# data[].attributes.body
adjustments and fluctuations in the views, values, norms and structures

of society

# data[].attributes.body
Need to know:

Shared values and beliefs

Shared experiences

Social support

Inclusion

Communication and interaction

# data[].attributes.body
“Sociologists refer to the concept of community as a group of people who share social relationships through being geographically close to each other and/or being in regular contact with each other, and through having similarities such as mutual interests and/or shared ideology."

# data[].attributes.body
Ultra- orthodox Jewish community located in Ripponlea, Melbourne. The  community consists  of 200 families living around 1 square kilometer from each other.

# data[].attributes.body
the Adass community is the tremendous commercial success of  Yumi’s hummus dip, which was created by a female Adass member who runs a family shop in the tiny shopping village of Ripponlea in Melbourne. The product is now is available at most major supermarkets across Australia and includes over 20 different classic varieties.

Getting the lines on to the supermarket shelves beyond Ripponlea also took many failed attempts. "It wasn't an easy process taking it to the general market," says Moshe Friedman.

The first chink into the bigger commercial realm came when Coles started stocking Yumi products in kosher sections in 12 supermarkets. "After that," says Yumi, "it sold to non-Jewish clients because of its quality. People started talking about it in non-Jewish areas."

# data[].attributes.body
Mass-production disconnected

people from their families and

changed labour as they moved

to the cities for work, away

from family.

Urbanisation: (by product of industrialisation) The rapid rise of industrialised

cities, which were needed for

factories to house machinery,

led to an exodus of people

moving from the rural centres

to the cities.

# data[].attributes.body
Ferdinand Tonnies’ theory on community was created in the 19th century, at a time when the uncertainty around industrialisation and urbanisation led some people to believe that this change as to result in a loss of community, as new factory employment led people away from the countryside and into cities and a more individualistic lifestyle.

Tonnies theory presents the ideal types of Gemeinschaft (pre-industrialisation) and Gesselschaft (industrialisation)- a dichotomy between pre-industrial and industrial societies, or rural and urban life.

# data[].attributes.body
ICT: Refers to the equitment and machinery that is used to store and or distribute information.

Schlomo Abeles sends out email newsletters keep the community safely informed with "kosher" news. (shared experince and communication and interction)

"Melbourne Eruv" app is used to provide status updates on the Eruv boundaries, tips, and news. Google Maps technology is used to map the eruv. This helps them navigate their geographical area while maintaining cultural expectations. ( Inclusion, social support)

﻿﻿Some use "Matchmaker" websites to locate potential partners overseas in other orthodox populations. (communication and interaction)

analyses:

"no device in this house, apart from my telephone-nothing" Raizel Fogel (sbs 2016)

﻿﻿ICT can positively impact on the experience of community because it allows for more freedom for members as well as expanding an individual's opportunities for employment, social relationships and connections.

﻿﻿They can give freedom to members who may have lacked it in the past, such as women and children, through the use of websites and phones.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Strictly Jewish: inside a rarely seen world | Screen News – Screen Australia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mint Pictures was given unprecedented access inside a reclusive ultra-Orthodox Jewish sect in Melbourne for Strictly Jewish.

# data[].attributes.body
South Sudanese's in Australia

# data[].attributes.body
Gemeinschaft: refers to a cohesive, close and long lasting, relationship on a community-level, often used to describe family relationships within small geographical communites.

German for ‘community’

Relates to early forms of community, prior to urbanisation and industrialisation

Consists of close-knit, intimate bonds between people who are motivated by their loyalty to the collective

People are united by common, homogenous values and lifestyles

Close geographic proximity, constrained by geographic restrictions

Strong social cohesion and sense of belonging Gesselschaft: refers to individualistic and impersonal relationships on a societal level, used to describe post-industrial and urban communities where people are more anonymous private and busy.

German for ‘society’

Born out of population expansion, urbanisation and industrialisation

Refers to impersonal, flexible relations between people based on personal interest and gain rather than group loyalty

Communities are not constrained by family and geographical ties

Individuals have freedom to choose where they belong

More inclusion and participation of women as a result of feminism

Disunity as a result of intolerance of diversity of culture and experience

# data[].attributes.body
Ethnicity: The notion of ethnicity to a shared cultural heritage or way of life. This is different from the related concept of religionFor example, people can share the same religion but be of different ethnic groups.’

Race: groups based on visible physical charactristics such as skin colour. is a psedouscience.

tehy are both socially constructed categories, however sociologist prefer ethnicity because it involoves a range of features, customs , faith an shared hertige race is only physical.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Isolated from the rest of the world, and proud to be so

# data[].attributes.body
small coastal town in East Gippsland, Victoria. The Geographical community has features of a Gemenshcaft, close knit personal relationships among residents. 'there is always somebody to look after you' (ABC,2021) 2019 bushfires rather than acting as individuals the town united and showed a collective determination to move 'forward together' Regular farmers market wjere people buy and sell grown produce. Art seafood and surfing events. (social support and shared experince)

Gesselshcaft: towns status as a tourist destination with a population increase of 8000 during summer months (Boey 2020) holiday homes in the town creating a population where people dont have close relationships and dont engage in many social activities. creating indivudulistic and impersonal.

# data[].attributes.body
Othering is a phenomenon in which individuals or groups are defined or labeled as not fitting within the norms of a social group.

# data[].attributes.body
Macedon Ranges region of Victoria , about 80 kilometers from Melbourne. The town was established during the goldrush in the mid 1800s. the population was estimated to be around 300 people in the 1850s when it was formed in response to the gold rush. According to the 2021 ABS census the population the population was 5151 people . It contintues to rise this can be attributed to a growing number of people seeking a lifestyle change "tree chargers'. Ability of people to work remotely as well as the accessibility of Bendigo and Melbourne via train for employment opportunities. In the early days social activites were centred around the miners and included events such as dancers or attending one of many local pubs and churches. The activites local and walking distance. With the growth now has more activites such as horseracing , art workshops, and food and wine festivals. In addition due to proximity to melbourne residents to easily attend music festivals and sporting events in the city on the weekends. In the 1800s the primary employment opportunitess would have been gold mining as it expanded new industrues like agriculture. mix of small buisness ( history of Kyneton 2021)

# data[].attributes.body
“The Mongolian Octopus”, 1886, published in The Bulletin, Australia. It articulate a range of common stereotype and fears associated with Chinese immigration.

