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General Education teachers would benefit from training and strategies to better serve students, understand, and manage the demands of an inclusive classroom, as well as a well-staffed team to support.

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Strengthening Peer Relationships in the Classroom

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High school students often work together, but do they really get to know each other? These strategies foster deeper relationships.

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Shelley Moore: Transforming Inclusive Education

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New Special Education Division / New Sped Ed Home

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The Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), Special Education Local Plan Area (SELPA) Annual Budget Plan and Annual Service Plan for 2023-2024 was adopted by the Board on June 13, 2023 and submitted to the California Department of Education. Click on this article’s title for more information an…

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Author: Toni Riester-Wood, Ph.D.

Inclusive schools promote respectful and supportive relationships, avoid the bullying epidemic, and build the attributes of positive peer-to-peer interactions. Due to the current state of our national economy and shrinking education budgets, schools and businesses alike are striving for both efficient and effective ways to maximize resources. One very powerful resource that is often over-looked, underutilized and perhaps not well understood is literally right in front of us: peers supports. Let's explore this "natural resource" because it is not only a fiscally responsible strategy, there are ethical, moral and human lessons that can be "capitalized" as well, some of which won't be measured on a standardized assessment, but are absolutely necessary to preserving our democratic society and principles.

At Stetson and Associates we view and promote inclusive settings as systems, schools and classrooms that have shared ownership between and among all staff for the learning of all students, equitably. From this culture and climate flows the professional collaboration that often shapes the manner in which students will work together. Do not doubt; they (our students) watch and learn more from what we do than what we say!

As adults, we provide in-class supports through collaborative teaching and support facilitation. Although some students may not require this level of adult intervention thus, making peer supports ideal for an inclusive setting.

Peer support is a strategy that involves placing students in pairs or in small groups to participate in learning activities that support academic instruction and social skills. This instructional approach does not require additional staff or extra funding. It is a research-based methodology that yields positive results related to student achievement and a sense of "belonging" over the course of time. Peer supports provide teachers with a learning tool to enhance instruction for students with and without disabilities.

The following are three innovative ways that peer supports can be used to meet the instructional and social needs of students with disabilities in the general education setting. However, each of these models require upfront planning that includes selecting the right type of strategy, utilizing it at the right time with perhaps individualized outcomes all aligned with the lesson goals.

Collaborative Learning - An instructional strategy used to reinforce skills taught by the teacher. This teaching method allows time for practice, review, and opportunities for students to use higher-level thinking skills.

Cross-Age Peer Support is another strategy that assists with the learning in the general education setting. This approach typically involves older students, usually high school age, who provide instructional support for elementary or secondary students.

Peer modeling is another support that can be used to help students learn academic, processes and classroom routines. It also provides the classroom teacher opportunities to use peers to assist with instruction, clarifying directions and give social reminders with little or no disruption to the lesson cycle. It is an excellent way for peers to provide appropriate behavioral models of students who need to improve their social skills.

Research has clearly defined the benefits of inclusion and peer supports for the student with a disability. However, these benefits are not reserved for the students receiving the assistance; the following is a list published by Kids Together: www.kidstogether.org/inclusion/benefitsofinclusion.htm which boasts the benefits for all student groups when inclusion and peer supports have been planned and implemented individually and appropriately.

Benefits for Students With Disabilities

Friendships

Increased social initiations, relationships and networks

Peer role models for academic, social and behavior skills

Increased achievement of IEP goals

Greater access to general curriculum

Enhanced skill acquisition and generalization

Increased inclusion in future environments

Greater opportunities for interactions

Higher expectations

Increased school staff collaboration

Increased parent participation

Families are more integrated into community

Benefits of Inclusion for Students Without Disabilities

Meaningful friendships

Increased appreciation and acceptance of individual differences

Increased understanding and acceptance of diversity

Respect for all people

Prepares all students for adult life in an inclusive society

Opportunities to master activities by practicing and teaching others

Greater academic outcomes

All students needs are better met, greater resources for everyone

The power of peers as shown here has a cumulative effect, which makes issues such a bullying incompatible. Rather, we have peers helping peers become more integrated into the school culture. In recent news there have been a number of inclusive schools where together the classmates and adults have created a school system where everyone can be celebrated. A few examples include students electing their peers with disabilities to class officer roles and homecoming king or queen (USA Today, Nation, 4A Thursday September 30, 2010). What a celebration this is - for everyone! Great things happen in inclusive schools!

