# data[].attributes.body
Sudanese culture features a rich tradition of herbal and spiritual medicine, emphasizing a holistic approach to health. Herbal remedies, such as hibiscus and black cumin are commonly used, with Arak Sufi believed to treat various ailments. Spiritual practices, including Zar ceremonies, aim to expel harmful spirits associated with illness (Mohammed and Babikir, 2013). Traditional healers, like Alfaki and herbalists, are often consulted even by those with access to modern medicine. This enduring reliance on traditional healing reflects deep cultural beliefs and accessibility, rooted in ancient civilizations and emphasizing both physical and spiritual well-being in health practices.

Mohammed, I.N. and Babikir, H.E. (2013). Traditional and spiritual medicine among Sudanese children with epilepsy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4949961/.

# data[].attributes.body
Traditional Sudanese cuisine, featuring staples like sorghum, millet, and foul, is crucial for health and cultural identity (Lanham et al., 2021). However, Sudanese refugees in Australia face challenges maintaining their dietary practices due to limited access to familiar foods and halal options. This can lead to nutritional imbalances and poor health outcomes. Healthcare providers must understand Sudanese dietary needs, including halal requirements, to offer appropriate care. Implementing strategies such as providing culturally appropriate food options in hospitals and community settings, offering cooking classes, and developing community gardens can help Sudanese refugees maintain a balanced diet. These efforts can mitigate health risks and support cultural integration in their new environment. (Kavian et al., 2020)

Kavian, F., Mehta, K., Willis, E., Mwanri, L., Ward, P. and Booth, S. (2020). Migration, Stress and the Challenges of Accessing Food: An Exploratory Study of the Experience of Recent Afghan Women Refugees in Adelaide, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), p.1379. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041379.

# data[].attributes.body
Sudanese refugees arriving in Australia often face complex health issues, with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) being a significant concern. PTSD, resulting from exposure to violence and conflict, manifests through symptoms like flashbacks, anxiety, and insomnia severely impacting the quality of life. Studies have shown PTSD prevalence rates ranging from 13% to 46% among Sudanese refugees. Trauma-informed care is an effective treatment approach, acknowledging trauma's impact on health and tailoring care to help patients regain safety and control. Treatment strategies include psychological therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy, culturally appropriate counseling, social support, and sometimes medication. These approaches are most effective when implemented within a trauma-informed framework that creates a safe, supportive environment and avoids re-traumatization. Healthcare providers must recognize that recovery is an ongoing process, requiring continuous support as refugees adapt their new lives in Australia. This comprehensive approach addresses both the mental health needs and the broader challenges of resettlement.

Queensland Health Multicultural Services (2011). Community Profiles for Health Care Providers - Sudanese Profile. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/157378/sudanese2011.pdf.

# data[].attributes.body
Language barriers significantly hinder Sudanese refugees in accessing healthcare in Australia, often leading to delayed diagnoses and misunderstandings in treatment. Professional interpreters are essential for facilitating effective communication between patients and healthcare providers ensuring informed consent and cultural context. However, interpreter availability can be limited and some patients may feel uncomfortable discussing sensitive issues through them. Providing health education materials translated into Sudanese Arabic can enhance health literacy and empower patients. To improve care, healthcare systems should increase interpreter access, develop translated materials, and offer cultural competence training for staff, ultimately fostering more effective and culturally safe healthcare for Sudanese refugees (Refugee Council of Australia, 2019).

Refugee Council of Australia (2019). Barriers and exclusions: The support needs of newly arrived refugees with a disability. [online] https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/disability-report/13/.

# data[].attributes.headline
Religion and Spirituality in Healthcare 

# data[].attributes.subject
Religion and Spirituality in Healthcare 

# data[].attributes.body
Religion, particularly Islam significantly influences health practices among Sudanese refugees. Many observe fasting during Ramadan, which can affect medication schedules and treatment adherence. Healthcare providers must understand these religious practices to offer culturally safe and sensitive care. Strategies include adjusting medication times around fasting hours, providing prayer spaces, and offering halal food options. Many Sudanese also incorporate traditional healing methods like incantations and ritual incensing alongside modern medicine. Healthcare providers should be open to discussing these practices to ensure they don't interfere with medical care. Additionally, accommodating gender preferences for healthcare providers can increase patient comfort and trust. Understanding and respecting these religious and cultural practices is crucial for effective, culturally competent healthcare delivery.

United States Department of State. (n.d.). Sudan. https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sudan/.

# data[].attributes.headline
Social Inclusion and Non-Discrimination as WHO Social Determinants 

# data[].attributes.subject
Social Inclusion and Non-Discrimination as WHO Social Determinants 

# data[].attributes.body
Sudanese refugees in Australia encounter significant health challenges stemming from social exclusion and discrimination. Language barriers, racial prejudice, and social isolation often result in limited access to healthcare services leading to delayed or inadequate treatment. These factors contribute to higher rates of mental health issues including depression anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder with studies indicating that up to 46% of Sudanese refugees in Australia experience PTSD symptoms. Australia's multicultural health policy recognizes these challenges and emphasizes the importance of culturally sensitive care to promote health equity and mitigate the negative effects of discrimination on health outcomes. To address these issues several strategies are recommended: increasing the availability of professional interpreters, providing cultural competence training for healthcare providers developing community outreach programs, implementing anti-discrimination policies in healthcare settings, and offering mental health services tailored to refugee experience. These efforts aim to create a more inclusive healthcare system that better serves the unique needs of Sudanese refugees and promotes overall health equity in Australian society. World Health Organization (2019). Social Determinants of Health and Migrant

# data[].attributes.headline
Reflection on Domain 1: Clinical expert from culturally responsive clinical practice framework

# data[].attributes.subject
Reflection on Domain 1: Clinical expert from culturally responsive clinical practice framework

# data[].attributes.body
Reflecting on Standard 1.1 of the Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice Framework, I understand that it is crucial to develop culturally safe nursing practices for Sudanese patients. This involves understanding the diversity within Sudanese culture, recognizing the importance of traditional medicine, and acknowledging the impact of the refugee experience on health. To create a culturally safe environment, I believe that nurses should establish open communication, respect traditional practices, provide culturally appropriate care, use professional interpreters, and continuously educate themselves about refugee cultures. Balancing traditional and evidence-based care requires open discussions about treatment and exploring safe ways to integrate traditional practices with modern medicine. Collaborative care planning involves patients in decision-making, considers potential interactions between traditional remedies and prescribed medications, and sets culturally aligned goals. Examples of culturally safe practices include accommodating prayer times, offering halal foods, and respecting Ramadan fasting. This approach improves patient satisfaction and health outcomes.

Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice Framework (2018).