2022).

Link: https://www.king5.com/article/news/investigations/wsu-ato-fraternity-members-hazing-investigation/281-46b5dd58-3f41-4c3f-9a22-379a86bbb676

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Hours of Pullman police videotaped interviews show even fraternity leaders didn't understand hazing.

PULLMAN, Wash. - Approximately 35 hours of Pullman Police Department taped interviews connected to the 2019 WSU fraternity hazing death of 19-year-old Sam Martinez reveal members and pledges of the Alpha Tau Omega (ATO) fraternity did not understand what constitutes hazing.

That footage includes members in leadership positions charged with training the youngest members on laws and fraternity rules against hazing practices.

The interviews took place in the investigation of the November 2019 death of Martinez, a freshman pledge from Bellevue. Martinez died of acute alcohol poisoning. Police and an internal Washington State University (WSU) investigation determined hazing contributed to the death.

"I don't know that until we started asking some very pointed questions that anyone understood that there was any type of hazing going on at all," said Pullman Police Chief Gary Jenkins. "Most students who come here get an idea in their heads of these extreme types of situations and that is hazing to them. It doesn't have to be extreme at all to be considered hazing."

In dozens of interviews, members and pledges insisted no hazing occurred because no one was "forced" to drink or take part in other activities. Yet, according to Washington state hazing laws, WSU rules of conduct, and the ATO official handbook, coercion is not necessary for hazing to occur.

"Hazing includes any activity expected of someone joining a group... that causes or is likely to cause a risk of mental, emotional and/or physical harm, regardless of the person's willingness to participate," wrote authors of the Washington State Administrative Code (WAC). The state Legislature created the law making hazing a crime in 1993.

The police investigation into the death of Martinez revealed other hazing activities at the ATO house in the fall of 2019. Those included "punishments" for infractions, including eating onions for missing questions on fraternity history tests, police records show. Other infractions such as not sufficiently cleaning up after a party, led to drinking an unknown mixture with hot sauce, physical tasks such as wall-sits and push-ups, and cleaning floors on their hands and knees with toothbrushes in the dark.

No one interviewed recognized these activities as hazing, according to the police interviews.

"We had to clean the floor with toothbrushes while they shut off all the lights in the pitch-dark room and [they were] slamming [expletive] on the ground that we had to clean up," said one freshman.

"We had to clean the party floor on our hands and knees with toothbrushes with Pinesol and stuff," said another pledge. "It sucked that we had to use toothbrushes, but it wasn't that bad. I would not call it hazing because I could have said 'no' at any point. In the end, you're going through it with your friends, so in the end, it makes you closer, so I had no problem with it."

Another pledge characterized the incidents as "innocent stuff" promoted by upperclassmen on "power trips."

"It was like, 'Oh man, I can make them do anything. I can make them do pushups; I can make them do wall sits. I can make them do jumping jacks and sing the national anthem three times in a row,' because we did that," said the pledge. "Everyone's like, 'Hazing's so bad,' but I would not consider that hazing. I'd consider that like, 'He's drunk. He's telling us to do something stupid,' and we did it."

All hazing is 'dangerous'

Researchers and experts said it's critical to understand what hazing is, including activities that might appear harmless, because all of it can be dangerous - you cannot predict how the person being hazed will react.

"When people are hazed, there's no easy predictability of how it will affect them. They could have a background unknown to the group. The person could have been abused. So, it could be a triggering event," said Dr. Norman Pollard, retired dean of students at Alfred University in New York who participated in two landmark studies on hazing. "The people involved in the behavior may see the activity as positive and purposeful, part of an initiation, but [hazing] can be dangerous, have serious consequences and [have] hidden harms."

One ATO pledge admitted he saw kids fall apart after incidents that fit the definition of hazing.

"Certain guys would get broken down, and other guys wouldn't," said the pledge. "I've seen kids cry in my pledge class and go up into their rooms and just stay in their room and not come out. I've just seen kids broken down before, for sure."

'I never forced him to drink'

In the case of Sam Martinez, police found supplying alcohol and encouraging pledges to drink large quantities of alcohol by upperclassmen contributed to his death.