# data[].attributes.headline
How young black afriacns australians use social media to challenge anti black narratives (OTHERING)

# data[].attributes.subject
How young black afriacns australians use social media to challenge anti black narratives (OTHERING)

# data[].attributes.headline
simmilarites and differences of the theories 

# data[].attributes.subject
simmilarites and differences of the theories 

# data[].attributes.body
similarities:

-highlight the common pattern of humans forming social connections via communities.

-the importance of community in fostering a sense of belonging.

-explore the impact of change on the concept of community: tonnies with industrialism through shifting to modern societies led to changes in type and structure of community. maffesolis with how the evolution of information and communication tech, along with changing social values that led to new formation of types of communities.

Differences:

-Tonnies based on shared history, kinship, culture and geography. However Maffesolis reflects post modern, globalised world of the 21st century where people join based on own intrests and identity rather than familial obligation.

-Tonnie dichotomy Maffesoli fluidity and felxibility

-Tonnies focuses the negative effects of Modernisation on community connections whereas Maffesoli sees the potential benfets of neotribes.

# data[].attributes.body
Belonging: Inclusion is the process whereby every person (irrespective of age, disability, gender, religion, sexual preference or nationality) who wishes to can access and participate fully in all aspects of an activity or service in the same way as any other member of the community. Inclusion requires time, space, effort and resources but it creates a society which is fairer, more cohesive (Levitas, 2006)

# data[].attributes.body
-Shared values and beliefs: political belifes or cultural heratige, they feel a sense of belonging and connect with eachother

A group of enviromeltal activites share the belief of in the importance of proteting the enviroment and taking action to lessen climate change impacts.

-Shared experinces: create a sense of identity and purpose.

members of local soccer team who have been playing together since primary school years would have shared experinces. winning matches.

-social support: provide emotional and practical support.

A student who is new to a school might recive social support from a perr mentor or house buddy program.

-Inclusion: when people feel exepted and valued more likely to feel belonging.

A student who is interested in music might find inclusion in a school based music club that provides opportunites to connect with other students who share a passion for music regardless of skill level.

-Communication and interaction: strengthen emotional connection

A student who is interested in social justice issues might find opportunites for interaction in a schoolbased activism club that orginises events and campagins around social justice causes.

# data[].attributes.body
Perspective of Dassi Erlich (abuse victim)

Takeaway: Women are oppressed and trapped; they want to uphold responsibility for their families, but they no longer agree with the orthodox values, but feel like they can’t leave as it will ruin their life.

relentlessly enforced daily rituals, no TV or access to information other than that which relates to their religion, strict gender segregation, arranged marriages, limited access to ‘kosher’ technology, and a life that exists predominantly within eight blocks in East St Kilda.

It is common for couples to move to Israel after marrying so the husband can further his religious studies. The wife finds a ‘suitable’ job to support them during that time.

“I had internet access for the very first time. my first window to exploring a world outside of where I was. I started questioning things because I found other stuff out there,”( ICT negative effects)

“We have got one woman who has just left in her 50s; she came to us in jeans, the first time she had ever worn jeans. Another woman, leads a double life. I don’t know if she will ever leave because she needs the support of her community”

“A lot of my experiences were very much mirrored in that show. I’ve had friends who have called me up after watching Unorthodox and they say, ‘Dassi, you’ve told us that’s the community you grew up in but we never really understood until we saw that’,” she says.Perceives adas community as a place that restricts her and stunned her growth as a person. She also feels she was denied help or validation for her assault but when she got out she could express and find herself realising she isn't just a born to breed the next generation of jewish children.

I suffered a second-term miscarriage and that totally wrecked me. I thought, ‘If I’ve been such a good Jewish person and this is what God does to me after waiting so long to have a baby’,” she says.

“I started questioning then and I started rebelling a little bit. My wig and my skirts were a little bit longer or shorter.”

Serious post-natal depression set in after she successfully conceived and gave birth and it was when Erlich was hospitalised for it that her eyes opened to the outside world.

“It just blew my mind — that is where I took my first few steps out of the community. That really opened my eyes up and made me realise there is a world outside my community and it’s not such a dangerous horrible world that I had been taught to believe that it was,” she say

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Inside Melbourne’s mysterious ultraorthodox Jewish community

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
By KIM WILSON, Weekend Herald Sun, May 22, 2020Top rating Netflix series Unorthodox has captured viewers’ attention around the world for its compelling portrayal of 19-year-old ultraorthodox Jewish girl Etsy, who bravely escapes the confines of her closeted community in Brooklyn in the hope of finding a freer life.The four-part miniseries, which reached No. 1 and has sat in the Netflix top 10 for months, is based on the true story of Deborah Feldman, who was raised in the ultraconservative Satma

# data[].attributes.body
Need to be able to define and give examples of:

Economic Factors

Social factors

Political factors

Geographical factors

Mallacoota Case Study Notes (thank you Finlay, Victoria)

10 Mark Question: Evaluate how an economic and a social factor have influenced the experience of a community you have studied this year. Provide evidence for your response.

See next page for structure overview.

# data[].attributes.body
A key sociological theory informed by Stuart Hall related to the study of culture. The theory of cultural hybridity attempts to encapsulate the sense of diversity seen in dual or multiple cultural identities

# data[].attributes.body
Ethnocentrism is a term used to describe attitudes that judge other cultures based on the evaluators own culture as a measure for what is superior.

Cultural relativism: a method where different societies or cultures are analysed without using the values of another to judge

# data[].attributes.body
non: Dinka community highly value family bonds and how they operate the family unit. From a young age, the children are given responsibility that they must conduct to fulfil the role in their family. They believe in “encouraging rather than reprimanding them”. They are also told to respect their elders. (Evason, 2019)

In Dinka, 'Wek aca muoth' means 'I greet you all'. In Nuer, "maali'' means "Is there peace?", and is used as a greeting. But "hello" also works fine, since English is an official language thanks to colonisation efforts. (2019)

Material: (Gibson, 2021, ABC).

Abuk Chol Malual, in Bendigo creates woven disks from grass straw and yarn, “practising these cultural skills keeps her connected to her African roots.” Ms Chol Malual said.

