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Music
Aboriginal music consists of the didgeridoo, tapping sticks, and singing. The didgeridoo is made from hardwood and hollowed out. It is a wind instrument, and the sound comes from the person's vibrating lips at the top of the didgeridoo.

Dance
Aboriginal dancing mimics the animals and the land. Dance is used to tell stories. However, it is sometimes just for fun, entertainment or celebration.

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The flag's colours represent the people and their connection with the land. The black at the top represents the Aboriginal people. The red at the bottom represents the earth and the land. The yellow circle in the middle represents the sun.

The Australian institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. (2022). The Aboriginal Flag. https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/aboriginal-flag

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Picture of Carnarvon, Western Australia taken by me, Samantha West.

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Picture of Shark Bay, Western Australia taken by me, Samantha West.

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I am a proud Mulgana/Yamatji woman from the northern region of Western Australia. My Family are from the Gascoyne region in Carnarvon (Yamatji) and Shark Bay (Mulgana).

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Picture of myself, Samantha West at 10 years old, dressed in Aboriginal traditional dress.

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Ceremonial dress consists of being painted up in white paint made from the ochre rock found on the land. For males, they wear a Lap Lap, which is a piece of cloth to cover their crouch, and women wear a black tank top and leggings. We will then add plated yarn in the Aboriginal flag colours.

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Traditional Aboriginal food is sourced fresh from the land. It consists of kangaroo stew or kangaroo tail, fish, crab, damper and many other foods.

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Iraq
Iraq is a third-world country that is currently experiencing terrorist attacks, kidnappings and armed conflict (smartraveller, 2023). It is currently an unsafe and war-torn country that people are desperately trying to flee. Three common health concerns that people will have coming from Iraq, according to the Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, are Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Malaria and mental health problems.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV is an infection that attacks the white blood cells, which therefore weakens the immune system. HIV is spread by infected body fluids (WHO, 2023). One treatment for refugees who test positive for HIV from Iraq is the use of combination therapy antiretroviral drugs to suppress the viral replication of the virus and allow the immune system to recover (Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture Inc, 2023).

Malaria
Malaria is a parasitic protozoal infection spread by mosquitos caused by the genus Plasmodium. In Iraq, there is only a risk of Plasmodium Vivax. One treatment that is available to refugees who test positive for Plasmodium Vivax malaria from Iraq is a course of oral artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) if they have an uncomplicated case of malaria. The only ACT that is provided in Australia is artemether-lumefantrine (Riamet®) which is only available via prescription (Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture Inc, 2023).

Mental Health
Many refugees from Iraq would have experienced different types of violence and human rights violations. These experiences can have a negative impact on the mental health of refugees and cause mental illnesses. One management available to refugees from Iraq is a clinical screening for emotional well-being and mental disorders, which is done on arrival to Australia. This clinical screening consists of asking questions about migration history, family composition and mental health symptoms such as mood, anxiety and intrusive thoughts (Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture Inc, 2023). This initial screening will help diagnose a specific mental illness so that they can get the right treatment.

Australian Red Cross. (2023). Refugee and Asylum seeker facts. https://www.redcross.org.au/act/help-refugees/refugee-facts/
Smartraveller. (2023). Iraq. Australian Department of foreign affairs and trade. https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/destinations/middle-east/iraq
Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture Inc. (2023). Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/
WHO. (2023). HIV and AIDS. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids

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Education
Refugees and migrants from other countries most likely will not have or have minimal education. When they arrive in Australia, there are lots of schools available. However, they are going to find it difficult because there will be a language barrier. This language barrier can cause the children to fall behind or drop out and not get an education at all.

Unemployment and job insecurity
Moving from a different country can often lead to unemployment as migrants and refugees need time to adjust to the country they are in and to learn the language and laws. Language is also a reason for unemployment, as they may not be able to speak English or cannot speak English fluently. Unemployment and job insecurity can also be due to a lack of education and qualifications in order to get a decent-paying job to support a family.

Food Insecurity
Food insecurity is the lack of access to sufficient and nutritious food. Food insecurity is a frequently faced social determinant for migrants and refugees. A reason causing food insecurity is unemployment. Unemployment means no income, and without money in a new country like Australia, migrants and refugees will not be able to afford enough food for themselves or their families.

WHO. (2023). Social determinants of health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1
WHO. (2023). Refugee and migrant health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/refugee-and-migrant-health#tab=tab_1

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Competency Standards Framework for Clinicians 

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Competency Standards Framework for Clinicians 

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The Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds Competency Standards Framework for Clinicians has seven domains. For me, the most relevant competency standard within Domain Seven: Professional Practice is 12.1. Clinicians develop and maintain an awareness of their own culture, beliefs, values and biases and their impact on the clinician’s interactions in healthcare settings (Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership, 2019). Having read competency standard 12.1, I believe this standard is essential for nurses to provide culturally safe practice. Since undertaking unit NUR137 Multicultural Health, I have improved my knowledge of migrants and refugees, especially their health issues. With my improved knowledge of other cultures, I feel I will be able to apply competency standard 12.1 as I am able to be aware of my own biases and beliefs and put them aside to care for people from other cultures. I believe that providing culturally safe practice is essential, and being aware of my biases and beliefs and how they affect the care I provide is vital when providing care to people of other cultures.

Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership. (2019, January). Culturally responsive clinical practice: Working with people from migrant and refugee backgrounds competency standards framework for clinicians. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Health to me is being able to do what I love without restrictions from health issues. I believe it is being physically, mentally and spiritually well without disease and illnesses. I believe that in order to be physically healthy, you need to eat well, get an adequate amount of sleep and participate in some type of exercise. In order to be mentally and spiritually healthy, you need to make time for yourself to relax, clear your mind and make time to do the things you love.