On November 12, 2019, fellow pledges found Martinez unresponsive in the basement of the fraternity house. The night before, Martinez had participated in the ATO annual "Big-Little Night," where the identities of big brothers are revealed to pledges. According to police records, the event includes the ritual of upperclassmen sharing alcohol, a "family drink," with their little brothers.

Martinez's big brother provided a half-gallon of spiced rum, the equivalent of 40 shots, to share between Martinez and another pledge, according to police records. Martinez died of acute alcohol poisoning while fraternity members believed he was "sleeping [the alcohol] off."

In the police interviews, members and pledges repeatedly told detectives no one was "forced" to drink alcohol at the event.

"I never forced him to drink," said Martinez's big brother Wesley Oswald, who pleaded guilty to furnishing alcohol to a minor in the case in October 2021. Oswald was sentenced to 19 days in jail and one year of probation. Pullman police recommended hazing charges against Oswald and another member, but the statute of limitations had lapsed.

"He didn't force us to drink or anything," said the pledge who shared the bottle of rum with Martinez. "I just want to reiterate that Wes wasn't forcing us to drink at all. He was looking out for us. He was like, 'If you guys don't want to drink, don't drink it.' He was like, 'If you guys don't feel like you can do this, then don't do it.'"

Others said the gifting of alcohol and sharing the "family drink" was for bonding, not hazing.

"I think it's just a tradition. Your big brother buys you alcohol and then gives you the option if you want to drink it or not," said a pledge involved that night.

"I drank on my own," said another pledge. "We were supposed to finish the bottle. It's not mandatory, but it's encouraged."

"I kind of wanted to [finish up] the bottle. I didn't want to drink all of that, so I just forced myself to drink it and throw up," said an ATO pledge. "I feel like it's just something you do. I don't know, I guess, I don't know. That's just what I thought."

'Big-Little' events lead to multiple deaths

Hazing researcher and author Hank Nuwer of Indiana said the pledges clearly did not understand they were hazed throughout the "Big-Little Night."

"Coercion is present even when the members are told that what they're doing is voluntary," Nuwer said. "This idea of giving [the 'family drink'] is part of this idea of why it's not voluntary. Because 'I have to give you something back [in exchange for the bottle]. Like consume the whole bottle and do it fast and be a better pledge than these wimps here who can't do what you can.'"

Nuwer has traced all hazing deaths in the United States dating to 1838. He maintains a database that currently contains 225 deaths stemming from hazing. More than 100 of them have occurred since the year 2000, with 16 related to "Big-Little Nights" like in the case of Sam Martinez.

"[I'm] incredibly angry that another good kid is gone," Nuwer said. "In the mid-90s, that's when the deaths really started to pile up from alcohol-related hazing, and it's not stopped."

Documented history of hazing

The ATO house at WSU was in trouble for hazing before. According to university records, in 2013, the WSU Conduct Board found the chapter broke hazing, reckless endangerment, and alcohol laws after pledges were made to take part in hazing activities, including cleaning up raw sewage without protective gear. The Conduct Board found that violated reckless endangerment laws and university policy by "needlessly jeopardizing" the health of members.

The Conduct Board assigned the most serious sanction possible: loss of chapter recognition by the university for a year, with two years of probation to follow. But the sanction didn't stick. The WSU president reduced the loss of recognition to an eight-month probation.

That was a lost opportunity to curb the culture of hazing, according to Sam Martinez's parents.

"[WSU administrators] claim that their stance is 'zero tolerance for hazing.' Show me. That's words on paper until you actually put some effort into that and hold to account the ones who are giving the Greek system a bad name," said Martinez's mother, Jolayne Holtz. "It's just this ridiculous cycle. And why would you repeat past mistakes? You know it's not working. When were they going to take it seriously?"

Experts said the most dangerous part of hazing is the inability to predict consequences. No one at ATO predicted the ultimate consequence: Sam Martinez dying after a "Big-Little Night" featuring what was supposed to be an opportunity for "family" bonding.

"In many, there's a strong need to belong and belong to this group, so they're willing to do just about anything to be part of this organization. Being willing to do something that's potentially harmful to you, that's what hazing is," Chief Jenkins said. "As time passes, my fear is that the thought of the consequences of hazing are going to pass, and maybe it's Sam Martinez's death [that will] cause this culture change and the way society looks at these things that causes this whole culture to change."