(SBS Food, 2022)

lentil soup called Addass

# data[].attributes.headline
K'gari sheds colonial legacy SBS NEWS 2023

# data[].attributes.subject
K'gari sheds colonial legacy SBS NEWS 2023

# data[].attributes.body
"She'd been tortured and kept as slave". - 1836 after James Frasers shipwrecked Mrs Eliza Fraser "Barbaric, canablistic savages" "which led to a lot of our people being removed from the island and massacres." - ethnocentric

"she has always been K'gari to the Butchulla people" Scott Stewart QLD resources minister "Now this beautiful area will carry its true name in all aspects, the national park, world heritage area an the offical place name"

# data[].attributes.body
Material: refers to tangible aspect of culture

non-material: refers to intangible aspects of culture that we cannot see including language norms, values symbols.

# data[].attributes.body
The TV series "The Family Law" offers rich case study material on cultural hybridity by portraying an Asian-Australian family navigating issues of identity, generational cultural clashes, and systemic racism in Australia. The show challenges the stereotypical "model minority" Asian identity by depicting everyday struggles and nuanced representations, including the taboo of queer identities within Asian communities and the breaking of traditional gender and cultural roles. It emphasizes that Asian Australians experience hybrid cultural identities that are neither fully Australian nor fully Asian but instead negotiated in "a third space" where cultures overlap and interact with humor, warmth, and conflict. Key quotes highlight the difficulty of balancing traditional family values with modern Australian life, such as the discomfort around a divorced Asian mother dating outside her race and the generational tensions that come with evolving identities.archive.junkee+1​

Cultural hybridity in "The Family Law" exemplifies Homi Bhabha’s concept of hybridity where identity is not fixed but constantly negotiated and transformed. Hybrid identities produce a "third space" allowing individuals to blend cultures and challenge dominant cultural norms without fully assimilating. This is evidenced by the characters’ experiences of being seen as perpetual foreigners despite growing up in Australia, and their blending of traditional Chinese values with Australian social realities. Bhabha notes this hybridity as a source of strength and creativity, not weakness.scribd​

The films "Looking For Alibrandi" and "Bend It Like Beckham" also explore cultural hybridity, centering on young protagonists balancing multiple cultural identities, confronting family expectations, and asserting their individuality in a multicultural context. These narratives complement "The Family Law" by showing varied immigrant experiences in Australia and beyond, underscoring the complexity of cultural belonging for second-generation immigrants.archive.junkee​

Quotes around cultural hybridity encapsulate themes of belonging and identity negotiation:

"Being Asian in Australia means dealing with family dysfunction, cultural clashes, and racism while grappling with a sense of perpetual foreignness."archive.junkee​

“Hybridity is the name of this displacement of value from symbol to sign... It alters how meaning is made, not just mixing cultures but creating new identities.”scribd​

“Conversations around sexual orientation and gender identity are often taboo in the Chinese community, but queer characters in The Family Law open new dialogues.”archive.junkee​

# data[].attributes.body
Coined by C. Wright Mills in 1959 Mills considered the sociological imagination to be an awareness of the relationship between personal experience and wider society. Mills emphasised the importance of seeing the connections between social structures or public issues and individual experience or personal troubles. To have a sociological imagination, a person must be able to pull away from the situation and think from an alternative point of view.

# data[].attributes.body
miscommunication: to hold a misconception is to have an idea or view about something that is not factual, or influenced by misinformation

the perception that Australia was land that belonged to no-one prior to European arrival

the perception that Australian Indigenous people share one culture

the perception that Australian Indigenous people mainly live in arid areas of Australia

# data[].attributes.body
'I have three cultures' How young multicultural australians are finding their identity (SBS news 2021)

Ishita Mathuro is Indian, United Arab Emirates, Australia, lead to tenstion by being veiwed as differen in Australia and India.

"if you dont fit mold your inauthentic." "two different cultures or being caught between the 3rd."

"Impossible for children of imigrantes."

# data[].attributes.headline
Past perception that Australia was land that belonged to no-one prior to European arrival

# data[].attributes.subject
Past perception that Australia was land that belonged to no-one prior to European arrival

# data[].attributes.body
Misconception:

Concept of terra nullius (British did not view First Nations as fully human and therefore did not see the land as occupied. The term directly refers to empty or unsettled land in Latin

Ethnocentric thinking did not recognise First Nations land use practices . Instead prioritising capitalistic ideas of land ownership over connection to country.

Enableds land to be deemed British without treaty

Declared by British and formally by NSW Governor Richard Burke in 1835

Overturned through the Mabo 1992 decision

Reality:

First Nations people lived throughout Australia, Tasmania, and the Torres Strait Islands with complex land and stewardship and ownership law. For example different nations would use message sticks to be passed to a visitor on their land to avoid conflict.

Believed that the cultures have been in Australia for at least 60,000 years (AISTI)

"they are the natural, and in a strict sense of the world the legal possesors of the several regions they inhabit." James Douglas to James cook (nla.gov.au)

# data[].attributes.headline
Perception that Australian Indigenous people share one culture

# data[].attributes.subject
Perception that Australian Indigenous people share one culture

# data[].attributes.body
Misconception:

As a result of the British not engaging or learning about  First Nations culture and is a misconception that has been perpetuated by media, and some politicians in the discussion that they are a single homogenous group

Examples of this can be seen literally in data that identifies ‘non indigenous’ compared to ‘indigenous’ such as the Closing the Gap reports

This can also perpetuate the notion that First Nations peoples are simple or ‘primitive’ (ethnocentric)

Reality

Prior to colonisation in 1788 there were over 250 languages spoken, illustrating the wide of variety of language groups and nations of First Nations Australians

There is a great diversity of cultures, kinship structures and ways of life and according to 2022 ABS census data there are still 167 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages that continue to be spoken at home

# data[].attributes.headline
The perception that Australian Indigenous people mainly live in arid areas of Australia

# data[].attributes.subject
The perception that Australian Indigenous people mainly live in arid areas of Australia

# data[].attributes.body
Misconception:

This portrayal of First Nations Australians as primarily lived in arid (rural) areas is perpetuated by historical, stereotypical and ethnocentric media representations

Government policies have also limited the social visibility of First Nations

As a result of colonisation and european settlement on coastal areas in Australia, means  there is a disproportionate representation of population

Arid areas have insufficient rains to support agriculture

Reality

• The majority of Indigenous Australians live in the nation's eastern states and not in the remote desert regions of the continent

• More than 71% of Indigenous people live in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria (ABS, 2021)

• 2021 ABS data reflects that the majority (82%) of Indigenous people lived in cities and non-remote areas.