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Peers Supporting an Inclusive School Climate

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Inclusive schools promote respectful and supportive relationships, avoid the bullying epidemic, and build the attributes of positive peer-to-peer interactions. Due to the current state of our national economy and shrinking education budgets, schools and businesses alike are striving for both efficient and effective ways to maximize resources.

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The Evolution of Inclusion: The past and future of education

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New Special Education Division / New SpEd Instruction Inclusion In LAUSD

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Community Partners Supporting Inclusion in LAUSD
LAUSD University Partners The agencies and organizations that appear in this section do not constitute an endorsement by the Los Angeles Unified School District, Division of Special Education; nor, should the exclusion of other websites be considere…

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https://padlet.com/lela_rondeau/whyinclude

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The Lunch Club Making High School More Inclusive

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The suggestions offered here range from simple to complex, and anyone can start to create the ripples that shift classroom and school culture.

Building Safety and Inclusion in Multicultural School Settings

1. Focus on how you might personally experience deep empathy. We all learn differently, so your empathy-building process might entail watching Ava DuVernay's documentary 13th, or Bryan Stevenson's TED Talk " We Need to Talk About an Injustice." Or you could look for curricula on race and racism. Since there's no shortage of resources, try to discover first-person experiences. Take a deep breath, imagine yourself in those shoes, and withhold judgement. Share and model your inquiry and learning with students.

2. Curate your newsfeed, engage, and listen. Stay up to date with a few influencers, like Dr. Joy DeGruy or Professor Christopher Emdin, and news sources that inspire and challenge you to honestly confront difficult conversations on race and bias, from NPR's Code Switch to The Root. But limit these, so you don't get overwhelmed and shut down. Follow key hashtags like #Educolor on Twitter, to be aware of social justice and equity conversations. Spend time learning and listening to the conversation before opining on it.

3. Build your social justice vocabulary. Learn the meaning as well as application of terms like false equivalency, microaggression, Jim Crow, culturally responsive, white privilege, and allyship, among other terms. Watch out for coded language and call out prejudicial talk. As Professor Howard Stevenson says, "By practicing racial literacy, we can learn to not be so fearful and learn to problem-solve together, rather than run away from conversations about race."

4. Value stories and perspectives. Encourage your students to articulate their narratives, starting with learning the stories of individuals in their community. The Out of Eden Walk can serve as a framework for noticing the stories around us and discovering our own. Ensure that your classroom book collection and curriculum include high-quality stories that represent all the students in your class. Practice noticing who's writing the articles and stories you read. If you don't know where to begin, consult your librarian or simply search "diverse books." The Global Education Toolkit includes an appendix with 326 multicultural book titles for grades pre-K through 6.

5. Display your class values prominently. Establish ground rules for active listening in class. Take the time to reflect on values so they don't feel like a laundry list. Students can respond to prompts like: "What do you stand for? How might we demonstrate that in our classroom or daily lives?" or "What might loving-kindness (or empathy, respect, generosity) in our classroom look like? How do we get there?" If there's enough safety among students, they can share their writing in pairs.

6. When welcoming new students, learn to correctly say their name. If possible, visit families in their homes at some point in the year to deepen your relationship. The start of each school year can come with special anxiety for kids whose names are perceived as different-I know this too well. Your small effort to pronounce the name correctly, and not look perplexed while taking attendance, can offer a great relief and be incredibly welcoming.

7. Practice visible learning routines. Try See, Think, Wonder and Think, Pair, Share. Engage groups of two to three students in discussing prompts like "I see _____" (about something they're observing), "I think _____" (about what they think might be going on), and "I wonder _____" (which allows students to engage their curiosity). Or reserve time for quiet thinking before pairing and sharing ideas, which builds critical reasoning and safety among learners of different temperaments, cultures, and capacities, and illuminates diverse perspectives through group work.

8. Build global competence. As long as we keep isolating global learning from diversity work in schools, these priorities will both be minimized. We can connect these efforts through many techniques, like the Global Competence framework, and by encouraging professional collaboration across interest areas.

