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Transportation: 1988 Chevrolet Camaro IROC-Z 

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Transportation: 1988 Chevrolet Camaro IROC-Z 

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1. It had very good fuel efficiency.

2. It was a v8 sports car.

3. It had a very sleek design and was very low to the ground.

https://www.topspeed.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-chevrolet-camaro-iroc-z/

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1. Micheal Jackson was nominated for 38 Grammy awards and had 13 wins.

2. Whitney Houston's godmother was Aretha Franklin.

3. Prince was very shy in school when he was a kid.

https://www.stuckin80s.com/80s-music.html

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1. He is 6’9”.

2. He was the head coach of the Indiana Pacers.

3. He played with Charles Barkley, Micheal Jackson, and “Magic” Johnson.

https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/birdla01.html

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Larry Bird Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft Status and more | Basketball-Reference.com

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Checkout the latest stats of Larry Bird. Get info about his position, age, height, weight, draft status, shoots, school and more on Basketball-Reference.com

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1. It was very powerful compared to past PCs.

2. It originally cost $2000.

3. It had a maximum memory space of 640 kilobytes.

https://www.ibm.com/history/personal-computer

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The IBM PC

A USD 1,500 open-architecture machine became an industry standard and brought computing to the masses

It was possible to buy a personal computer before 1981, but for anyone other than a devout hobbyist, there wasn't much point. There just weren't many applications to compel the average consumer, student or business executive to own one. That started to change in August 1981 with the introduction of the IBM 5150 Personal Computer.

The IBM PC could connect to a television and enabled users to process text and play games. It streamlined business operations, spurred the development of the software industry and vaulted computing into the mainstream.

Inspiration

Envisioning the dawn of an industry
Like many other companies at the time, IBM had been selling computers only to businesses. The closest thing to a PC in its lineup was the USD 9,000, 50-pound IBM Portable Computer. Yet William Lowe, the director of the IBM General Systems Division lab in Boca Raton, Florida, saw the potential for rapid growth for computers as consumer tools, especially as power increased and prices came down.

In 1980, he pitched to IBM CEO Frank Cary the idea of a computer for small businesses and consumers that would sell for USD 1,500. Cary gave Lowe a month to develop a prototype and a year to get a product out the door. That challenge would ultimately bring the power of 1960s mainframes to small businesses and households, and would dramatically extend the market for computers everywhere.

Lowe was promoted shortly after his meeting with Cary, and development of the project, code-named Chess, fell to Don Estridge. Due to the short timeline and the unprecedented nature of the request, Estridge got permission to run a skunkworks entirely outside of IBM's standard procedures. Bill Sydnes was in charge of hardware. Jack Sams took on software. Dave Bradley wrote the interface code. Mark Dean and Dennis Moeller created the ISA bus that allowed the disk drives and printer to communicate with the PC. H. L. "Sparky" Sparks handled marketing.

William Lowe pitched IBM CEO Frank Cary on the idea of a consumer PC. Cary gave him a month to develop a prototype for USD 1,500 and a year to bring it to market.

Design & sales

A radical new approach for an entirely new market
The team made a number of controversial decisions that would ultimately contribute to the IBM PC's success. One was concerning the composition of the PC itself. About half of the system - the expansion bus, display, monitors, floppy interface and keyboard - would be lifted from the IBM System/23 Datamaster. Then there was the issue of the microprocessor and operating system. Before the IBM PC, the company had designed and made nearly everything it sold.

But the team decided the only way to hit their deadline and a USD 1,500 price tag would be to use off-the-shelf parts. They chose Intel's 8088 chip, which ran at up to 5 megahertz - a subsequent version ran at 16 MHz - and could address 1 megabyte of memory. Microsoft provided the OS, which would later become known as MS-DOS. Epson provided the dot-matrix printer.

Most surprising, the team embraced an open architecture and even published a technical reference of the circuit designs and source codes to help companies develop software and peripherals. It took 40 days to design the motherboard and four months to create a working prototype. In April of 1981, the manufacturing team took over.

According to James Cortada, author of IBM: The Rise and Fall and Reinvention of a Global Icon, "The normal process to get a new product to market took four or five years, but the incipient PC market was moving too quickly for that."

There was little time to experiment, or even to run tests on components. They used functioning and pre-tested sub-assemblies, put them together and tested the final product.

Reaching a nascent consumer market required establishing new sales channels. Retailers such as Sears, Roebuck & Company and ComputerLand signed up to sell the machines. The PC would also be sold through IBM Product Centers and a separate sales unit within the Data Processing Division.

Despite IBM's history of designing and building everything it sold, the team decided the only way to hit the deadline was to use off-the-shelf parts

Market reaction

The unveiling
On August 12, 1981, Estridge unveiled the IBM PC at New York's Waldorf Hotel. Priced at USD 1,565, it had 16 kilobytes of RAM and no disk drive, and it came with two programs - VisiCalc, for producing spreadsheets, and EasyWriter, for word processing. To add a display, two diskette drives, and a printer cost nearly USD 3,000 more.

IBM also needed a more approachable style of marketing if it wanted to reach its new potential buyer. The advertising agency Lord, Geller, Federico, Einstein came up with a campaign starring the Charlie Chaplin character "the Little Tramp." Tom Mabley, the agency's creative director, said the tramp was "a simple, friendly person who should represent Everyman".

The campaign theme was "Keeping Up With Modern Times," depicting the tramp as a manager or small-business owner overwhelmed by the demands of an assembly line or conveyor belt. With the arrival of the PC, the frantic music in the ad switches over to a waltz, and order is restored. The campaign was so successful that the tramp was also requisitioned to help launch the IBM PCjr. In those ads, the PCjr is cast quite literally as a new family member, and arrives in a baby stroller.