• 38% lived in major cities

• 44% lived in inner or regional areas

• 17% lived in remote or very remote areas

discredit and ostracise First Nations peoples as being less 'authentic' if they dont love in the outback 'not real first nations'

govermnet policies and frontier violence moved away contributing to urban areas.

# data[].attributes.body
Efforts to repair or improve the relationships between colonised and colonising peoples - began in 1991 with the establishment of Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation (CAR) under Paul Keating.

Practical:  An approach that focuses on providing services and/or funding to address inequalities.

Symbolic: An approach that focuses on the rights of Indigenous Australians with actions and gestures. The aim is to achieve equality and opportunity.

# data[].attributes.body
Involve a group engaged in an organised effort to achieve social change

# data[].attributes.headline
One issue related to the changing awareness of Australian Indigenous cultures)

# data[].attributes.subject
One issue related to the changing awareness of Australian Indigenous cultures)

# data[].attributes.body
Change The Date: You need to know

the nature of the issue

the historical and political context of this issue

the relationship between this issue and awareness and public views of Australian Indigenous cultures

significant indigenous and non-indigenous people (individuals and/or groups) involved and their response(s) to the issue

# data[].attributes.body
Suppression:

Is the domination of another through the use of power. In this case it involves restrictive legislation and/or force to ‘put down’ identity, culture, autonomy and survival.

In the 1840s, the British government informed Australian colonial leaders to take it upon themselves to fix the living conditions of First Nations people. Under the guise of Charles Darwin’s ideology on ‘natural selection’, colonisers implemented paternalistic policies to ‘protect’ a race ‘doomed for extinction.’ These policies aimed to separate First Nations peoples from white populations by making them ‘wards of the state’, under a ‘Chief Protector’ i.e government minister as their legal guardian, meaning the government ultimately controlled most aspects of First Nations peoples’ lives.

Evidence

1869, the Aborigines Protection Act was introduced

monitored lifestyle, and establish control over residence, employment, marriage and social life

‘To prevent for the protection and management of Aboriginal Natives of Victoria’ (Act, 1869)

‘care, custody and education of the children of Aborigines’ (Act, 1869)

# data[].attributes.headline
Australia's current ethnic diversity compared to other countries 

# data[].attributes.subject
Australia's current ethnic diversity compared to other countries 

# data[].attributes.body
26 million in Australia's population

Doubling in the last 40 years

2021 census says that 27.6% of people within Australia were born overseas

has tripled since 1947, when it was just under 10%

# data[].attributes.body
Rise of South Sudan (ROSS) which “is an annual celebration of emerging and established South Sudanese-Australian musical and creative talent hailing from Victoria’s vibrant Diaspora”. (SOURCE:South Sudanese diaspora to shine at music and arts festival | Berwick Star News ) (Wilson 2022)

(SOURCE:Community Support Groups - Centre For Multicultural Youth )

New support groups to assist migrating South Sudanese families and there are Community Support Groups (CSG), located in Melbourne, that “aims to strengthen youth engagement in South Sudanese communities and to ensure that young people and their families are linked into activities and services in their areas”.

(Gibson, 2021, ABC). ALSO

Abuk Chol Malual, in Bendigo creates woven disks from grass straw and yarn, “practising these cultural skills keeps her connected to her African roots.” Ms Chol Malual said.

# data[].attributes.body
Populate or Perish Act (1945)

World War II had raised concerns about Australia's lack of population in relation to invasion and shortage of labour worker to rebuild the economy

Arthur Calwell the Minister for immigration at the time declared the "populate or perish' act to increase the population by 2% per year

Beautiful Balts: In 1947 Calwell visited Europe to create shipping for migrants from Britain. While he was there he met with the International Refugee Organisation discuss migrants from displaced persons camp in Europe.

"The men were handsome and the women beautiful. It was not hard to sell immigration to the Australian people once the press published photographs of that group."- Arthur Calwell (Homeaffiars,

Dismantling the White Australia Policy:

The White Australia policy was dismantled in 1966

Immigration policies began to focus on potential immigrants skills and qualifications rather that their ethnicity (National Museum of Australia)

Changes to the Australian Citizen Act

passed in 1973

removed the racial components from the immigration process

with the aim of "uniting all Australians, while respecting their diversity" (Australian Citizen Act 2007)

# data[].attributes.body
segragated by sex

scared synegoge . excatly as it was in europe

50s and 60s there wearing a hat we havent changed" - shlomo

613 laws. special laws for men and women.

we dont have Tv in our home- razil

"everybody looks after everyone else." "everybody is virual relaited" - Shlomo

"multinational" hummous

You shall dwell in a booth for the seven days of sukkot. leviticus 23:42. September firts festivail. wondered throughsyanid dessert. Sukkah how they lived.

you shall not worship idols. some do not use the internet at all.

"one or twice a week" unoffival multimedia guru. "1,000 people or so" fililters news from the outside world making sure nothing taboo can reach this community. "without having a computer, without having email or internet I couldnt do it" Shlomo

"Technology posses a big challenge to our community" -

risk of spiritual contamination is even greater with moblie phones. police content. "I need my phone for internt to run my Buisness." Raziel. Check ups by the community technial wizard ensure her filters keep non-Kosher content at bay.

Yuni the fish onger.

"across Australia"

shoking longer skirts never jeans. covered hair. modest.

two or 3 is small. fruitful and multiple.

# data[].attributes.headline
White Australia policy of Immigration Restriction Act 1901 

# data[].attributes.subject
White Australia policy of Immigration Restriction Act 1901 

# data[].attributes.body
Migrants had to pass a dictation test in any European language in order to enter Australia between 1901 and 1958.

Following Federation in 1901, Australia’s newly-formed Federal Parliament passed the Immigration Restriction Act, which placed certain restrictions on immigration and aimed to stop Chinese and South Sea Islanders from coming to Australia.

These laws, known as the White Australia policy, were administered by a dictation test and informed Australian attitudes to immigration for the next 50 years.

