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A morning/night skincare routine is based on one's skin type and is often used for exfoliation, cleansing, or protecting the skin. These routines mainly consist of cleansers, creams, serums, and sunscreen. The younger population often uses skin care routines to manage breakouts, while the older population uses these routines to prevent fine lines and signs of aging.

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The skin is the body's first line of protection and the largest organ in the body. The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis (outer), the dermis (middle), and the hypodermis (inner). The top layer of the skin, the epidermis, consists of the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. The dermis contains collagen fibers, sweat glands, and hair follicles. The hypodermis is made of fat. Overall, the skin consists of nerves, muscles, blood, and tissues.

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The skin plays key roles in secretion, absorption, thermal regulation, and sensory reception. The skin protects the body from injury, trauma, and external threats like bacteria and harmful cells. It prevents overexposure to UV light and ensures the body gets enough vitamin D from sunlight. The skin can also absorb certain chemicals, such as nicotine from patches. The skin provides thermal regulation, increasing blood flow and secreting sweat, making the skin appear pale during exercise or in hot conditions. The skin provides sensory receptors for pain, temperature, touch, and vibration. The skin's elastic collagen fibers provide strength and flexibility, allowing the body to stretch and move without tearing. The skin also goes through different wound healing processes such as inflammation and remodeling.

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There are five different types of skin: oily, dry, combination, sensitive, and normal. They may be caused by genetics, age, hormones, stress, diet, and environmental conditions. Dry skin is usually caused by a lack of sebum (oil). Oily skin is caused by the overproduction of sebum, creating a shiny or greasy complexion. The combination skin type targets certain areas, such as the forehead, nose, and chin (T-zone). Sensitive skin is usually reactive with certain ingredients or products, causing redness, irritation, burning, and dryness. Sensitive skin may also be a sign of eczema or allergic contact dermatitis.

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Acne, eczema, and psoriasis are common skin conditions that are often caused by immune system reactions and environmental factors. Acne is linked to excess oil production, while eczema and psoriasis are linked with inflammation and immune responses to various stressors. Acne may appear as cysts, pimples, or blackheads. Eczema makes your skin dry, itchy, and irritated. Psoriasis, on the other hand, is a long-term condition that causes thick, scaly patches and makes skin cells grow too quickly. A common factor in all these conditions is a deficiency of Vitamin D. Managing vitamin D levels, along with topical or oral treatments, can improve symptoms and help maintain healthier skin.

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The #1 Deficiency in All Skin Diseases (Dermatitis)

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Skin allergies, or dermatitis, occur when allergens trigger the immune system. Allergens can include foods (like nuts or seafood) and environmental factors (such as poison ivy or poison oak). Symptoms of skin allergies often involve hives or rashes. Allergic contact dermatitis refers to skin reactions that happen when an allergen comes into direct contact with the skin, resulting in redness, bumps, scaling, itching, or swelling. Skin allergies are treated by allergists or immunologists.

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Scars form as part of the skin’s natural healing process after injuries, surgery, or inflammation. Some types of scars include keloid scars, hypertrophic scars, and adhesions. They can vary in appearance depending on skin type, location on the body, and severity of skin damage and may be flat, raised, itchy, or painful. Some treatments can minimize scar appearance, which include dermabrasion, chemical peels, collagen and cortisone injections, cryosurgery, and skin graphs. Healing and results depend on the type of scar, location, skin type, and overall health.

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There are a few ways to protect the skin from the sun to reduce the risk of sunburn, irritation, or even skin cancer. Wearing protective clothing, such as long sleeves, pants, and high-neck shirts, can shield the skin while allowing for breathability and blocking harmful UV rays. Seeking shade is a good way to limit your sun exposure. While shade doesn’t block all UV rays (ex., reflecting off surfaces like water, sand and concrete), it can significantly reduce the intensity of the sun’s rays on your skin. Sunscreen (SPF) contains ingredients that protect against UV rays, but it can cause irritation for sensitive skin, and many people forget to apply it properly or at the right times.

