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World War II ended with Germany’s surrender on May 8 and Japan’s surrender on August 14, 1945. This conflict profoundly transformed political, economic, social, and cultural realities worldwide.

The consequences were diverse and sometimes contradictory:

• While many lives were lost, some countries gained more power or freedom.

• For others, the end of the war marked the beginning of new challenges and hardships.

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miranda corona

estrella gómez

emili basulto

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﻿﻿Rise of dictators

﻿﻿The Axis searching more territory

﻿﻿Great Depression USA

﻿﻿Population looking for others leaders

﻿﻿Hitler broke the Munich agreement

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The Lend-Lease Act, supported by President Roosevelt and approved by Congress, allowed the U.S. to provide resources and equipment to Allied nations. Through this program, the U.S. supplied Britain, the Soviet Union, and other Allies with nearly $50 billion worth of goods.

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Japan saw the U.S. Navy as the main obstacle to its expansion in the Asia-Pacific region. On December 7, 1941, Japanese warplanes launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, a major American naval base in Hawaii.

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President Roosevelt urged Congress to declare war on Japan, calling December 7, 1941, “a date that will live in infamy.” The nation rallied behind him. A few days later, on December 11, Germany and Italy, Japan’s allies, declared war on the United States.

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To support the war effort, the government created the War Production Board (WPB) to oversee the production of military equipment and supplies. Under the WPB’s direction, factories operated non-stop, producing essential materials. The high demand for workers made jobs plentiful, effectively bringing an end to the Great Depression. As a result, the country’s annual gross national product (GNP) reached record levels during the war.

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• As the military’s demand for supplies increased, some goods became scarce for civilians.

• To ensure fair distribution, the government introduced rationing, allowing families only a fixed amount of certain items.

• The war was costly, so the government raised income taxes and sold war bonds—loans that citizens bought, with a promise of repayment with interest.

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•Due to growing anti-Japanese sentiment, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 in February 1942.

• Nearly 110,000 Japanese Americans were forced to sell their homes and belongings.

• They were relocated to internment camps, which functioned like prisons.

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Although World War II ended, true global peace was not achieved. The political landscape was completely reshaped, with the victorious Allies—especially the U.S. and the USSR—competing to establish their ideologies, economic models, and social structures. Key international conferences (Tehran in 1943, Yalta and Potsdam in 1945) attempted to shape the post-war order, but tensions soon led to the Cold War.

Key outcomes included:

• The dismantling of totalitarian regimes and the prosecution of Nazi and Japanese war criminals in the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials.

• Germany’s reconstruction under a capitalist model, supported by institutions like the IMF and World Bank, to prevent the rise of communism in Western Europe.

• Japan’s occupation led by U.S. forces, while Korea was divided along the 38th parallel due to concerns over communism’s expansion.

• The rise of communism as an alternative to capitalism, gaining popularity due to the Soviet Union’s role in the war.

• Eastern European countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and East Germany aligned with the Soviet Union, forming “people’s democracies” by 1948.

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After World War II, Europe, Africa, and Asia were left devastated, with cities, ports, factories, and farmland destroyed. Millions of buildings were ruined, leaving many people homeless, especially during winter.

The economies of the affected countries were on the brink of bankruptcy, facing food, housing, and employment shortages, along with inflation and currency devaluation.

In contrast, the United States emerged as the main beneficiary, with its infrastructure intact and growing dominance in the global market. To strengthen its position, it established institutions like the World Bank and the IMF in 1944 and introduced the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe. In Japan, it opted for direct occupation to secure its economic interests.

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Etapas. (2017, 17 noviembre). Portal Académico del CCH. https://e1.portalacademico.cch.unam.mx/alumno/historiauniversal2/unidad2/segundaGuerraMundial/etapas?classId=a7d4a730-e972-4d09-8165-579c156f6c8a&assignmentId=f6367f14-73c4-43c6-a6bf-221983aea011&submissionId=5ea50eff-7bb0-6299-076b-b3afc0b9a17d

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The human cost of World War II was unprecedented, with approximately 60 million deaths and 50 million displaced people, particularly in the Soviet Union. Most victims were civilians, with Poland and the USSR suffering the greatest losses. The Holocaust claimed over 5 million Jewish lives, while millions more perished due to deportations, forced labor, and extermination in concentration camps such as Auschwitz.

Even after the war ended, suffering persisted: in 1946, over 100 million Europeans survived on inadequate diets, and 25 million displaced people sought a new home. Japan also faced the return of 7 million of its citizens from occupied territories.

This social crisis led to philosophical debates about modernity. In Dialectic of Enlightenment, Horkheimer and Adorno argued that extreme rationalism, individualism, and capitalism contributed to the failure of modern society.

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During the early phase of World War II (1939–1941), Germany led by Hitler kicked off the war by invading Poland, prompting Britain and France to declare war. Using rapid “blitzkrieg” tactics—coordinated air and fast-moving ground attacks—Germany quickly won battles in Europe. After failing to defeat Britain, Hitler shifted focus to support Italy in its struggles in Greece, Yugoslavia, North Africa, and the Middle East. In North Africa, as Italian forces met strong British resistance, Germany sent the Afrika Korps under Erwin Rommel to bolster the fight in the desert.

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1. Allies Push Back: The U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union joined forces to defeat Germany, Italy, and Japan.

2. Italy Falls (1943-1944): The Allies invaded Italy, arrested Mussolini, and took Rome in June 1944.

3. D-Day (June 6, 1944): Allied troops landed in France, pushing Germany back. By April 1945, they entered Germany.

4. Germany Surrenders (May 1945): The Soviets took Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered on May 8.

5. War in the Pacific: The U.S. defeated Japan in key battles and took back islands.

6. Japan Surrenders (August 1945): The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrendered on September 2, ending the war.