# data[].attributes.body
Land boundaries.

2,566 km

border countries (3): Finland 709 km; Sweden 1,666 km; Russia 191 km

Carbon dioxide emissions

36.731 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 3.182 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 25.256 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 8.294 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Climate

temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast

Terrain

glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north

Elevation

highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m

lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 460 m

Land use

agricultural land: 2.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 0.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 27.8% (2018 est.)

other: 69.5% (2018 est.)

Total Population:

5,509,733

Population growth rate

0.59% (2024 est.)

Revenue from coal

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

comparison ranking: 56

Air pollutants

particulate matter emissions: 6.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 41.02 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 4.81 megatons (2020 est.)

Government type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

urban population:

84% of total population (202)

rate of urbanization: 1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

4Life expectancy at birth

total population: 82.9 years (2024 est.)

Environment - current issues

water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 1.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind: 6.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity: 92.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal

production: 69,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption: 1.13 million metric tons (2020 est.)

exports: 46,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports: 1.172 million metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 2 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum

total petroleum production: 2.026 million bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 215,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports: 1,242,500 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports: 66,300 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 8,122,200,000 barrels (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita

$67,500 (2022 est.)
$65,900 (2021 est.)
$63,800 (2020 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

5.76% (2022 est.)
3.48% (2021 est.)
1.29% (2020 est.)

Industries

petroleum and gas, shipping, fishing, aquaculture, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles

Budget

revenues: $185.338 billion (2020 est.)

expenditures: $210.522 billion (2020 est.)

Public debt

36.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
36.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

# data[].attributes.body
Norway is located on the coast of the Norwegian Sea, neighboring Sweden, and Finland on the east. Its maritime climate is temperate, with mild winters and cool summers, but it gets warmer the farther you are from the coast. Most of the region is above the arctic circle, and mostly consists of mountains, jagged peaks, and ridges. The origin of Norway is believed to begin is 9000 BC, after the end of the first ice age. The main way to acquire food was through hunting and fishing. Some of these animals were seals, deer, and elks. They went through all the normal things like a bronze age, and golden age. After a good chunk of time, they entered their Viking era in800-1050 AD, raiding areas like Ireland, France, England, and Scotland, traveling by extremely fast ocean-going ships they created. They had stave churches at one point, then gained independence in the early 1900’s.

Some statistics from CIA factbook state that there were 36.731 million metric tons of CO2 emissions in estimated in 2019, a 2018 estimation said that Norway was 27.8% forest, and the 69k:1.13 mil ratio of coal production to consumption. Compared to other countries, this is not awful, but it is still bad. The statistics also list air pollution as one of Norway’s biggest environmental issues. Cars are a major part of transportation, and without many trees to pull CO2 from the atmosphere, the ratio of air pollution to cleansing becomes imbalanced. Recently, Norway has picked up the pace, with even places that have the ‘worst pollution’ having less of it than most other countries. Another issue environmental issue in Norway is the rising sea levels. It is already bad that Norway consumes a ton of coal, buit since they live on a coast, they’re more effected by rising sea levels. According to kartverket.no “Because of global warming, geocentric sea level (the ocean surface) continues to rise along the Norwegian coast. Norway's coastal average geocentric sea-level rise is 2.3 ± 0.3 mm/yr for the period 1960-2022 and 3.3 ± 0.9 mm/yr for the period 1993-2022. This agrees well with the observed global mean sea-level rise.”

# data[].attributes.body
The issue that is taking center stage is global warming & climate change. Global warming is when the temperatures rise due to CO2 and other air pollutants collect in the air and absorb the rays from the sun, thus making the globe warmer. This affects the climate, which causes climate change. Climate change is the changing of terrain, temperature, sea levels, etc. These two things have one important thing in common; it is that they are mostly caused by carbon emissions. Greenhouse gases, like carbon, are the main culprits of global warming and climate change. Their rise in usage came in the industrial revolution, when coal was now being mined to power machines in factories and later, carbon was refined into oil to power cars, only increasing the amount of pollution.

Starting in the early 2000’s, attempts to fix these two issues have gained popularity. Researchers realized that trees could control the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere due to trees needing it to grow. Attempts to plant more trees have been made since. However, you cannot overdo it. Planting too many trees would cause a greenhouse effect too, so another solution that was available was to use different types of energy to replace coal and oil such as solar, wind, water, and electric energy. There are organizations that do attempt to help with these issues. Two examples are ‘Clean air task force (CATF)’ and ‘Greenpeace (GP).’ Both works to deal with global warming and climate change. The CATF website, catf.us says that they “push the change in technologies and policies needed to get to a zero-emissions, high-energy planet at an affordable cost.” As explained, the organization plans to fix climate change and global warming by getting people to with to more renewable energy sources. Greenpeace is a lot vaguer on how they will particularly solve the environmental issue, but their website, greenpeace.org does say that they plan to slow down the use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.thoughtco.com/coal-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221634

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/exploring-machine-learning-algorithms-predicting-carbon-sundas-khan

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/what-are-the-five-major-types-of-renewable-energy/

# data[].attributes.body
https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/norway

# data[].attributes.body
https://online.culturegrams.com/kids/kids_country.php?contid=5&wmn=Europe&cid=63&cn=Norway

# data[].attributes.body
As stated in the paragraphs above, global warming and climate change cause the sea levels to rise which is not good for Norway because they live on the coast. These rising sea levels, paired with the average elevation of Norway which is 460 m will cause serious problems. Just like any other country, global warming and climate change came into prominence due to the usage of CO2 rich materials like coal and oil. These issues are already showing up, that with glaciers and icecaps near Norway starting to melt in the colder regions. There are also the more common issue of temperature rises, and changes in precipitation.

Two groups that seek to solve the issues of climate change & global warming are ‘Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI)’ for climate change, and deforestation. The other group is the ‘Friends of Earth Norwegian district (FEN)’ works more so on global warming. NICFI’s website, iwgia.org says it “aims to halt greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries.” NICFI aims to spread the word about deforestation and forest degradation due to the greenhouse gases that emit from the action. They have established a series of partnerships with key forest countries, and according to them, their main goals are to “one, ensure that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an effective tool for reducing emissions. Two, to contribute to early actions for measurable emission reductions from deforestation and forest degradation. Three, promote the conservation of primary forests, due to their importance as carbon stores and biological diversity.” The FEN is more international, but I am still putting it here because it is all I could find. The FEN is vague about what it does, but what I gathered was that they group up and discuss what they can do, then each member can choose to actually listen to what they discussed. Despite problems with global warming and climate change increasing according to potentially unreliable sources, there have been glimmers of light. For example, there are more people using renewable energy, albeit few, but that is still a change. Some scientists have also said that the ozone layer is slowly fixing itself, so clearly something is being done right.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.britannica.com/story/is-the-ozone-layer-finally-healing-itself

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-30813-7