After the death of Martinez, WSU officials removed official recognition from ATO for a minimum of five years. Seven ATO members pleaded guilty to furnishing alcohol to a minor.

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Members of WSU fraternity where Bellevue freshman died didn't know what constitutes hazing, evidence shows

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Hours of Pullman police videotaped interviews show even fraternity leaders didn't understand hazing. PULLMAN, Wash. - Approximately 35 hours of Pullman Police Department taped interviews connected to the 2019 WSU fraternity hazing death of 19-year-old Sam Martinez reveal members and pledges of the Alpha Tau Omega (ATO) fraternity did not understand what constitutes hazing.

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A 20-year old male student by the name of Stone Foltz lost his life due to a hazing initiation while pledging for Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity. The cause of death was ruled as fatal ethanol intoxication where Stone, and other pledges, were each given a liter of whiskey and forced to intake it entirely. The five members involved were given 28 days of jail time and two years of probation. When confronted during a police investigation, several fraternity members lied to the investigators and destroyed all physical and electronic evidence. The Foltz family, while heartbroken for losing a loved one, are adamant about spreading the word of hazing on college campus and believe universities and Greek organizations must be held accountable as countless other families have been affected by fraternity hazing (Albeck-ripka, 2022).

Link: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/us/ohio-hazing-death-sentence.html

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Three men convicted in connection with the death of Stone Foltz, 20, received jail sentences of up to 28 days. Two others were sentenced to probation.

Shari Foltz, whose son Stone died after a fraternity initation while a student at Bowling Green State University, during testimony before an Ohio Senate committee considering an anti-hazing bill. Credit... Joshua A. Bickel/Columbus Dispatch via Imagn

Five men convicted on charges relating to the March 2021 hazing death of a 20-year-old Bowling Green State University student were sentenced in Ohio on Thursday, with three of them receiving jail sentences of up to 28 days.

The men, who are between the ages of 20 and 22, were among eight who were indicted in connection with the death of Stone Foltz, a sophomore who died three days after attending an off-campus Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity initiation. Prosecutors said he drank a liter of whiskey at the event.

Paul A. Dobson, the Wood County prosecuting attorney, said that he was glad the court agreed "that some of the men involved in this case needed to see the inside of a jail cell." To finally start seeing the case come to a close, he added, was gratifying.

But Mr. Foltz's parents, Cory and Shari Foltz, said in a statement released Thursday that while the sentencing of the five men may be a conclusion for some, there would be no closure for their family until hazing was "permanently eradicated" on college campuses.

"Universities and Greek organizations must be held accountable," they said, adding that it was not just their own son, but many other students who had been "tragically injured or killed because people in power refuse to protect them."

Stone Foltz was 20 when he died after a fraternity initiation last year. Credit... Foltz family

On March 4, 2021, Mr. Foltz, a business major from Delaware, Ohio, attended what prosecutors described as a mandatory fraternity event, where the new members, so-called "littles" or "little brothers" - most of them underage - were each given a bottle of about one liter of liquor, which they were expected to drink. According to prosecutors, Stone Foltz "consumed a liter bottle of Evan Williams 86 proof bourbon."

Later that evening, he was taken to his apartment and left unconscious by a fraternity member, Jacob Krinn, and several others, prosecutors said. When paramedics arrived at Mr. Foltz's apartment, his roommate was performing CPR, but Mr. Foltz was no longer breathing, they said. He was taken to Wood County Hospital and later transferred to Toledo Hospital, where he died on March 7.

The Lucas County coroner ruled his death as "fatal ethanol intoxication during hazing incident." Prosecutors said that during the police investigation, several of the fraternity members lied to investigators and destroyed both physical and electronic evidence.

The five defendants sentenced on Thursday in Wood County Common Pleas Court had previously pleaded guilty to various charges that included reckless homicide, hazing and tampering with evidence.

On Thursday, Jarrett Prizel, 20, an assistant educator for new members of the fraternity, was sentenced to 28 days in jail and two years of probation. Daylen Dunson, 22, the president of the fraternity chapter, was sentenced to 21 days in jail and three years of probation. Niall Sweeney, 22, the vice president of the fraternity, was sentenced to 14 days in jail and two years of probation.

