# data[].attributes.body
After the American Revolutionary War, France was impoverished and Louis XVI summoned the Estates General to Versailles to address these financial issues. The Third Estate felt underrepresented, easily overruled by the first two Estates (Clergy and Nobility) though they represented the largest population: commoners who took most of the weight of the national debt because of an inequitable taxing system that exempted the higher social classes.

# data[].attributes.headline
Tennis Court Oath and Creation of the National Assembly

# data[].attributes.subject
Tennis Court Oath and Creation of the National Assembly

# data[].attributes.body
Directly challenging the authority of the King and other Estates, the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly, pledging to represent the will of the people and form a new constitution. King Louis had the hall closed to prevent them from entering the assembly, so they met in an indoor tennis court nearby and swore an oath to keep meeting until they had written a new constitution for France. This began to shift power in France as the King, Clergy, and Nobility were forced to recognize the middle and lower social classes politically, eventually uniting with the National Assembly and making representation more equal.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Tennis Court Oath - The French Revolution

# data[].attributes.body
High taxes and food shortages in Paris were causing unrest in Paris and Louis XVI had troops stationed around the city, which only heightened tensions. A large crowd of Parisians marched on Bastille, an old fortress believed to be holding political prisoners. They demanded the prisoners' release, entering a conflict with the small garrison guarding the Bastille and storming the fortress, releasing the few prisoners, seizing weapons, and tearing the building to the ground. The fall of the Bastille symbolizes the coming fall of royal authority and is a celebrated triumph of the people against tyranny.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Storming of the Bastille | Definition, Summary & Significance - Video | Study.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about the Storming of the Bastille, its summary, and significance in our educational video lesson. Watch now and take a quiz to test your understanding!

# data[].attributes.body
The National Assembly formally took down Feudalism by abolishing feudal laws including feudal dues, serfdom, tithes, and privileges of the nobility and clergy. This marked the end of a long feudal era in an attempt to make France more socially equal. The Assembly declared that all feudal and taxable rights and duties that represented real or personal servitude were abolished without compensation and proclaimed King Louis XVI as the Restorer of French Liberty.

# data[].attributes.headline
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

# data[].attributes.subject
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

# data[].attributes.body
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was one of the most important documents of the French Revolution. It was adopted by the National Assembly, declaring that all men were born free and equal in rights. This document emphasized natural rights, including liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. It was inspired by the Enlightenment ideas of philosophers like Rousseau and Locke. The Declaration became the foundation for the revolutionary government and an important symbol of the fight for individual freedoms and the overthrow of the monarchy's oppressive rule.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

# data[].attributes.body
Thousands of women marched from Paris to the Palace of Versailles in protest over the high price and scarcity of bread. Angered by the royal family’s lavish lifestyle while they were struggling with hunger, they demanded that King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette return to Paris, where they would be under the watchful eye of the people. The march was successful in forcing the royal family to leave Versailles, symbolizing the rise of popular power and the growing influence of the masses as well as women in French politics.

# data[].attributes.body
In a period of political turmoil and the revolutionary government’s increasing influence, Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee Paris and seek refuge in a royalist stronghold to try to rally support for the monarchy. Disguised and traveling under false names, the royal family was intercepted in the town of Varennes. Their arrest and forced return to Paris deeply undermined the king’s credibility, leading many to view him as a traitor. The event accelerated the collapse of the monarchy, leading directly to the king's eventual trial and execution.

# data[].attributes.headline
Arrest, Trial, and Execution of King Louis XVI

# data[].attributes.subject
Arrest, Trial, and Execution of King Louis XVI

# data[].attributes.body
In August 1792, the monarchy was abolished, and the National Convention declared France a republic. Louis XVI was arrested along with his family and charged with conspiracy and high treason, as it was believed he had been secretly collaborating with foreign monarchies to suppress the revolution. In December 1792, he was put on trial and found guilty. On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was executed by guillotine in the Place de la Révolution in Paris. His death marked the definitive end of the French monarchy and symbolized the triumph of republicanism.

# data[].attributes.body
The Reign of Terror was a period of extreme violence and political repression supported by the radical policies of the Jacobin government under Maximilien Robespierre. Faced with threats, the young revolutionary government resorted to violent purges, executing perceived enemies of the revolution. Robespierre argued that terror was necessary to defend the revolution and granted sweeping powers to arrest and execute anyone considered an enemy. The guillotine became a symbol of this reign of terror, with thousands of executions taking place. In July 1794, Robespierre and many of his supporters were arrested and executed which ended the Reign of Terror and marked a shift away from radical revolutionary policies.

# data[].attributes.headline
Haitian Revolution & War of Independence

# data[].attributes.subject
Haitian Revolution & War of Independence

# data[].attributes.body
The revolution was sparked by the oppression and exploitation of the enslaved population, inspired in part by the revolutionary ideals emerging from France and shaped by racial tensions, as the mixed-race population of the colony sought greater rights despite the economic interests of plantation owners who were threatened by the loss of their slaves. After Napoleon’s rise to power in France, he sought to reassert French control over the colony and restore slavery, leading to renewed conflict and Haitian victory. Independence was declared in 1804, making it the first independent black republic and a symbol of resistance against colonial oppression.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Haitian Revolutions: Crash Course World History #30

# data[].attributes.body
Napoleon was a young general serving in the French army during the Italian phase of the French Revolutionary Wars. He employed innovative tactics which allowed him to defeat numerically superior forces. His successes not only enhanced his reputation but also solidified French control over large parts of Italy, leading to the establishment of several client republics. Napoleon’s victories in Italy gave him considerable political power and helped pave the way for his eventual rise to power in France.

