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Writing is the skill of composing text. It requires an understanding of vocabulary, fluency, phonological awareness, and manual writing skills.

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Writing in mathematics comes into play most often with writing proofs and explaining student work and thought process. "Good writing involves planning, revising, and editing one’s work" (ReadingRockets, 2023), in mathematics writing proofs is all about the editing and revising of work as you learn new methods. In higher level math classes students may need to write full expository papers on proving a mathematical statement. In early math classes students will need to be able to answer math questions in full sentences and sometimes explain how they got the answer.

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There are 4 main areas of thought when it comes to vocabulary; Listening, speaking, reading, and writing (ReadingRockets, 2023). These all refer to the words and terms students need to know in order to understand what they hear, say, read, and write accurately.

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Mathematics usually has a right answer and you either get it correct or you get it wrong. This doesn't accommodate for students who have a different way of thinking and are on the right track but may mistake something small and get the wrong answer. Allowing for multimodal projects that incorporate both writing and other forms of expression, such as visual representations, diagrams, or presentations lets these students explain their thought process and if its incorrect it gives the opportunity for partial credit. This accommodates diverse learning styles and provides students with various ways to demonstrate their understanding.

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Vocabulary within the content area of mathematics is vital. students must be able to understand the meaning of terms like Circumference, area, radius, and pi before they can even begin to solve for the area of a circle. Students also need to be able to properly communicate their thoughts and ideas using the correct terminology in order to share with the class their thought process and how they go about solving problems.

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Many students in the classroom will have different needs for their education and one of them will be students who don't have English as a first language. "It is harder for a beginning reader to figure out words that are not already part of their speaking (oral) vocabulary" (ReadingRockets, 2023). As a teacher it is important to recognize and support these students. Providing multilingual glossaries, translations, or visual aids can help these students grasp mathematical concepts and vocabulary.

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Basics: Vocabulary. Reading Rockets. (n.d.).

https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/vocabulary

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Reading Comprehension is a student's ability to read written text, understand its meaning, and then integrate what they read with what they already know.

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As far as literacy goes, fluency is the ability of students to read a text accurately with few mistakes, quickly, and with the correct expression corresponding to the text.

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The skills that students develop to gain fluency are applicable in a mathematics classroom because students need to not only be able to read and understand a word problem but these skills also translate to mathematical fluency, i.e. students ability to solve and understand mathematics relationships and notation in the same way they do with a text.

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"Readers who have not yet developed fluency read slowly, word by word. Their oral reading is choppy." (ReadingRockets, 2023). In order to promote an equitable environment teachers must provide additional support and accommodations for students with learning differences, such as dyscalculia or ADHD. These learning differences could be a cause of a student struggling to develop fluency in the classroom.

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Basics: Fluency. Reading Rockets. (n.d.).

https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/fluency

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Phonics instruction is a method of teaching reading and spelling that teachers use to emphasize the relationship between sounds and their written symbols. This helps students to connect letters to the sounds they represent.

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Phonological awareness is the ability to recognize and manipulate spoken sounds. It involves skills like identifying and manipulating individual sounds in words, recognizing rhyming patterns, and blending sounds to form new words.

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While it might not seem directly related to mathematics, there are several connections between phonological awareness and math skills.

Firstly, Phonological awareness often involves recognizing patterns in sounds (ReadingRockets, 2023). This skill can be transferred to mathematics where recognizing patterns in numbers and shapes is fundamental.

Another connection is that Phonological awareness involves listening skills (ReadingRockets, 2023), which are critical in mathematics. Active listening ensures that students understand mathematical concepts, especially in problem-solving and following multi-step instructions.

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Phonological awareness activities can be adapted to various languages and dialects (ReadingRockets, 2023). By recognizing and incorporating the linguistic diversity of learners, educators can promote equity by validating students' home languages and cultures.

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Oral language is the Language people use to communicate ideas and feelings with one another in a form other than text/reading.

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Oral language is used in every subject. In mathematics, it is needed to communicate ideas to students and for students to communicate ideas to each other and help each other to understand. In one study I found the teacher had students work in groups on a vocabulary assignment in a math class and "Students were making connections because conversations among partners included specific vocabulary" (Pace, 2015). When students were given tools and skills to communicate their ideas on a subject the author
"Observed students attending to precision" (Pace, 2015) which is a huge thing in a mathematics classroom.

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Oral language allows students to express their thoughts, opinions, and questions. Encouraging verbal expression enhances critical thinking skills, empowering students to analyze, evaluate, and articulate their ideas effectively.

For learners from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds, oral language is the initial bridge to accessing education (ReadingRockets, 2023). It allows them to communicate with teachers and peers, ensuring they can actively participate in classroom activities.

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Michelle H. Pace, & Enrique Ortiz. (2015). Oral Language Needs: Making Math Meaningful. Teaching Children Mathematics, 21(8), 494–500. https://doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.21.8.0494

Basics: Phonological and Phonemic Awareness. Reading Rockets. (n.d.). https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/phonological-and-phonemic-awareness

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Comprehension is most obviously useful within math with word problems but it is also a crucial part of students connecting the math with real world applications. Another connection is that students must be able to comprehend the math before they can start any critical thinking because students who can effectively read and understand mathematical texts are able to draw on prior knowledge and draw inferences (ReadingRockets, 2023). As a result they are better equipped to analyze problems, evaluate solutions, and make decisions during the problem-solving process.

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Basics: Writing. Reading Rockets. (n.d.).

https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/writing

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Teachers can integrate phonics principles by emphasizing the sounds associated with mathematical terms, operations, and symbols. For instance, when introducing new mathematical terms, teachers can highlight the phonetic components of the words, helping students connect the spoken language to the written symbols. Decoding is a common principle in phonics where students translate the symbols into words (ReadingRockets, 2023). Decoding can be used in Mathematics similarly by students translating word problems and equations into their meanings.

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Basics: Phonological and Phonemic Awareness. Reading Rockets. (n.d.). https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/phonological-and-phonemic-awareness

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A good way for teachers to encourage comprehension and provide equitable opportunities to the students is to model effective reading comprehension strategies for students by thinking aloud while solving math problems. This provides insight into the cognitive processes involved and helps students develop their own approaches to understanding and solving math problems when it comes time to do it on their own.

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Basics: Reading Comprehension. Reading Rockets. (n.d.).

https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/reading-comprehension

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Phonics-based approaches can benefit learners with diverse language backgrounds and varying levels of proficiency in English. Phonics also often involves multisensory learning, incorporating auditory and visual cues (ReadingRockets, 2023). This benefits students with different learning styles, including those who may struggle with the traditional means of math instruction.

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Basics: Phonics and Decoding. Reading Rockets. (n.d.).

Https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/phonics-and-decoding