# data[].attributes.body
Many First Nations peoples did not adopt the customs

and traditions of the dominant culture

Many remained outside of the reserves and missions,

choosing instead to work in the pastoral industry

Others lived on the edges of townships and tried to

maintain their ancestral ways

The overall impact on many Australian Indigenous people

during the era of the protection and segregation policies

could be described as one of either ‘despair’ or ‘defiance’

An example includes the Cummeragunja Walk off

(VIC/NSW)

# data[].attributes.body
Today the question of how to deal with asylum seekers arriving on unauthorised voyages remains one of the most polarising debates in contemporary Australia. Asylum seekers hope to be recognised as a refugee.

In the 1950s and 60s, Australia accepted refugees from eastern bloc countries, in the 1970s it was Vietnam, Chile and Lebanon. In the 1980s refugees from Afghanistan and Africa came; and from the Balkans, Somalia and Rwanda.

In the 1990s and 2000s, it was South Sudan, Syria and Iraq that were the source of refugees settling in Australia.

(AMES, 2020)

Coalition Policy, esp under Tony Abbott, was to “Stop The Boats” 2013 slogan.

# data[].attributes.body
In the years after World War II, Australia stepped up its immigration with the catchphrase ‘Populate or perish!’ under Prime Minister Chifley.

It negotiated agreements to accept more than two million migrants and displaced people from Europe, offered assisted £10 passages to one million British migrants, nicknamed ‘Ten Pound Poms’.

# data[].attributes.body
Parental expectations and competing cultural norms Young people often reported challenges in bridging competing cultural norms and practices. Some found it hard that their parents were holding on to South Sudanese beliefs that were not suited to Australian life. Other young people felt stressed about meeting high standards set by parents, including those related to performing well at school. ‘It’s about equipping parents with how to deal with living here in Australia.’ ‘Shame is a big thing in our community. Our parents hold our last names very dear to them. They don’t want to talk about anything bad about the family because the community talks. How do we address the notion of shame without the parents feeling ashamed?

# data[].attributes.body
From 1975 to 1982, some 200,000 migrants arrived from Asian countries, including nearly 56,000 Vietnamese people who applied as refugees from the Vietnam War. (National Archives Australia, 2034)

Mr Fraser embraced multiculturalism and greater rights for Indigenous Australians. He established an Australian Refugee Advisory Council to advise on the settlement of refugees, many of whom had been arriving by boat from Vietnam from 1978. At the time, Australia took the highest number of Indochinese refugees of any nation, on a per capita basis.

He also established the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) for multilingual radio and television services, a much-loved service among Australia's immigrant community. Mr Fraser strongly believed immigrants did not have to cut all their ties with their birth country to be good Australian citizens. (BBC, 2016

# data[].attributes.body
The policy of assimilation means that all Aborigines and part-Aborigines will attain the same manner of living as other Australians and live as members of a single Australian community enjoying the same rights and privileges, accepting the same responsibilities, observing the same customs and influenced by the same beliefs, hopes and loyalties as other Australians.’ quote from policy of assimilation’

In later amendments, the 1909 Act allowed the Board to remove children of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal parents from their homes and place them into homes where they would be raised ‘white’. This was one of the changes in policy that heralded the official start of a period of ‘enforced assimilation’ for ‘part-Aboriginals’. In 1940, the Aboriginal Welfare Board replaced the Aborigines Protection Board, and continued to work under the new policy direction of ‘assimilation’, closing reserves and encouraging people to move into the towns.

# data[].attributes.body
Thousands of Chinese people came to Australia during the 1850s gold rush. When the gold was exhausted many took up market gardening or established businesses such as restaurants or laundries.

In the second half of the 19th-century South Sea Islanders were recruited to work on Queensland sugar plantations, Afghan cameleers played a vital role in the exploration and opening up of the Australian outback, and Japanese divers contributed to the development of the pearling industry.

By 1901 the Chinese were the third largest migrant group in Australia after the British and Germans.

77% of population born in Australia, 22.8 % born overseas in 1901.

(AMES, 2020)

# data[].attributes.body
The Melbourne Chinatown Association welcomes thousands of revellers to celebrate the Lunar New Year in Chinatown on Little Bourke St. The massive one-day festival will include live performances on stage, including a lion dance, Dai Loong Dragon parade as well as colourful traditional dress, food, music and more art and culture from Melbourne's Chinese and Asian communities.

# data[].attributes.body
Inclusion

Refers to individuals and groups having the resources, opportunities, and capabilities to learn, work, engage, and have a voice in society.

Belonging

The emotional experience of feeling secure and supported within a group. It includes the feelings of acceptance and inclusion among members of a particular community.

# data[].attributes.headline
Factors that may prevent or enable a sense of belonging and inclusion in Australia’s multicultural society: 

# data[].attributes.subject
Factors that may prevent or enable a sense of belonging and inclusion in Australia’s multicultural society: 

# data[].attributes.body
Preventers: factors that limit, obstruct or make it difficult for an individual or group to feel and safe and included

Enablers: factors that encourage, promote or make it possible for an individual or group to feel safe and included

In relation to:

responses to cultural practices

media representations

political factors

# data[].attributes.body
Marcia Langton, an indigenous woman, says Austarlia Day on Jan 26 is “just too divisive”.

“Too many Australians deliberately wield Australia Day against Aboriginal people in a kind of racial supremacist way.” Snow, The Age, 2023

# data[].attributes.body
Regarding the filming of the documentary “not everyone in the 2,000-strong community approved”, some did not welcome the outside exposure.

“The sense of community and belief in that room is powerful. The whole thing is just so antiquated, but beautiful.”

“while most young Australians can’t get enough of email and selfies, Goldberg says a lot of the younger generation of Adass Israel were actually the ones who didn’t want to be filmed and seem to be becoming even stauncher in their beliefs”

“I think the older generation had more exposure to the outside because they arrived here as young children and were still establishing the community,” Goldberg says.

Takeaway: Some members of the community are more “staunch” in their beliefs; generally these are the younger members of the community, not the older ones. This could be an example of social change, as original members were immigrants, where younger members of the community have always been insulated. So the community is becoming more closed and orthodox.

The Jewish Independent (2022) notes that orthodox Judaism is growing fastest.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Strictly Jewish: inside a rarely seen world | Screen News – Screen Australia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mint Pictures was given unprecedented access inside a reclusive ultra-Orthodox Jewish sect in Melbourne for Strictly Jewish.

