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The discovery of golden nuggets in Sacramento Valley

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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The Gold Rush became the largest migration in the U.S history

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Hundreds of thousands of people go to California, but almost none of them were women.

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More fortunes were made by the merchants than by the miners

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Mining shafts were dug out by hand or using stone tools, making the entire process very lengthy.

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The Congress passed a law, the Chinese Exclusion Act

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Rumors of "the gold mountain" held a promise of economic opportunity for the destitute Chinese.

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China's social and political climate was that of an empire in decline.

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Chinese immigrants worked the gold mines, and also took jobs in agriculture and in garment factories.

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Young Chinese men immigrated to California for the fortunes.

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The route followed the main trails used for the opening of the West pioneered by the Oregon, Mormon, California Trails and the Pony Express.

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the Pacific Railroad Surbeys were conducted, these

included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes

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It was so hard to recruit railroad labor, the work was inherently dangerous and isolating. The landscape was rugged, the living conditions primitive and the weather often extreme.

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the Pacific Railroad Act it authorized  the creation of two

companies, the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west, to build the railroad

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Gold became more and more difficult to reach, the growing industrialization of mining drove more and more miners from independence into wage labor

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The Southern states wanted to assert their authority over the federal government so they could abolish federal laws they didn't support.

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The American Civil War was fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America, a collection of eleven southern states that left the Union

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When several United States administrations sought to reconstruct society in the former Confederate States in particular by establishing and protecting the legal right of the newly freed black population.

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The reconstruction brought the introduction of public education

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Lincoln ran on a political platform opposed to the expansion of slavery in the territories.

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The 15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote

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When slavery finally end, former slaves took measures to formalize their family relations.

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Black churches were not only to worship but to socialize

and learn.

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Granted certain legal rights such as sue in court

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Those who had acquired some degree of literacy in secrecy

during enslavement served as teachers, and those denied

an education became their pupils.

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Insufferable life in the trenches

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“Never lost a man through capture, lost a trench or a foot of ground to the enemy.”

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The treaty's so-called “war guilt” clause forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I

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This law required all men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military duty. By the end of the war, 2.8 million men had been drafted for service.