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Truth is an individual’s conclusion comprised of consistent objective knowledge that accurately portrays their reality.

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In the beginning, I believed that truth was always objective, however after looking at these resources I am left with the belief that truth can be both objective and subjective. As such, what could start off as an objective truth could change depending on an individual's perception of reality based on their background, identity, or history. Truth can be discovered through a process of consistent a priori knowledge, as well as experience, memory, and insight. The collective goal of truth is to ultimately know all there is to be known.

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Truth can be discerned from experience, memory, intuition and insight.

Goal
To understand the features of things, to know what there is to be known.

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In order to understand truth, one must attempt to understand something unfamiliar and different from their own opinion.

Content
Because we are all different, we will all have different perceptions of what is truth.

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Truth is constantly subject to change at any given moment based on new knowledge or information.

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Truth is different based on individual backgrounds and history.

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"The process of acquiring knowledge begins with sense experience; from repeated sense experience follows memory; and from memory, by a process of 'intuition' or insight, the experienced investigator is able to discern the universal features of things" (50).

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"Our own inability to get the joke is an indication of the distance that separates us from the workers of pre-industrial Europe. The perception of that distance may serve as a starting point of an investigation...when you realize that you are not getting something...you can see where to grasp a foreign system of meaning in order to unravel it" (88).

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"Of course, this is only the latest mental image to hold centre stage; we have no better idea of what is 'real' for an electron than Faraday, or Maxwell, or anyone else had" (112).

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"His was a middle-class, white, male account of America's past" (82).

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Truth is a collection of subjective knowledge, in an attempt to move towards an objective collective consensus that is constantly developing, limited by our knowledge and beliefs; which is discovered through a process consistent of empirical and priori knowledge, as well as insight and memory.

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History is an expression of the significance of human past truths.

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History is a subjective, ever-changing human understanding of the past that utilizes both empirical and a priori knowledge in a variety of accounts, which are looked at to understand the direction of the present and future.

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History is once again, subject to a process of figuration and change through many different resources and methods.

Goal- Again, to understand ourselves and the present as we look at the past

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A priori, inborn knowledge is necessary to understand the inner workings of humans, and thus, how our History came to be.

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Once again, we see the common theme that History has a goal of understanding ourselves through our past choices.

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History is subjective, and a wide range of sources is necessary to get closer to the objective truth.

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The goal of History is to understand ourselves through understanding the past.

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"He also challenged historians of his day to consider the significance of regional differences in American history; to draw upon a wide range of evidence and research methods; to recognize that events have multiple causes; and to look at the past in the light of the present" (80).

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"Empiricism is not enough, and that nature can only be understood if we see that under empirical experience lies a framework of a priori knowledge" (60).

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"the state as an expression instead of an instrument, and end instead of a means. As this book shows, history is not made by states or for states; it is made by people and for people". (490)

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"It cannot be regarded as a mirror image of what actually happened. It should be read as Contat's version of a happening, as his attempt to tell a story" (89).

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Science is a testable understanding of the world around us through empirical evidence.

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"He is suggesting that man is his history; and that only an understanding of history can enable man to understand himself" (64).

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The goal of science is to fully understand the world around us, while still leaving room for contemplation.

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Experience is important and knowledge is empirical as well as testable ideas.

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Kant recognizes that once again, experience is vital in order to understand the world. This experience can come from connections in nature, and is based around a framework.

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Hegel presses the importance of the process of contradiction in all aspects of life, with a synthesis of both contradictory processes into a higher form.

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Cartmill recognizes that science is a testable process built off contradiction.

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Galileo states that science is a repeated never-ending process, in which experience is crucial.

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From these readings and quotes, I see that science is testable, and never ending, with a repeating process of contradiction and fusing opposite ideas to generate a near-full understanding of the world around us, while still leaving room for these natural processes such as contradiction and contemplation. In this empirical process of science, experience is vital in order to better understand our surroundings. Thinking back to the real world, science attempts to answer all questions in the world through these processes.

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"When we regard every production of nature as one which has had a long history; when we contemplate every complex structure and instinct as the summing up of many contrivances...how far more interesting--I speak from experience--does the study of natural history become!" (73)

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"Every process in life calls out its contradictory process-- and life takes its important steps only when it synthesizes these two into a higher form. Life is not merely being, and death is not merely nonbeing; the essential step of progress is the synthesis of the two--is, becoming" (63).

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"Immanuel Kant asked whether there are not some connections in nature which are necessary because they underlie experience...Is there some framework on which experience is founded, and without which the mind cannot grasp the external world at all?" (59)

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"When, I say, this man believed he had seen everything, he suddenly found himself once more plunged deeper into ignorance and bafflement than ever" (52).

"It is news to me that any man would actually put the testimony of writers ahead of what experience shows him" (54).

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Science is a never-ending, repeated, testable process; in which a near-full understanding of the world around us can be learned through a constant process of contradiction, and gained primarily through experience and empirical evidence.

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"Knowledge is thus gained by a process that begins with experience...In that sense knowledge is empirical; nothing can be known apart from such experience...Like the modern scientist, Aristotle did not proceed by following a methodological recipe book, but rather by rough and ready methods, familiar procedures that had proved themselves in practice" (50).

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Through analyzing these resources, it was brought to my attention the common theme that many of them shared. That our present is dependent on how well we understand the past. And that our understanding of ourselves, and current choices, is also reliant on how we look at past human decisions and actions. History is subjective, and is always in a state of progress. We can better understand History through not only past resources, but also looking at humans today, and our framework of a priori knowledge.

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“Like it or not, science is judgmental. It undertakes to weigh all the conflicting stories and find tests that will tell us which one is the least unlikely. If no such tests can be found, then science has nothing to say on the issue” (164).