# data[].attributes.body
1962-1967:Integration - (1962 – 1967) - Notion of acceptance of

Indigenous Australians but with a desire for them to

become ‘Australian’. It recognised that the Assimilation

policy was not working.

1965:First introduced at the 1965 Aboriginal Welfare

Conference (as described in the Bringing Them Home

Report 1997)

• It is best described as a political statement/

perspective rather than a specific policy

In the same way that the

Assimilation policy impacted

on First Nations peoples.

It contributed to the loss of

languages, connection to

homelands, family and

cultural practices.

# data[].attributes.body
Australian Indigenous communities continued to advocate for their rights and cultures and during this era of integration there was more activism on the issues of land rights and self-determination.

• On 23 August 1966, 200 Gurindji stockmen, domestic workers and their families walked off

Wave Hill station in the Northern Territory and refused to keep working for the station owners. The disagreement over wages and land ownership lasted for seven years.

• In 1974 some of the Gurindji people’s homelands were returned to them. This

influenced the first legislation, passed

# data[].attributes.body
A landmark strike by Indigenous Australian workers in western Australia . Between 1946 and 1949 (longest Industrial action

800 Indeginous Australians who walked off the pastoral stations in Pibara on May 1st 1949 and port hedland and marble bar. It ended August 1949 but after any refused to return to work

# data[].attributes.body
"South Sudanese leaders say the stigma around depression is preventing the collection of accurate data, but a 2017 study found refugees were three times more likely to be suffering from a mental illness. " " if you're doing good in the community and you hear in the media [about] African gangs ... they're pretty much demolishing all the goodness you have within yourself," sympathetic and truthful depictions of a marginalised ethnic group leading to a broader understanding and awareness surrounding the issues this group may be facing.

eg. Mental Health Crisis in South Sudanese community, reported by ABC News, providing insight into the rising youth suicide rate.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The South Sudanese community’s mental health crisis is spiralling ‘out of control’, leaders say

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Depression and mental illness are having fatal consequences in Melbourne’s South Sudanese community – and leaders say the issue is worsening.

# data[].attributes.body
Media representation of the conflict at 2016 'Moomba Riots' by prominent news outlets, with an emphasis on youth of African descent, leading to the concept of 'African gang violence' in Victorian society

# data[].attributes.body
Views: opinions, biases and stereotypes that may be held of that are being challenged about Australian Indigenous cultures

Awareness: Awareness involves an examination of what information is known or understood about a topic.

# data[].attributes.body
The Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER), known as the Intervention, was a collection of Federal Government initiatives implemented in 2007 and was said to be responding to issues of child abuse, neglect, violence and systematic disadvantage in First Nations commmunities.

The release of the Little Children are Sacred report (Northern Territory Government had detailed a widespread abuse of children in remote NT First Nations Communities, however the Intervention was not a recommended response from the report.

The enactment of the Intervention included:

Compulsory health checks on children

Introduction of more state funded services, such as police, health workers and teachers

BasicsCards income management, controlled up to 50% of user income

Acquisition of townships, previously held under the Native Title Act of 1993 (five year land leases provided to government with unconditional access)

Blanket ban on alcohol sales and consumption in remote communities’

# data[].attributes.body
March For Our Lives is a student-led movement started after a school shooting at Majority Stoneman Douglas High in Parkland Florida, on the 14th of February 2018.

# data[].attributes.body
Proximity refers to the closeness or distance between two places or

objects. It can impact on various aspects of life, such as

transportation, accessibility and economic development.

• Accessibility is the each with which a place or location can be

reached from other places. It is influenced by factors such as

transportation infrastructures, proximity and physical barriers.

• Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation,

humidity and other atmospheric conditions in a specific area.

• Scenic quality refers to the visual appeal and attractiveness of a

landscape or environment.

• Landforms are natural features on Earth’s surface, such as mountains,

valleys, plateaus and plains.

• Natural resources are materials and substances that occur naturally

in the environment and can be used for economic gain, such as

minerals, water and timber.

• Built features are human-made structures and developments, such as

buildings, roads, bridges and monuments.

• Population refers to the number of people living in a particular area or

region. It can be influenced by factors such as migration, birth rates

and death rates.

# data[].attributes.body
Emergence:50 school shootings in 2016-17

221 people killed

20 shootings fit the definition of a ‘mass killing’ (Active Shooter INcidents US)Prior to 2018, there had been earlier social movements aimed at gun control in the US, such as the 2012 Sandy Hook movement “Moms Demand Action”

Emma Gonzelas "if all politicians can do is send thoughts and prayers..its time for victims to be that change" a day after shooting

Coalescence:

Organisers planned the “march” to go ahead on March 24 Washington DC, to show support for the social change and apply political pressure to the state capital.

Students created the #neveragain and #marchforourlives #MFOL to trend on Twitter and Instagram, spreading awareness -- social media spreading awareness“It’s time for victims to be the change that we need to see.”

“The people in government are lying to us, and us kids call BS.”

“We are going to be the kids you read about in textbooks.” X (Emma) Gonzalez’s “We Call BS” speech

“800 so called sibling marches planned worldwide” (Winsor & Eccleston, 2018)

It estimated that 800,000 people took part in this protest, making it one of the biggest protests ever in the United States, (Lopez, 2018).

Bureaucratisation:

By 2019, there were over 20 formal local “chapters” of the organisation around the US (Smithsonian, 2019)

They created a nonprofit March For Our Lives Action Fund to manage donations, lobbying, and long-term campaigns.

This fund has legal staff, media representatives, fundraisers, and official website (March For Our Lives.org)

In 2024, the MFOL organisation officially ‘endorsed’ Kamala Harris as president during the election during their voter registration drives.

'everyday of inaction cost lives' 'gun violence spares no one' 'the crisis doesnt care about politics or ideology' (mfol instagram 2025) informational power

Decline: Failure: The defeat of their endorsed candidate Kamala Harris for President led to a loss of momentum and ability to achieve further federal reform.

In 2025, the organisation fired 13 of its 16 full-time employees.

A new executive director, Jaclyn Corin, who’d sat on the group’s board, blamed the terminations on a grim fundraising climate and the group’s thinly spread focus. (Clark, 2025)

Others blame infighting and accusations of racism for the organisational failure. (Clark 2025)

Succsess: The initial rally was “one of the biggest protests ever in the United States” (Lopez, 2018).