9. Relax and focus. Use relaxation strategies centering in mindfulness prior to conducting difficult conversations on Monday morning-these discussions require their own, set-aside time-to start the week and help unify students.

There's no shortage of techniques that can build safety and inclusion, and your willingness to try any of them sends a strong signal to your students, that their learning, engagement, and voice really matter.

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Being open to talking about race helps foster safety and unity in a multicultural classroom. Here are nine tips to help you prepare.

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"Sticks and stones will break my bones / But words will really hurt me."

I was playing with my 3-year-old granddaughter and called her a silly goose. She freaked out-crying, yelling, and telling me she hated me. It took a long time to cool her down and explain that being a silly goose was not a bad thing. This anecdote raises important questions about the nature of hate speech. Who decides what is hate speech, the speaker or the recipient? What's the difference between teasing, sarcasm, insulting, and hate speech?

These questions show us why hate speech is so difficult to stop. Hate speech is hard to define, and it's easy to be confused about the motives of the speaker. But there's a cultural piece that adds to the challenges. If we're going to get to the heart of hate speech in America today, we must remember that significant elements of our cultural history were built on inequity-from the founding of the country and displacement of indigenous populations to the Civil War and slavery. This inequity has bred a history of demonization of the "other." Hate speech is just one manifestation of this dynamic.

It's important for us to understand the depth of these challenges; hate speech won't just go away if we don't examine the underlying causes. I've spent many years in the classroom working on these issues with students. Below are some activities I've used to reduce or eliminate hate speech in my classroom.

5 Reasons Students Use Hate Speech

Let's start by examining why students use hate speech. Here are a few of the more common ones:

1. To express bigotry and racism

2. To express their own internal anger and unresolved pain

3. To feel superior

4. To feel powerful when they feel powerless in other areas of their lives

5. To show off for friends

With these reasons in mind, there are specific activities we can use to engage students in deeper reflection and eliminate hate speech in the classroom. These are the steps I recommend for teachers, refining them for students' age and grade level.

Ideas for Curbing Hate Speech

1. Establish a classroom value that all cultures are to be respected. With the students' help, make a list of behavioral rules that promote this value. Examples include "Do not use language that hurts another student's feelings" and "No one's culture can be verbally attacked." Once the list of rules is complete, develop with your students a protocol for how these rules will be enforced.

2. Build class empathy. Having ensured that your class is a safe space, ask your students if any of them have been victims of hate speech. If they're willing, let these students share with the rest of the class how it felt to hear hateful language. Have a class discussion for students to share how they felt hearing these stories from their classmates.

3. Analyze hate speech. In small groups, invite students to get curious and deepen their understanding of where hate speech comes from, what it is and isn't. You can assign each group to answer questions like:

Who decides what is hate speech: the speaker or the recipient?

What is the difference between teasing, sarcasm, insulting, and hate speech?

Does the intention of the speaker matter?

Is all hate speech the same? How subjective is hate speech?

Is stereotyping the same as hating?

Does a victim of hate speech have the right to use it to fight back?

Have each group lead a discussion about their topic. Once all of these discussions are finished, develop a class definition of hate speech, including how it differs from other kinds of hurtful talk.

A Deeper Dive Into Hate Speech

Looking at the list of five reasons that students use hate speech above, brainstorm with your class what's good and what's bad about each of these reasons.

What's good about expressing bigotry and racism? What's bad about it?

What's good about expressing anger or pain with hate speech? What's bad about it?

Is using hate speech a good or bad way to feel superior?

Is using hate speech a good or bad way to feel powerful?

What good about using hate speech to show off for friends? What's bad about it?

While "good" and "bad" may sound oversimplified, I have used this activity many times in my classroom, and have found that, by examining what's good about hate speech, you can uncover motivation. This is very powerful because it can help shed light on the source of the feelings that are at the root of the hate. In this activity, you can share the idea that sometimes good reasons lead to bad decisions, and use these discussions to have students develop different ways to express themselves. By speaking of the good and bad in hate speech, you give students the chance to examine their own feelings, notice their impact on others, and evaluate their decisions.

Spreading the Word

Once the class has confronted what hate speech is, seen firsthand why it's damaging, and taken steps to stop it in their classroom, see if students can find a series of ways to prevent or attack the use of hate speech in their larger community circles. It's only when we do our work as individuals that our larger social fabric can be safer and stronger for all.