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Sleep is an important factor when it comes to maintaining strong skin health. The lack of sleep can cause one's appearance to deteriorate, losing its complexion, increasing stress hormones, and weakening the immune system. The skin acts as a barrier from stressors such as environmental toxins and UV ray damage. One may experience reduced skin elasticity and slower healing/recovery responses. Receiving an adequate amount of sleep improves skin function and repair. Poor quality sleep can also increase inflammation and increase moisture loss.

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A dermatologist is a doctor/surgeon who specializes in skin disorders of the integumentary system, which includes the skin, mouth, genitalia, hair, and nails. A dermatologist may focus on skin-related issues that affect people of all ages. A dermatologist can diagnose and treat skin conditions such as acne, moles, eczema, psoriasis, skin cancer, and infections. Dermatologists can provide treatments to improve the condition of the skin, whether it's for a chronic condition or a cosmetic concern. Early consultation is important when diagnosing conditions like skin cancer. Dermatologists can offer effective treatments and preventive care.

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Early detection and diagnosis are important for chronic skin conditions to receive the best treatment and get the most promising results. Dermatologists offer advanced and effective treatments for chronic skin conditions, such as skin cancer. Some options for skin cancer treatments include micrographic surgery, electrodesiccation, excision, and topical chemotherapy. Micrographic surgery involves the surgical removal of cancerous skin tissue on the epidermis, ensuring minimal scarring and preservation of healthy skin. Electrodessication involves an electric needle that heats and destroys any cancerous cells. Excision procedures surgically remove the skin and tissue, using stitches to close any wounds. Topical chemotherapy involves a prescription ointment applied to the top layer of the skin, applied twice a day.

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In a skin biopsy, a piece of skin or a sampling of cells are removed from the body to be tested on and diagnose any skin diseases, such as skin cancer. Shave, punch, and excisional biopsies are different forms of biopsies that require different layers and amounts of the skin to be removed. The procedure is also performed on the body where symptoms or signs are most noticeable or felt. Skin tags and moles are also removed through skin biopsies. A scar or stitches are common risks of skin biopsies. These types of procedures are often conducted by dermatologists and interpreted by pathologists.

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Skin hydration consists of a healthy balance between water intake and skin type/texture. The body, specifically its cells and tissues, relies on water to maintain a healthy balance of body fluids and prevent dehydration. Water is important to provide sufficient energy and nutrients for cell metabolism and thermoregulation. Sugary foods and drinks should not be regarded as dependable sources of hydration when trying to meet the necessary water intake. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2010), the average and recommended water intake for men and women is 2.7 to 3.7 L per day.

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Nutrition plays an important role when it comes to having clean and healthy skin. The consumption of macro (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) is important to maintain healthy levels of skin nutrition. Antioxidants are important to manage and prevent overexposure to UV light and chemicals in the environment. Poor nutrition is identified through bleeding gums, skin discoloration, abnormal hair growth, and poor wound healing.

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Dermatologists can provide accurate diagnoses and treatments based on acne type and location of breakouts. The goal of acne treatment is to clear acne, stop breakouts, and prevent acne scars. Both non-prescription (over-the-counter) and prescription medicines are used to treat acne, while also clearing any blackheads, whiteheads, pores, and dark spots. Other acne treatments include corticosteroid injection, chemical peels, laser treatments, and acne surgery/extraction. Patch testing and biopsies can be used to diagnose psoriasis and eczema. Topical and systemic therapies, such ultraviolet (UV) light therapy, are some of the potential treatments. Low-strength corticosteroids and over-the-counter moisturizers can help reduce symptoms, but they tend to be not enough on their own. Prescription medications are usually needed and a dermatologist's diagnosis is crucial for proper care.

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To diagnose and treat skin allergies and reactions, a dermatologist has to review symptoms, medical history, and perform a series of tests. When conducting a patch test, a dermatologist may place small patches with small amounts of allergens on the skin and observe for any skin reactions under the patches after a few days. The type of treatment depends on the cause and symptoms of the allergic reactions. Some treatment pathways include prescription medicine (cream, gel, ointment, or pills), phototherapy (light therapy), and wet dressings or bandages with ointment covered with dry gauze. A skin biopsy is also important when diagnosing allergies.