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On the 15th of March 2019, two consecutive shootings in mosques located in Christchurch, New Zealand, were carried out and led to the deaths of 51 worshippers which was committed by a shooter named Brenton Tarrant. The shootings were live-streamed on Facebook as well as a manifesto titled 'The Great Replacement' was released on the website 4Chan.

The recording of the shootings can be known as a 'performance crime' and a cyber-enabled crime as the use of technology-assisted the shooter in promoting his ideology of an immigrant-free country as well as referring to the popular Youtuber 'Pewdiepie' and multiple shooter video games during the 17-minute Facebook live. The use of live-streaming was used as a pathway to reach as many individuals online as possible which the shooter was successful in as the video was shared an upward of 1 million times after the attack had occured.

Lone wolf terrorism is known to be assembed from an individual's own idealogies which branch from other extremist beliefs but with their own personal twist, which was evident in the particular choice of victims being those who believed in Islam and the idea of a perfect world without immigrants.

Sites such as 4Chan (8Chan) and Twitter are infamously known to house those who have specific, mainly right-wing ideologies and communicate with those of similar beliefs. This is known as a 'subculture' and supports the subculture theory of groups forming out of frustration of their status in society, illustrated in Tarrant's manifesto which influenced other deviant acts such as the offender in the El Paso Walmart shooting who referred to Tarrant in his own manifesto.

Brenton Tarrant was apprehended, sentenced and plead guilty to 51 charges of murder, 40 counts of attempted murder and 1 charge of terrorism for carrying out the terrrorist attack. While the sentence will keep the offender himself behind bars for the rest of his life, it did not deter others from carrying out similar acts. In 2020, a 16-year old boy from Adelaide plead guilty to two counts of possessing extremist material and was "promoted and glorified" by the 2019 attacks and was later released.

As a result of the 2019 terrorist attack, 'The Christchurch Call' was implemented as a series of commitments made by Governments around the world as well as tech companies such as Facebook and Twitter in an attempt to combat terrorist and violent extremist content online. This is the proactive response to a performance crime of this level as all factors including social media sites were taken into account when attempting to remove these crimes from being viewed online. This has created a unique approach in hopes of limiting extemist content online and ultimately reducing the risk of another attack similar to the Mosque shootings.

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New Zealand shooting: Christchurch mosque shooter sentenced to life without parole

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On the 25th of May 2020, George Floyd who was a black man in Minneapolis was murdered by a Derek Chauvin, a white police officer. The murder was recorded by bystanders and sparked large worldwide protests against racial injustice.

The death of Floyd was filmed by Darnella Frazier, who was later awarded a special 'Pulitzer Prize', which is the most prestigious award in American journalism. The true importance of evidence and witness gathering was witnessed in real time. The recorded video brought a new level of awareness to the incident and created a new attraction to the 'Black Lives Matter' movement. It has been referred to as the largest civil movement seen in U.S history and consisted of both online and real-life activism. Millions protesting for days on the streets of cities around the world created a new found confidence to form an environment where no detail is left behind to obtain justice. Through hashtag activism on social media sites such as Twitter (#BLM), millions protested towards the arrest of Chauvin and to bring justice to George Floyd. The online 'informal' justice brought new power to the internet and allowed for the gain in support from audiences everywhere.

As a result of the 'Black Lives Matter' movement being seen all over the world, those who do not agree with the principles of the movement rallied against it and protested 'All Lives Matter'. This is known as an online counter public. The attention in which the BLM movement brought to the internet led to many disagreeing with the goals of bringing justice to black people victimised by the police force. Many claim that the death of George Floyd was not caused by excessive force and asphyxiation, but rather a drug overdose and thus created the loss of control over the narrative. Many were influenced by those who did not believe in bringing justice to black people which led to the discourse of the internet and resulted in millions being harassed online for their beliefs. The idea of the death of Floyd escalated the beliefs of the All Lives Matter movement and argued that many die from overdoses everyday and Chauvin is in-fact innocent, despite video evidence proving him guilty.

Chauvin was ultimately convicted of the second and third degree of murder and second-degree manslaughter of George Floyd and was sentenced to 21.5 years in federal prison. In the efforts of social media attempting to bring Chauvin to trial for the death of George Floyd, they were successful.

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Ruja Plamenova Ignatova, more commonly known as the 'CryptoQueen', is currently on the FBI's top 10 most wanted list for her alleged participation in a large fraud scheme. Ignatova served as the 'OneCoin' leader, which was a company created in 2014 that marketed a false cryptocurrency. The company was believed to have defrauded victims of roughly more than $4 billion.