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How to Respond When Students Use Hate Speech

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"Sticks and stones will break my bones / But words will really hurt me." I was playing with my 3-year-old granddaughter and called her a silly goose. She freaked out-crying, yelling, and telling me she hated me. It took a long time to cool her down and explain that being a silly goose was not a bad thing.

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Ain't No Shame in my ADHD Brain | Torrian Timms | TEDxDeepEllum

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Inclusive PracticesResources and articles about beliefs, mindsets, SDI, GenEd and SpEd roles, collaboration

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Inclusive PracticesResources and articles about beliefs, mindsets, SDI, GenEd and SpEd roles, collaboration

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Inclusive teaching or inclusive learning is being discussed more and more in today's teaching circles especially given its numerous benefits. With the increased levels of discussion, we thought it could be useful to dive deeper into what inclusive teaching is and what educators can do to transform their classrooms or lecture theaters.

Before we discuss some strategies for creating an inclusive learning experience for students of all age groups, we must first answer some basic but essential questions.

What is inclusive teaching?

Inclusive teaching often referred to as equitable or equality-focused teaching, is a method in which educators create a learning environment where all students - regardless of ethnicity, disabilities, gender, sexual orientation, and background - have equal opportunities to succeed.

All students must receive equal treatment and respect. Students must also be afforded every opportunity to reach their full potential. Educators must identify blockers, barriers, or boundaries preventing students from partaking, completing assignments, and learning.

Moreover, educators may self-assess to remove bias from their teaching method and appraise the source materials to ensure diversity. This means educators must consider how they interact with their students and grade assessments, and whether the material students read and consume comes from authors and sources with differing opinions, backgrounds, ethnicities, and so on.

We may conclude that inclusive teaching is quite a broad and far-reaching method that significantly impacts how students learn and how educators structure their lesson plans. Now we must examine what you can do to adopt an inclusive teaching methodology in your classroom or lecture hall.

What are the main features of inclusive teaching and learning?

When looking more in-depth into this topic we see that there are common characteristics and features that many inclusive classrooms share. For example, some may be:

Provide students with a sense of belonging

Offer an open and welcoming environment

Are psychologically safe

Promote active listening

Encourage participation

Actively work to combat biases

Focus on boosting and maintaining student motivation

We can see that there are several factors here for us to consider. You may be thinking that in order to employ all of these features you need to invest a significant amount of time and effort. This is, of course, true. But bear in mind that nothing worthwhile is achieved without some effort and the numerous benefits make this a worthwhile endeavor.

How to Create an Inclusive Classroom: 5 Strategies & Examples

There are several ways in which educators everywhere can make their classroom or lecture theater or whatever environment more inclusive for all of their students. And while we give some examples and strategies for achieving this, we also need to examine some of the features of inclusive teaching and the numerous benefits that educators who adopt this approach will undoubtedly see.

1. Create a safe learning environment

2. Diversify learning material

3. Taking into account students' needs

4. Make it easy for all students to participate

5. Develop a rapport with each student

1. Create a safe learning environment

Firstly, safety in this scenario implies a psychologically safe space within which students can express themselves and their opinions without fear of teasing, retribution, or backlash. It goes without saying that school should be a physically safe space free from harm or abuse too.

To do this, educators must make it abundantly clear that everyone needs to respect the views of others, show empathy, and not bully students for misunderstanding, for struggling, or for simply being incorrect.

Showing respect to one another is a key element of any interactive classroom. Educators may need to set ground rules and remind students before they proceed with a lesson.

In math class, some students are struggling to grasp a new equation and need to ask the teacher to repeat the explanation once more and to go into more detail this time around. In a psychologically safe space, these students would not hesitate to express their confusion and would not worry about being teased for misunderstanding.

2. Diversify learning material

There is a vast amount of academics and experts that can provide top-quality information on any given subject. For many students, seeing an author or studying a historical or influential figure of a similar background or situation can help them better connect to what they are learning.

Likewise, diverse views and opinions will help students develop their critical thinking skills and provide a more holistic view of a given topic. Letting students identify biases in authors, compare their works, and see for themselves which they can relate to, will provide a more enriching experience than using the same books and use cases over and over.

