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There are three processes to memory: Encoding, storing, and retrieving.

Encoding is making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories.

Storing is the process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall.

Retrieving is the process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short-term or long-term storage.

There are also THREE types of memory:
- Sensory Memory is the initial process that receives and holds environmental info for several seconds.
- Selective Attention Memory is purposely focusing your conscious awareness onto a specific stimulus.
- Short-Term Memory is called working memory and holds information for 2-30 seconds, like zip codes, passwords, or phone numbers.

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SHORT-TERM MEMORY: The last time I used my short-term memory was during lunch this last period. I was signing up for an app, and I needed to put in a 6-digit-code that they sent to my phone. I looked at the code and said it over and over a few times to get it into my memory, and then went back to the app to input the code. I couldn’t tell you what 6 numbers I had to remember for those 30 seconds. This practice was known as effortful encoding, which means learning or storing that requires attention and effort.

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LONG-TERM MEMORY:
This is a picture from one of my last performances in my last high-school musical, Mamma Mia. There are many emotions tied to this memory, as it brings me so much joy and longing when I think about the experience. I will always vividly remember my performances for the rest of my life, and this memory is definitely more state dependent, meaning that I will be more likely to recall this memory when I am happy. When I go back to Niles where the venue was, or when I hear ABBA songs, it will act as a retrieval cue, which is a clue or prompt that is used to trigger the retrieval of long-term memory. I will recognize the songs and go back to this memory. Many people have many long-term memories, especially from their childhood. Sometimes, people can recall their earliest memories from their childhood at the age of 60.

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LONG-TERM MEMORY:
This is a video of my first admitted students event at the University of Southern California. USC’s band surprised all of us, and started performing for us. I just remember being extremely excited and so happy when this happened. I was so surprised, and it was then I knew that this was the place I wanted to go to college.  I will never forget this memory.

This would be considered an explicit declarative memory, and then would fall into an episodic memory, because it is a personal experience and event.

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Something that helps me when I’m studying is to use study materials that make me use as many of my senses as possible. I like to read textbooks, watch videos, and go over my notes, and then take new notes while I’m reading or watching videos. I jot down things I should definitely remember on a different page, and I use many different colors. While this is all happening, my hippocampus is doing all the work.

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To remember things like phone numbers, addresses, and codes, I use chunking, which is the organization of items into familiar or manageable units or chunks. Sometimes I even say them out loud or say them in a song, which helps me remember them better.

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Algorithm Problem Solving: A fixed set of rules or procedures that will guarantee a solution.
Real-Life Examples: I use algorithm problem solving when I solve a math equation, or when I tie my shoes.

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Heuristic Problem Solving: Problem solving shortcuts that reduce the number of steps to solving a problem.
Real-Life Example: I use heuristic problem solving when I work backwards to solve a problem, or when I break a problem down into smaller parts.

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Problem Solving Obstacles:
One is Faulty Heuristics, which can introduce errors and lead to bias.
A real-life example of this could be when you see someone who fits the stereotype of what a certain person would normally look or act like, and then assume that that’s reality when really, it couldn’t be further from the truth.

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Another obstacle is called Mental Set, which is the tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past.
A real-life situation showcasing this is when I was in physics the other morning. We were doing a class review on mechanics and one of the problems we were doing, I couldn’t solve. I kept trying to think about how I solved the problem when we did it a while back, but then my classmate showed me that there was actually a different way to do it.

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10 Influential Memory Theories And Studies In Psychology

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Researchers at the University of North Carolina tested the olfactory effects on memory encoding and retrieval in a 1989 experiment. Male college students were shown a series of slides of pictures of females, whose attractiveness they were asked to rate on a scale. Whilst viewing the slides, the participants were exposed to pleasant odor of aftershave or an unpleasant smell. Their recollection of the faces in the slides was later tested in an environment containing either the same or a different scent.

The results showed that participants were better able to recall memories when the scent at the time of encoding matched that at the time of recall (Cann and Ross, 1989). These findings suggest that a link between our sense of smell and memories remains, even if it provides less of a survival advantage than it did for our more primitive ancestors.

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10 influential memory theories and studies in psychology

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10 Influential Memory Theories And Studies In Psychology

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Discover the experiments and theories that shaped our understanding of how we develop and recall memories.

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10 Influential Memory Theories And Studies In Psychology

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Interference theory suggests that forgetting occurs because other memories interfere with recall. There are two types of interference: retroactive interference and proactive interference.

Retroactive interference happens when new information interferes with the recall of older memories.

Proactive interference occurs when existing information impacts the ability to remember new information.

Interference is more likely when the interfering memories are semantically related. A 1960 experiment demonstrated retroactive interference. Two groups of participants were given a list of word pairs to memorize. The first group only memorized one list, while the second group memorized a second list after the first. When asked to recall words from the first list, the first group, which didn't learn the second list, recalled more words. This result indicated that the second list interfered with the memory of the first list, illustrating retroactive interference.

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10 influential memory theories and studies in psychology

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Influential Memory Theories And Studies In Psychology

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Discover the experiments and theories that shaped our understanding of how we develop and recall memories.

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Memory, thinking, and problem-solving are crucial aspects of everyday life that shape our behavior and interactions. Memory helps us retain information, such as remembering important dates or recalling past experiences, impacting our decisions and relationships. Thinking influences how we interpret situations and make choices, with biases and heuristics playing a significant role. Problem-solving skills are essential for overcoming challenges, whether it's finding solutions at work or resolving personal issues. Understanding these cognitive processes offers insights into human behavior, guiding us to improve decision-making and adapt to changing environments.