Benjamin Boyers, 22, the fraternity's sergeant-at-arms, was sentenced to two years of probation. Aaron Lehane, 22, who, along with Mr. Sweeney and Mr. Boyers, was a resident of the house where the event took place, also received two years of probation.

The five men were also sentenced to 28 days of electronic home monitoring and 100 hours of community service.

In a statement released on Thursday, prosecutors said that the court could have ordered jail time for all of the defendants, excluding Mr. Lehane, but had "held that in reserve" pending successful completion of their probation. The court "suspended jail time over Mr. Lehane," prosecutors added, pending his compliance with the terms of his probation.

They said that the defendants had cooperated with the prosecution of two of the other men convicted, Mr. Krinn and Troy Henricksen, including testifying against them.

Mr. Krinn, 21 and Mr. Henricksen, 24, were found guilty on counts of hazing and failure to comply with underage alcohol laws. Mr. Krinn was also found guilty of obstructing official business.

The two men, as well as Canyon Caldwell, 22, who also pleaded guilty and testified at the trial, will be sentenced in the next several weeks.

"The sad thing is there's no winners in this situation," said Rex Elliott, a lawyer representing Mr. Foltz's parents in a separate civil complaint against Bowling Green State University. "The Foltz family has lost their son, and these kids that were sentenced today - it's going to be on their records forever."

Mr. Elliott said he planned to file the complaint next week. The Pi Kappa Alpha hazing ritual, Mr. Elliott added, had been going on for several years.

"It's not a secret what it involves and they did nothing to put a stop to it," Mr. Elliott said of the university.

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Bowling Green Fraternity Brothers Sentenced in Hazing Death of Student

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Three men convicted in connection with the death of Stone Foltz, 20, received jail sentences of up to 28 days. Two others were sentenced to probation. Five men convicted on charges relating to the March 2021 hazing death of a 20-year-old Bowling Green State University student were sentenced in Ohio on Thursday, with three of them receiving jail sentences of up to 28 days.

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Anti-Hazing Education is a one-hour course consisting of five components on hazing prevention and the importance of speaking up. The course begins with a video of Maxwell Gruver and the hazing incidents leading to his death, leading into the five components. The five components are:

Impacts of Hazing

Hazing by the Numbers

Recognizing Hazing and Responding

Repercussions of Hazing

Legal Ramifications (Individual & Organization) (Education, 2021).

Link: https://antihazingeducation.com/

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Discipline for Fraternities for hazing is a very serious matter. 73% of students associated in a Greek Organization experienced some form of hazing (Hazing, 2020). Hazing is an issue in post-secondary institutions taking place across the United States. If not reported and/or addressed, it can become a systematic revolving issue. Dr. Dennis Hall, the Vice President for Student Affairs and Dean of Students of Texas Wesleyan University was interviewed about Hazing and Discipline for Fraternities and Greek Organizations. The interview consisted of questions such as "How has the issue of hazing impacted your line of work here at Texas Wesleyan?", "What are the necessary protocols in response to an issue such as hazing?", "What were the legal implications taken to address this issue at large?" These questions informed me of what occurrences are to be expected some time throughout my professional work in higher education. In speaking with Dr. Hall some best practices were discussed to prevent/address hazing:

Develop a chapter anti-hazing policy

Host anti-hazing orientations

Taking advantage of campus resources - Dean of Students

An emerging issue related to Fraternities and Greek Organizations is beyond hazing. Other emerging issues related to Fraternities and Greek Organizations are alcohol and drug abuse, discrimination based on sexual orientation, sexual violence, and discrimination based on racial and ethnic backgrounds. While these are issue faced in every day life, they are more susceptible in Greek Organizations.  These issues as a whole are worth addressing and making significant changes to prevent a serious occurrence.

Link: https://txwes.edu/student-life/student-life-staff/student-affairs/

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My field of study is Student Development & Leadership in Higher Education. As a member of a Greek organization I am aware of the preconceived notions associated with being in a Fraternity. Greek organizations, mainly Fraternities, are assumed to be a group of men to enjoy being social, not so heavily involved in their academics, along with a negative assumption of hazing. Being a Greek member while still maintaining a strong academic background is one of many cases that counteracts these preconceived notions. While this is not the case for all members, there are cases of hazing where the organization and its active members should be disciplined for such heinous acts.