In a history lecture on the Vietnam war, instead of only looking at the war from the US perspective with source material from US collegiate professors, the lecturer combines studies from other academics, with accounts from US and Vietnamese soldiers to offer various perspectives. Likewise, the soldiers come from different classes and ethnic backgrounds, while the scholars have varying opinions on the war.

3. Taking students' needs into account

Knowing your students and adapting your teaching method to their needs should be a high priority for any teacher. Some students may have limited access to laptops and the internet at home, so their homework should not be overly reliant on spending hours creating Google Docs or searching the internet for answers.

Other students may have learning disabilities that could make reading difficult. Thus they may require more video or audio material to help them keep pace with their fellow students. The ultimate goal here is to ensure that no student is left behind simply because they have different needs from their classmates.

Two students in the class have medium to severe writing difficulties while another struggles with reading, thus leaving them at a disadvantage in written exams. The teacher thus decides to make the next French examination an oral exam so these students can better showcase their knowledge and comprehension of the language.

4. Make it easy for all students to take part

To some, raising a hand and enthusiastically answering a question is the easiest thing in the world to do. For others, this is a daunting experience, and despite having all the knowledge required to properly and correctly showcase what they know, some students lack the courage to do so. Thus, removing this barrier will go a long way to creating a more open and inclusive environment. If educators can give an added confidence boost to those students who need it, they will be far less likely to see the same confident hands shoot up.

Moreover, with the rise of online learning and remote teaching, having a tool or series of tools that make it possible and simple for students joining online to jump right into the discussions is also an important step.

A lecturer notices that while students have the capabilities and knowledge to comprehensively answer their questions, there seems to be something preventing them from doing so when prompted. The lecturer, therefore, begins to use Mentimeter and notices that 90% of the class responds to each question highlighting the desire to provide anonymous responses.

5. Develop a rapport with each student

Whether we like to admit it or not, even the best of us have implicit biases. While this may be difficult to admit, we can actively try to improve and mitigate this. It is essential for educators who should ideally not to show favoritism towards certain students or even act more negatively toward others. Students may also not be warm to teachers for a variety of reasons.

By building a rapport with students you may better be able to understand them and what makes them tick. Conversely, they may see you more than simply the person standing at the front of the room giving them homework. Students may thus be more willing to trust teachers and open up.

A teacher is disappointed by a student's poor behavior in class, as well as their inconsistent results on tests. After struggling to subdue the student's poor behavior, after deciding to speak to the child they find out the student believes the teacher singles them out on purpose, thus making them lash out. The teacher, thus, knows they must approach this situation differently to help the student enjoy school better and ensure they do not show favoritism.

Something as simple as this template could go a long way.

Benefits of inclusive teaching

Now that we have gone through a series of strategies and its definition, it's time to examine the added benefits of this particular method of teaching and learning.

It's best to bear in mind that many of these benefits will contribute to one another or become a byproduct of another.

1. Improving students' self-confidence

Standing up in front of any class and reciting an answer can be daunting for many. I recall countless instances of teachers asking questions only for hands to be shoved into pockets or rooted to the underside of the desk. Conversely, many students become terrified at the prospect of reading in front of a group or completing a written assignment.

An inclusive environment will address these stumbling blocks by either helping children overcome their fear of public speaking or finding another way to assess them while they develop the skills necessary to tackle that particular obstacle.

By avoiding these awkward and often painful situations, students can become more confident with their answers and not have to worry about the method in which they provide them.

2. Boosting participation levels

The goal of removing barriers and obstacles for students is an important one and doing so will encourage students to take part and make it a more enjoyable process. Students, no matter their age, will be far more likely to participate if they feel comfortable in their surroundings. This means that they will not be judged for what they say, that their opinions and views will be valued, and that there will never be negative pushback.

Likewise, if activities or assessments are less daunting for students, or cater to their specific needs, they need only worry about showcasing their knowledge and intelligence. Rather than coaxing responses out of students, educators that promote inclusive learning will more likely find students willing to participate willingly rather than simply because they have to.

3. Raising engagement levels

Going hand in hand with both confidence levels and participation is engagement levels. Unengaged students are far less likely to retain knowledge, actively participate in class, and see good results in examinations and assessments. Engaged students are more likely to enjoy a subject if they are engaged throughout.