# data[].attributes.body
Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt, which began in 1798, was part of his broader strategy to weaken Britain by cutting off its vital trade routes to India. While Napoleon initially achieved military success the campaign quickly encountered serious problems. Napoleon's troops faced harsh conditions, including the vast desert, disease, and a lack of supplies. Ultimately, the campaign failed to achieve its strategic goals, but it elevated Napoleon’s fame back in France. Napoleon returned to France in 1799, leaving behind a French presence in Egypt that would persist until the British decisively defeated the French later.

# data[].attributes.body
By 1799, France had entered a period of political instability, its current government, the Directory, was losing control and facing opposition from both royalists and radicals. Napoleon, who had returned from Egypt, capitalized on this chaos, and with the support of key political figures and military allies, Napoleon staged a coup and dissolved the Directory. He established a new government, the Consulate, with himself as First Consul. This marked the end of the French Revolution's radical phase and the beginning of Napoleon’s rise to power. Within a few years, Napoleon would consolidate his power, positioning himself to declare himself Emperor and reshape Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
On December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of the French in a grand ceremony at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. The coronation was a symbolic act that marked the formal end of the French Republic and the beginning of the Napoleonic Empire. What made this event particularly significant was the fact that Napoleon crowned himself, rather than allowing the Pope to do so, asserting his independence from religious and political authority. This act symbolized Napoleon’s belief in his own power and his ability to shape the future of France and Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of Austerlitz was one of Napoleon’s greatest military victories, pitting Napoleon’s French army against the combined forces of Russia and Austria. Despite being outnumbered, Napoleon used his characteristic military genius to outmaneuver the enemy. The Battle of Austerlitz was not only a tactical triumph but also a strategic one, as it forced Austria to sign an armistice, leaving Napoleon in control of much of central Europe. This victory cemented Napoleon's reputation as one of history's greatest military tacticians and ensured that he remained the dominant figure in European politics for the years to come.

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of Trafalgar was one of the most decisive naval engagements in history and a significant defeat for Napoleon’s imperial ambitions. Innovative British tactics, which involved splitting the fleet to attack the enemy from both sides, led to a resounding victory for Britain. The defeat at Trafalgar prevented Napoleon from executing his plans to invade Britain, as British naval dominance remained unchallenged. It also marked the end of Napoleon’s attempts to achieve control over the seas and severely limited his ability to expand his empire beyond the European continent. Despite his military successes on land, Napoleon would never be able to challenge Britain’s naval supremacy.

# data[].attributes.body
Napoleon, at the height of his power, launched the invasion with a massive army numbering over 600,000 men. The Russian army employed scorched-earth tactics, retreating deep into their vast territory while burning villages and supplies along the way so that by the time the French reached Moscow, it had been largely abandoned and set on fire. As winter set in, the retreat from Russia was catastrophic, with only a fraction of Napoleon's forces returning to France. Often regarded as one of the greatest military disasters in history, the military failure marked the beginning of his downfall, as it emboldened his enemies to unite against him.

# data[].attributes.body
The Congress of Vienna was convened after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814 to reshape Europe and restore stability following the upheaval caused by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. Representatives from the major European powers met to redraw the map of Europe and create a balance of power that would prevent future wars. The congress aimed to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and to establish a system that would ensure stability, including collective security, working together to maintain peace and prevent the spread of revolutionary movements.

# data[].attributes.body
After his abdication in 1814, Napoleon was exiled to the small island of Elba off the coast of Italy, while the monarchy was restored in France under Louis XVIII. In 1815, he escaped from Elba and returned to France, where he quickly regained the loyalty of many of his former soldiers and supporters. This period of his reign, known as the Hundred Days, was marked by his attempts to reassert control over France and rebuild his empire. Despite initial successes, including a brief return to military dominance, Napoleon faced mounting opposition from European powers.

# data[].attributes.body
After his return from exile on Elba during the Hundred Days, Napoleon sought to reassert his power by confronting the coalition forces of Britain, Prussia, the Netherlands, and other allies. The battle took place near the town of Waterloo in modern-day Belgium. Despite his usual military brilliance, Napoleon’s forces were exhausted and outnumbered. The arrival of the Prussian army turned the tide in favor of the Allies, and Napoleon was decisively defeated. Waterloo remains one of the most famous battles in history, symbolizing the definitive end of Napoleon’s imperial ambitions.

# data[].attributes.body
Following his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena, located in the South Atlantic Ocean, far from Europe and beyond any potential escape. During his exile, Napoleon lived in relative isolation, though he maintained a small court and continued to correspond with his supporters and former allies. His health began to deteriorate, and his time on Saint Helena was marked by a mixture of reflection on his past achievements and frustrations with his fate. Napoleon died on May 5, 1821, at the age of 51.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
Retired Napoleon wearing bicorne hat on an island in a beach chair holding a coconut drink