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The stage of human social and cultural development and organization that is considered most advanced.

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The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food, crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World

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A person who signs and is bound by indentures to work for another for a specified time especially in return for payment of travel expenses and maintenance.

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Chattel slavery is a form of slavery where people are considered property and can be bought, sold, given, and inherited.

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A member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.

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The triangular trade was a system of transatlantic trade that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It was used to offset trade imbalances between different regions. The triangular trade ran from the 1500s into the 19th century.

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The encomienda system was a form of forced and unpaid labour used by Spanish authorities and settlers in the colonies of the Spanish Empire.

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The Southern Colonies within British America consisted of the Province of Maryland, the Colony of Virginia, the Province of Carolina, and the Province of Georgia.

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The Middle Colonies were a subset of the Thirteen Colonies in British America, located between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies. Along with the Chesapeake Colonies, this area now roughly makes up the Mid-Atlantic states.

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The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony, the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, and the Province of New Hampshire, as well as a few smaller short-lived colonies.

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The Proclamation Line of 1763 was a British-produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide. Decreed on October 7, 1763, the Proclamation Line prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the French and Indian War.

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The Patriots were those colonials who were growing weary of British rules and policies, especially when they had no say in how these laws would be made or implemented. They strived for freedom from a tyrannical royal government, often led by Royal Governors who suppressed any utterance of rebellion.

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During the American Revolution, Loyalists were colonists who supported the British monarchy. They were also known as Tories, Royalists, or King's Men. Patriots were colonists who rebelled against British control.

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The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States. They were adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. They were in effect from March 1, 1781, until 1789 when the present-day Constitution went into effect.

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The Federalists were an early U.S. political party that fought for a strong federal government. They were instrumental in shaping the U.S. Constitution in 1787.

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The Anti-Federalists opposed the ratification of the 1787 U.S. Constitution because they feared that the new national government would be too powerful and thus threaten individual liberties, given the absence of a bill of rights.

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It was thought during the Enlightenment that human reasoning could discover truths about the world, religion, and politics and could be used to improve the lives of humankind. Skepticism about received wisdom was another important idea; everything was to be subjected to testing and rational analysis.

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The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to place the British North American colonies under a more centralized government. On July 10, 1754, representatives from seven of the British North American colonies adopted the plan.

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The Northwest Ordinance guaranteed residents' property rights as well as other rights such as trial by jury and freedom of religion. It also prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory. From the outset, the issue of slavery in the western territories was a major source of controversy

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The Newburgh Conspiracy was a failed plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress. The conspiracy occurred in March 1783, at the end of the American Revolutionary War.

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The Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise or the Sherman Compromise, was an agreement reached during the 1787 Constitutional Convention. The compromise established the legislative structure and representation each state would have under the United States Constitution

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The Three-Fifths Compromise was reached among state delegates during the 1787 Constitutional Convention. It determined that three out of every five slaves was counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxation.

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Salutary neglect is the unofficial British policy of lenient or lax enforcement of parliamentary laws regarding the American colonies during the 1600s and 1700s. This policy was followed to keep colonial allegiance while allowing Britain to focus its attention on European policies.

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review, which grants the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional

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Movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of alcohol

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Campaign to end slavery

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton, changing the trajectory of cotton production in the United States

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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion.

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Manufacturing businesses first created in the late eighteenth century that concentrated all aspects of production under one roof, reorganized production and divided work. The key aspect was that it was under one roof and had specialized tasks. Made the production faster and more efficient.

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff, and opposed imperialism in 1890s

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Opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies, but promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire. It connected the different hemispheres of the world, allowing for more communication between people.

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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The British forcibly enlisted thousands of American men into the Royal Navy from passing ships, and refused to recognize that Americans had renounced their British citizenship

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19th century belief that Americans had the God given right to spread across the whole continent

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Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South, this included that the Fugitive Slave Act was amended, the slave trade in Washington, D.C. was abolished, California entered the Union as a free state, a territorial government was created in Utah, and an act was passed settling a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico that also established a territorial government in New Mexico

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Passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´

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People of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery

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Required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state

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Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole

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When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of

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Northern half of the country, a group of states that were generally anti-slavery

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Southern half of the country, a group of states trying to separate over the issue of slavery

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Freed all slaves and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

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Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law

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Granted African American men voting rights

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A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money.

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Positive name for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age, implying that they helped the United States become strong through their business pursuits.

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The idea that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior and deserved their success.

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The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

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Negative term for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age who made fortunes by monopolizing huge industries through unethical business practices.

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The idea that extremely wealthy Americans had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.

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Known as the steel king; he integrated every phase of his steel-making operation. He pioneered "Vertical Integration" to improve efficiency by controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production and eliminating the middleman.

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An organized group of workers that use collective bargaining to improve working conditions.

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When writers sought to expose corruption in big business and government.

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A man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States.

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Patterns of movement across the country, including waves of new immigrants and formerly enslaved people moving toward urban centers.

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A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

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The age between the Civil War and WWI was when the American economy grew rapidly, and individuals were able to use monopolies to amass great wealth.

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically

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The traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders

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A captain and admiral in the Navy who was a prominent supporter of Imperialism

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The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China

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The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation

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A popular way to describe the New Deal, referring to relief, recovery, and reform

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The practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price and borrow the rest at high interest rates

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The political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest.

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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. Sometimes considered a precursor to the modern UN.

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Tax on imports

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A message from Germany to Mexico—decoded and shared by the British—that urged Mexico to invade the US to keep the US occupied in exchange for German support for Mexico taking back parts of the Mexican Cession

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American military strategy in WWII to slowly claim territory across the Pacific, leading to the eventual defeat of Japan

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The resolution to WWI that squarely blamed Germany by demanding billions in reparations and destroying German military infrastructure

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Created the World Bank and IMF to solve the world’s economic problems.

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The death and destruction of six million Jews and five million other people by the Nazis during WWII.

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Globally centered groups that try to solve world problems.

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Successor to the League of Nations. Exists to solve the world’s political problems.

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Named by Winston Churchill. This is the metaphorical demarcation between communism and democracy in Europe.

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Belief that if one country becomes Communist, its neighbors would also become communist.

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Theory that communism must be prevented from spreading to other countries and that the USA must use military force to stop it if necessary.

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Military alliance between countries in Eastern Europe and the USSR.

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe.

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Significantly more powerful than past weapons. First used in Hiroshima.

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA.

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Theory that if one country uses nuclear weapons, other countries will use them as well, effectively ending the world as we know it.

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Vastly more powerful than atomic bombs. Capable of destroying entire cities and permanently irradiating countries.

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Supreme Court Case that ended the segregation of schools.

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Refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, emphasizing tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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The general increase in the prices of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of currency.

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An economic theory asserting that benefits provided to the wealthy and businesses will eventually "trickle down" to the rest of the population through job creation and economic growth.

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Individuals or policies advocating for social and economic equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social values.

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The total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, serving as a key indicator of economic performance.

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Individuals or policies favoring limited government intervention, traditional values, and a free-market approach to economic issues.

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Government actions related to taxation and spending to influence the economy, aiming to achieve economic goals such as full employment and stable prices.