The Road to Change tour sought to increase youth voter registration in the mid-term elections, in order to vote for politicians who endorsed better gun control.

Highest youth voter turn out in history, up by 32% - mobilising 2 million youth voters

Overall, the movement claims to have helped pass 300+ state gun safety laws, defeat 40 pro-gun NRA-backed candidates (MFOL.org)

After sustained activism, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act was passed in 2022—the first major federal gun safety law in decades

# data[].attributes.body
The march for our lives movement floats between the bureaucratisation stage and the decline stage.

During the US election in 2024, Presidential candidate Kamala Harris had gun violence as one of the critical components of her campaign. Harris promised to support the March for our Lives movements activities and push for gun reform.

During times of large political activity such as elections, the movement re-entred the bureaucratisation stage after being in decline for some time

However now that the election is over the movement is not as active or well known meaning it is nce again in decline, but still has the ability to float between the two stages as the political landscape changes

# data[].attributes.body
Referent Power:

Young activists, especially survivors Emma González and David Hogg, inspired identification and emotional connection to gain referent power. Emma at 1.5 million Twitter followers by 2019.

Celebrity endorsement, particularly that the March 14 Rally, spread awareness

E.g. George Clooney, Cher, Ariane Grande, Miley Cyrus, Obama, Taylor Swift, Oprah (Ryan, 2018). Many attended, performed or donated to the movement.

Expert Power:

In away, the fact that the movement was survivor-led suggested they were experts in the effects of gun violence

Endorsement from ex-President Obama

Allied with Everytown Research (existing group with data and statistic on gun violence) to provide evidence for their speeches (https://everytownresearch.org/)

Legitimate Power:

In the long run, the movement tried to use legitimate democratic power to shift federal policy, which would then enforce legitimate power through new laws and regulations. To do this, they had to use the legitimate power of VOTING, in particular, getting youth to register to vote and then vote for candidates who support gun control.

They spoke to politicians who had legitimate power, such as Florida lawmakers in Tallahassee, pressing for gun safety measures .

Coercive & Reward:

Though they did not use clear strategies along these lines, you could make the following claims.

By wielding influence over youth votes in elections, the movement could threaten (coerce) or reward politicians to change their views and policies by taking votes away (such as Scott Walker in Wisconsin) or endorsing them as candidates, such as Kamala Harris in 2024.

Their use of statistics and experience could attempt to ‘coerce’ / ‘reward’ people given the consequences of gun violence (do you want your sons / daughter to die? Do you want them to thrive and survive?).

Informational Power:

Effective use of mainstream media outlets like CNN, Fox, Time Magazine, NPR, etc.

Effective use of social media especially Twitter to spread awareness.

Educating youth voters through the Road To Change bus tours

# data[].attributes.body
TECHNOLOGY (cf Informational power):

Use of the #neveragain #MFOL and #thoughtsandprayers on Twitter & Instagram.

The March For Our Lives hashtag was used on Twitter over 3 million times.

David Hogg tweeted 4x a day -- increasing interaction and update

Emma Gonzalez 1.5mil followers by 2019

Facebook page MFOL has 300,000 followers

Facebook events allowed community participation during the Road to Change tour .

(Taylor, 2023)

CREATIVE METHODS:

PRICE TAG stickers / bracelets (MFOL.org) representing NRA donations to the politicians in Wisconsin divided by total number of students.

BODY BAG instillation outside capital building (MFOL.org)

“Five years ago, we organized the largest youth-led march since the Vietnam war. And what have we gotten? 170,000+ gun-related deaths, a lot of talk, and not nearly enough action to address this crisis. We wanted to force our leaders to confront the toll of their inaction, so we brought over a thousand child-sized body bags to the National Mall to spell out “Thoughts and Prayers” within eyesight of the US Capitol”

# data[].attributes.body
Founded in 1871 as a recreational group designed to "promote and encourage rifle shooting", the National Rifle Association has grown into one of the most powerful political organisations in the US. It lobbies heavily against all forms of gun control and argues aggressively that more guns make the country safer. It relies on, and staunchly defends, a disputed interpretation of the Second Amendment to the US Constitution, which it argues gives US citizens the rights to bear arms  It directly funds US politicians and lawmakers who support its aims.

In 2021, it spent $4.2m on lobbying, external, according to non-partisan US research firm OpenSecrets. OpenSecrets' figures suggest that since 2010, the NRA has directed more than $140m to pro-gun election candidates. (BBC 2023)

Legitimate Power

NRA and aligned politicians claimed authority through legal/political roles and constitutional rights.

Using the Second Amendment as justification for opposing gun control; lobbying Congress to block legislation (NRA.org, Brookings.edu).

Reward Power

Offering campaign donations, endorsements, and political support to pro-gun candidates.

NRA Political Victory Fund financially supported lawmakers opposing gun reform (opensecrets.org, nytimes.com).

During the 2024 election the NRA spent a grand total of $10 million during the 2024 federal election (OpenSecrets 2024)

Coercive Power

Threatening political consequences, such as withholding support or mobilizing constituents to vote against candidates.

Death threats to David Hogg (US KIDS, 2018)

"John will show you what a real assault r*fle looks like"

A target with david Hogg's face taped on it is **** repeatedly by an NRA supporter

Counter-protest with guns designed to intimidate the Road To Change Tour (Us Kids, 2018)

Pressure campaigns against politicians supporting gun reform (NRA.org, washingtonpost.com).

Expert Power

Framing themselves as authoritative on gun safety, arguing that more guns make society safer.

Publishing studies or statements promoting armed self-defense and opposing gun restrictions (heritage.org, nraila.org).

Referent Power

Appealing to gun culture and identity, particularly in rural communities, creating loyalty and shared values.

Emphasizing “tradition, personal freedom, and responsibility” in speeches and campaigns (foxnews.com, nra.org).