By the end of 1982, a new retailer was signing up every week; at the peak, machines were selling at a rate of one every minute of every business day. Newsweek called the product "IBM's roaring success." Time magazine replaced its traditional "Man of the Year" and named the PC its "Machine of the Year," and The New York Times wrote, "The speed and extent to which IBM has been successful has surprised many people, including IBM itself."

One of the team's most surprising development decisions proved to be one of the most influential and enduring. Basing the PC on open systems turned it into a de facto industry standard and a playground for developers. Within a year of launch, more than 750 software packages were available for the IBM PC. Hardware manufacturers also got in line. Dozens were selling memory expansion cards within a year. A few companies took advantage of the specifications published by IBM and reverse-engineered the system boot code to create their own computers and peripherals, which were labeled "IBM compatible."

Time called the PC its 'Machine of the Year.' Newsweek called it 'IBM's roaring success.'

The legacy

An open standard fuels a market revolution
In the next decade, IBM introduced personal computers that increased processing speed tenfold over its original PC, increased the instruction execution rate by 100, grew system memory from 16 kilobytes to 16 megabytes, and boosted system storage by a factor of 10,000. IBM architecture became a standard, and PC became a generic term.

"While IBM continued to sell millions of personal computers, over time the profit on its PC business declined," explained Cortada. "IBM's share of the PC market shrank from roughly 80% in 1982-1983 to 20% a decade later."

In 2005, 24 years after the creation of the "PC era," the PC had become a commodity business, and IBM completed the sale of its PC division to Lenovo for USD 1.75 billion in cash, stock and debt. The New York Times announced the deal in late 2004 by saying, "The sale signals a recognition by IBM, the prototypical American multinational, that its own future lies even farther up the economic ladder, in technology services and consulting, in software and in the larger computers that power corporate networks and the Internet. All are businesses far more profitable for IBM than its personal computer unit."

Related stories Mark Dean
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The Personal System/2 set a new standard for making PCs and reset expectations for what they could accomplish

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A USD 1,500 open-architecture machine became an industry standard and brought computing to the masses

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1. He served 9 years in office.

2. He was an actor before he was president.

3. He was the governor of California.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/ronald-reagan/

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Ronald Reagan, originally an American actor and politician, became the 40th President of the United States serving from 1981 to 1989. His term saw a restoration of prosperity at home, with the goal of achieving "peace through strength" abroad.

At the end of his two terms in office, Ronald Reagan viewed with satisfaction the achievements of his innovative program known as the Reagan Revolution, which aimed to reinvigorate the American people and reduce their reliance upon Government. He felt he had fulfilled his campaign pledge of 1980 to restore "the great, confident roar of American progress and growth and optimism."

On February 6, 1911, Ronald Wilson Reagan was born to Nelle and John Reagan in Tampico, Illinois. He attended high school in nearby Dixon and then worked his way through Eureka College. There, he studied economics and sociology, played on the football team, and acted in school plays. Upon graduation, he became a radio sports announcer. A screen test in 1937 won him a contract in Hollywood. During the next two decades he appeared in 53 films.

From his first marriage to actress Jane Wyman, he had two children, Maureen and Michael. Maureen passed away in 2001. In 1952 he married Nancy Davis, who was also an actress, and they had two children, Patricia Ann and Ronald Prescott.

As president of the Screen Actors Guild, Reagan became embroiled in disputes over the issue of Communism in the film industry; his political views shifted from liberal to conservative. He toured the country as a television host, becoming a spokesman for conservatism. In 1966 he was elected Governor of California by a margin of a million votes; he was re-elected in 1970.

Ronald Reagan won the Republican Presidential nomination in 1980 and chose as his running mate former Texas Congressman and United Nations Ambassador George Bush. Voters troubled by inflation and by the year-long confinement of Americans in Iran swept the Republican ticket into office. Reagan won 489 electoral votes to 49 for President Jimmy Carter.

On January 20, 1981, Reagan took office. Only 69 days later he was shot by a would-be assassin, but quickly recovered and returned to duty. His grace and wit during the dangerous incident caused his popularity to soar.

Dealing skillfully with Congress, Reagan obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, curb inflation, increase employment, and strengthen national defense. He embarked upon a course of cutting taxes and Government expenditures, refusing to deviate from it when the strengthening of defense forces led to a large deficit.

A renewal of national self-confidence by 1984 helped Reagan and Bush win a second term with an unprecedented number of electoral votes. Their victory turned away Democratic challengers Walter F. Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro.

In 1986 Reagan obtained an overhaul of the income tax code, which eliminated many deductions and exempted millions of people with low incomes. At the end of his administration, the Nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity without recession or depression.

In foreign policy, Reagan sought to achieve "peace through strength." During his two terms he increased defense spending 35 percent, but sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union. In dramatic meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, he negotiated a treaty that would eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. Reagan declared war against international terrorism, sending American bombers against Libya after evidence came out that Libya was involved in an attack on American soldiers in a West Berlin nightclub.

By ordering naval escorts in the Persian Gulf, he maintained the free flow of oil during the Iran-Iraq war. In keeping with the Reagan Doctrine, he gave support to anti-Communist insurgencies in Central America, Asia, and Africa.

Overall, the Reagan years saw a restoration of prosperity, and the goal of peace through strength seemed to be within grasp.

Learn more about Ronald Reagan's spouse, Nancy Davis Reagan.

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Ronald Reagan, originally an American actor and politician, became the 40th President of the United States serving from 1981 to 1989. His term saw a restoration of prosperity at home, with the goal of achieving "peace through strength" abroad.