Engagement is a tricky thing to quantify, but if you're in search of other ways to keep students engaged then we have some tips and tricks for you.

4. Improving students' comprehension

We have referenced the difficulties many students face when facing assessments and examinations. There are plenty of reasons students fail or struggle to express what they know. Those with writing difficulties will need more time or for someone to dictate what they say, while some will suffer from severe nerves and have a complete and total brain freeze when instructions are read aloud. Other students may have hearing problems or speech impediments that make oral or aural tests incredibly difficult.

Working to find ways of assessment that minimize these limitations can go a long way but so can self-reflection and self-evaluation. Unconscious biases can creep into our thought processes. For teachers and instructors at all levels, this can mean the difference between the benefit of the doubt to a negative mark in an examination resulting in a lesser grade.

5. Improving attitudes toward school and education

We have all heard the age-old trope that no one likes school and that learning isn't all that fun. The reality is far from true as we tend to only remember the most boring classes and subjects from our time in education when we reminisce on our time in both school and university.

Students that can see themselves in the authors they read or the themes and topics they explore in class will automatically be more invested in what they are learning. Devoid of this identification the topic can seem foreign and strange. Likewise, struggling with a series of written essays when you have difficulties writing will undoubtedly sour your opinion of exams.

Offering students an inclusive environment is quite a bit about offering them the best chance to succeed. Thus you are likewise allowing them to enjoy the learning experience and to be able to do it on their terms, in a way and in a place that makes them feel themselves.

Working to improve inclusivity and transparency

Creating the ideal learning environment for your students, as we have said before, is a worthy use of your time that will certainly require some time and effort. But there are of course countless ways in which you can smoothen this process to make it more time efficient and effective for yourself and your students.

The web is full of collaboration and teaching tools that will help teachers, tutors, professors, and lecturers with everything they need to dive right into inclusive teaching. Mentimeter is on hand to help you create this environment by providing all students with a platform where they can submit their answers anonymously, share their opinions in confidence, and ask questions without worrying about putting their names to them.

We have a complete MentiAcademy course with exercises and resources that are guaranteed to help you create a more inclusive learning environment.

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Inclusive Teaching: 5 Strategies & Examples

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Looking to better understand inclusive teaching and how you can bring it into your classroom or lecture theater? We have some strategies and examples for you!

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Removing the Barriers: Planning for ALL!

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What Does an Inclusive Classroom Look Like?

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If you are reading this post, you are probably searching for information to make sure that your child or someone very special to you is receiving the best educational services possible to meet their individual needs. Thank you for being an advocate for effective inclusive practice. What is inclusion, and…

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Decades of research has demonstrated the benefits of coteaching for teachers and students. Professional growth for teachers can include increased content knowledge, classroom management strategies, and curriculum adaptations (Scruggs et al., 2007) while students have demonstrated gains in academics, study skills, and social-emotional well-being (Oh-Young & Filler, 2015).

What is also documented in research is the overuse of the one-teach, one assist approach to collaborative teaching in which the general education teacher provides whole group instruction and the special education teacher fulfills a subordinate role. This model used a primary model does not foster equal roles and responsibilities of collaboration or the use of instructional practices to support students with disabilities or struggling learners. For this reason, consideration should be given to the use of other approaches for inclusive instruction. Station teaching, parallel teaching, alternative teaching, and team teaching are effective models of collaborative teaching which will enhance student and teacher learning.

Station teaching, parallel teaching, alternative teaching, and team teaching are effective models of collaborative teaching which will enhance student and teacher learning.

We hope to support teacher efforts in the use of different inclusive teaching strategies by providing examples to try in your classroom. Below is a fifth-grade math lesson using station teaching, parallel teaching, team teaching, and alternative teaching strategies.
State Standard: Representing decimals using expanded notation Objective: The student will be able to use place value understanding to represent the value of digits in decimals and round numbers.
Station Teaching

Parallel Teaching

Team Teaching

Alternate Teaching

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Effective Models of Collaborative Teaching - Stetson & Associates, Inc.

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Decades of research has demonstrated the benefits of coteaching for teachers and students. Professional growth for teachers can include increased

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Quality Indicators for Inclusive Practices Self Assessment Tool

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Quality Indicators for Inclusive Practices Self Assessment Tool

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.