# data[].attributes.body
preventer: “I’m a proud ABC –

Australian Born Chinese, but growing up

all I wanted to be was white. The people

at school were predominantly white, just

like everything I watched and read”

(ScreenHub, 2020)

Enabler: “Although 53% of the

Australian population have Anglo-Celtic

ancestry, they represented 71% of main

characters in this study. This is down

from 82% in 2016, suggesting the industry

has made efforts to increase the cultural

diversity in the main characters on our

screens.” (Screen Australia, 2023)

1975 creation of Special Broadcasting Services (SBS) significantly affected ethnic groups experinces. SBS aims to provide high quality media to all Australians regardless of geography, age, cultural background or langauge. proflies in 68 langauges. . (SBS)

# data[].attributes.body
Preventer:

Enabler:“I want Australia to continue to be a

country that no matter where you live, who

you worship, who you love or what your last

name is, that places no restrictions on your

journey in life....Because I want every

parent to be able to tell their child no matter

where you live or where you come from, in

Australia the doors of opportunity are open

to us all.” (Anthony Albanese, 2025)

# data[].attributes.headline
Power = the ability to impose one’s will on others, even if those others resist.

# data[].attributes.subject
Power = the ability to impose one’s will on others, even if those others resist.

# data[].attributes.body
• More power = better access to resources and therefore the movement/opposition more

likely to achieve aim

# data[].attributes.body
Social movements that are at the individual level and advocate for minor changes to peoples attitudes lives.

LIMITED CHANGES WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL

# data[].attributes.body
Social movements that are at the individual level and advocate for major radical changes.

BROAD SCOPE CHANGES WITHIN INDIVIDUAL

# data[].attributes.body
Social movements that seek to change a group or society in a limited way, focusing on a particular facet of the social structure ti reform society as a whole.

LIMITED CHANGE WITHIN GROUPS AND SOCIETY

# data[].attributes.body
Social movements that advocate for a reorganisation of society as a whole (emerge from a deep dissatisfaction within society), through seeking radical change to society.

BROAD SCOPE CHANGES WITHIN LARGE GROUPS AND SOCIETY

# data[].attributes.body
Movements that employed nonviolent resistance

achieved success at twice the rate of violent

resistance movements – 53%, compared to 26%.

• Violence is considered the use or involvement of

physical force intended to hurt, damage or kill

someone.

• Nonviolent campaigns were six times more likely to

achieve ‘full’ success (achieving the goals of the

movement within 2 years) despite a full crackdown

by an opposing regime.

# data[].attributes.body
The first stage of a social movement. In which there is widespread discontent but little to no organisation.

# data[].attributes.body
The second stage of a social movement in which membership grows and strategies are formulated.

# data[].attributes.body
The third stage of a social movement, characterised by high levels of organisation with strategies carried out within formal structures.

# data[].attributes.body
The final stage of a social movement, where the movement ends, either having achieved or failed to achieve its goals

# data[].attributes.body
Power based on the ability to provide a consequence for non compliance.

# data[].attributes.body
Power based on the ability to provide a positive incentive (reward) for compliance

# data[].attributes.body
Based on the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands

# data[].attributes.body
Power based on the identification with attraction to, or respect for the leader.

eg. celebrities

# data[].attributes.body
Based on the ability to control the information others need to accomplish their goals

# data[].attributes.body
Based on the belief of superior insight, knowledge or abilities: for example, having an expert speak on behalf of the movement

# data[].attributes.body
Overall, 60% of our respondents want to continue celebrating “Australia Day” on January 26.

But the generational differences are significant. More than half (53%) of millennials (those born between 1986 and 2002) think we should not celebrate Australia Day on January 26.

Public awareness: Only 37 per cent – realise the date is offensive

The polling also reveals 77 per cent of people believe – incorrectly – that the celebration has always occurred on January 26, the date the First Fleet planted the flag in NSW in 1788. (low public awareness) (dekin Uni 2022 study)

# data[].attributes.body
Miller (1999)

Miller (1999) found that movements with more targeted or specific goals may be more likely to achieve success

5 types of decline of social movement.

(Robson, 2019)

Violent social movements “lean on the support of physically fit young men”

Why violence is not effective

(Ranalli, 2019)

“creative and imaginative variation in methods of resistance beyond mass protest”

Effective tactics are creative and varied.

Chomsky (1992)

Manufacturing Consent (1992)

Social happens by people working in their community, with small actions by many individuals, not just charismatic leaders.

# data[].attributes.body
Back to the future:has the AFL lost its community?

loss of the towns ability to fund their football team as a key factor effecting community life (nature)

The presence of a thriving local club was intimatcly tied to broader measures of communal strength and resilience. Other institutions like churches and wealfair orginisations- saw their capacity to connect and uplift erode football club role as social glue became more significant. Mostly negative. weaking community binds social isolation.

"forced in either an oversight role or a merly palliative one"

"decline of other institutions.. churches do their best but nowadays can only sporadically reach most at risk young people."

"The best predictors of measures of community vigour."

# data[].attributes.body
Man Made Madagscar City: 2024

Planned purpose built urban community in Abu Dhabi, designed to be global model of innatovation and sustanibility in the dessert.

"powered by 100% renweable energy sources it designed a net zero city incorpoating cutting edge energy and water conservation tech"

The city covers 6km2 and aims 5000 people to attract innovative compare and organisations in renewable and sustanibility sectors. Residents benefit from high quality environmentally responsible buildings and green species able to opprorate in a world leading sustanibility hub. with goning expansion projects. "madagascar city square" and link.

Positive engoning access to " one of the largest clusters of LEED platinum building in the world"

"99% occupying rule reflecting growing demand for sustainable spaces"

( shared experinces and social support)

# data[].attributes.body
During Covid 1 9 the physical bridge club had to close due to restrictive prompting members to move online to continue playing. initally players were individuls on platforms but soon began reestablishing community virtually. now 200 members vitual "third place" outside home and work important for community "savour from bordem" "play sale at home without going agaisnt restrictions" "next best thing" "somewhat isolated" "nothing will replace the real thing"

# data[].attributes.body
Zwartz (The Age, 2008)

“They are remarkably stringent about separating the sexes.”

Wilson (Herald Sun, 2020)

“We have got one woman who has just left in her 50s; she came to us in jeans, the first time she had ever worn jeans. Another woman, leads a double life. I don’t know if she will ever leave because she needs the support of her community”

(Bizacca, 2016) About the filming of “strictly jewish”

“not everyone in the 2,000-strong community approved”,

“I think the older generation had more exposure to the outside because they arrived here as young children and were still establishing the community,”