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The educational system in Mesopotamia comprised only the intellect and the physical. The education of a young man of both sexes and of the higher classes involves scribal training. The aim of education was to obtain a degree in writing, and to understand the language of men and gods.

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In ancient Egypt, education was limited to the social elite, especially children of priests and scribes. They studied in institutions called "life houses", where they learned to read and write using hieroglyphs and to do calculations. The curriculum included religious texts and laws, reflecting the importance of religion and administration. For most people, formal education was not accessible, and learning occurred mainly through everyday practice.

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The Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC led to Greek cultural dominance over Rome. Roman boys initially learned at home, but Greek influence introduced formal education. Children attended elementary school at 6 or 7, grammar school at 12 or 13, and rhetoric school at 16. Roman education emphasized literature and oratory, focusing less on science, philosophy, music, and gymnastics. Latin remained Europe's dominant language for nearly a millennium after Rome's fall.

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In Ancient Greece, education in Athens included reading, writing, mathematics, music, and gymnastics, with a focus on rhetoric and philosophy. In Sparta, military training was central, while girls also trained physically. Philosophy and sciences were valued, and paideia aimed to form virtuous citizens.

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In the early Middle Ages, the church preserved education through cathedral, monastic, and palace schools focused on Latin literacy, basic math, and singing. In the 12th and 13th centuries, universities emerged, teaching the trivium and quadrivium, blending Greek education with religious doctrines. Despite challenges, medieval education advanced intellectual pursuits and included educating some women, especially in convents and by scholars like Peter Abelard.

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During the Renaissance (14th to 17th centuries), education was transformed by the rise of humanism, which valued the study of classical languages ​​and ancient texts. The curriculum expanded to include literature, history, and philosophy, and teaching methods began to emphasize critical analysis and discussion. The invention of the printing press facilitated the dissemination of knowledge, although formal education was still restricted to the elite. These changes paved the way for future educational reforms.