By building up her credibility, Ignatove used her PhD in International Law and knowledge of Bitcoin and finance to convince investors worldwide to invest in the new future of cryptocurrency, OneCoin. This is an example of a cyber-enabled crime, as she was able to utilise the availability of technology to 'scam' and evidently disappear with the billions of dollars she had gathered. Victims were unable to recover their lost invested funds. The 'Routine Activity Theory' can be applied to this crime as there was a large audience of investors with money who would most likely be doing their banking online and thus create vulnerable targets. Along with the idea of a vulnerable target, Ignatova indulged in the art of deception and showed her audiences 'proof' of account balances which were fake to further convince the audience to invest funds into the scheme of OneCoin.

Referred to as a 'Ponzi scheme', Ignatova and her crypto business relied on new investments made by investors to pay back previous investors, a textbook definition of a ponzi scheme. The end game of the cryptocurrency was not to start up a revolutionary business, but instead for her own personal interests which was seen in her disappearance just years after launching the scheme.

Ignatova was able to evade any suspicion on her fake cryptocurrency for years. There was little to no research done into if the evidence presented by her was true and ultimately led to the fraud of hundreds of victims and billions of dollars.

As of 2024, Ignatova is still on the run and holds her place on the FBI's top 10 most wanted list. She has been charged for conspiracy to commit wire fraud, wire fraud, conspiracy to commit money laundering, conspiracy to commit securities fraud and securities fraud, and a federal warrant has been issued for her arrest. Although she has not been caught, her partner Karl Greenwood was arrested and sentenced to 20 years in prison for his role in the OneCoin scheme.

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What's The OneCoin Scam? - The Dazzling Story of the Biggest Crypto Ponzi in History

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In 1999, a programmer named David Smith created a mass-mailing macro computer virus which would access an individual's computer through the download of a Microsoft Word document, which was advertised as a promise of free passwords to access adult content filled websites. In only a couple of days, it spread to thousands of computers and would hijack emailing systems and send hundreds of sexually suggestive emails to contacts. Affecting computers from major corporations and agencies around the world, internet connections were slowed down and majorly affected due to the large amounts of traffic being experienced.

The Melissa virus is a strong example of a cyber-dependent crime as it was entirely carried out on a computer in an attempt to violate another piece of technology and could not be performed without a computer. The attacks on computers led to a major disruption of services which caused losses in productivity and in total, roughly more than $80 million being lost in the long week of virus attacks. The crime was of computer-integrity crime background and stemmed from the lack of knowledge and increase of curiosity from victims. Companies were prompted to develop antiviruses and enhance security protocols to avoid a questionable attack like the Melissa virus to occur again.

As a result of this major virus being spread, the FBI announced a new cyber division which prioritised and focused on online crimes as well as resources to educate the public on protecting their technology from viruses. Although viruses are downloaded everyday onto computers, they are not reported to the authorities, therefore allowing criminals to keep hacking into computers for their own personal gain.

On the 1st of April just a week after releasing the virus, David Smith was tracked down and arrested for the viral virus which slowed down thousands of computers worldwide. He pled guilty to state and federal charges and was ultimately sentenced to 20 months in a federal prison, along with a hefty fine of $5,000. There was a lack of antivirus and antispyware in the early days of computers and little to no knowledge on how to defend a computer from the risk of a virus. In modern times, there are thousands of sites to assist in any questions and regular notifications from technology to keep computers updated, along with a range of assistance from companies in the event of a computer being attacked

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The virus that changed the internet: Melissa virus explained | NordVPN

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In April of 2011, the playstation network was taken offline after hackers took down the network which lasted in an outage that lasted for 23 days and affected upwards of 77 million accounts. Information such as passwords, emails, home addresses, card details and personal information were all stolen.

This is an example of a cyber-dependent crime, as it was all performed online and digitally led to millions of pieces of personal information being uncovered. There are many crimes which could have potentially ocurred, such as identity theft and fraud. Professionals have stated that the breach was possibly the largest theft of identity incident ever recorded.

As a result of the data breach Sony, the company which owns playstation, saw significant financial losses from losing thousands and if not millions of customers as well as having to spend millions of dollars in an attempt to bring back the network through the assistance of security groups.

To avoid a future incident as big as the 2011 outage, Sony would have had to implement multiple unique cybersecurity measures such as firewalls, antispy software and increased encryption just to name a few. The lack of top-of-the-line security for a company as large as Sony is what led to their inevitable outage. Many other companies such as Xbox which hold data information similar to playstation would have been inspired to focus on their security to also avoid the risk of being a target.

There have been no arrests made for the incident although some speculate that the 'Anonymous' group was behind the virtual hacking. If they were to be caught, there would most likely be a hefty number of charges to be laid against the hackers, such as possible identity theft, fraud, and hacking. An incident like this in the 2020's would cause catastrophic damage due to the high usage of internet facilities and the astronomical amount of online users in this day and age.

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2011 PSN Hack Documentary: How Sony Failed Their Customers