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Here and an interval chart showing the abbreviations for all intervals and how they work harmonically

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Research Famous Baroque Compositions

Write down the title of the composition, name of the composer, date of publication, historical significance

Find a link to a performance of the song (or any website you have access to)

You will post this on the padlet under lesson 2

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Using any digital platform (Padlet included) create a timeline of both historical and musical events from this era. Post links to your timeline and don't lose them. We will be updating them throughout this semester.

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Four Seasons is a series of short violin concertos that each depict a season written by Antonio Vivaldi in 1718-23

A Concerto is a large scale work in 3 movements. It features a soloist accompanied by an orchestra

Concerto No. 1 in E major, Op. 8, RV 269, "Spring" (La primavera)

Allegro (in E major)

Largo e pianissimo sempre (in C♯ minor)

Allegro pastorale (in E major)

The Four seasons is the earliest example of Program Music (music meant to depict a specific mood, image, or story)

Vivaldi uses instruments to depict nature (violin trills for birds, viola figures for dog barks [movement 2])

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Vivaldi Spring (1st movement) (Live in Trieste)

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Here is a video discussing the various ways your can write a melody.

1. Watch the video and take notes on how the 2 different structures are made.

2. Look at a piece you are thinking about playing as a solo piece. What structure does it use?

3. Go to your compositions and try to work out 2 melodies. They can be in the same structure or in 2 different ones.

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HOW TO WRITE A MELODY 1_ Period - An Easy Formula for Better Melodies and Themes with Balance

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Handel: Concerto Grosso in D major Op. 6, No. 5 - Movements 1 and 2

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Handel: Concerto Grosso in D major Op. 6, No. 5 - Movements 1 and 2

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The concerto grosso Italian for big concert(o), is a form of baroque music in which the musical material is passed between a small group of soloists (the concertino) and full orchestra (the ripieno)

The fifth grand concerto in the brilliant key of D major is an energetic concerto in six movements.

It incorporates in its first, second and sixth movements reworked versions of the three-movement overture to Handel's Ode for St Cecilia's Day HWV 76 (Larghetto, e staccato – allegro – minuet),

composed in 1739 immediately prior to the Op. 6 concerti grossi and freely using Gottlieb Muffat's Componimenti musicali (1739) for much of its thematic material.

The minuet was added later to the concerto grosso, perhaps for balance: it is not present in the original manuscript; the rejected trio from the overture was reworked at the same time for Op. 6 No. 3.

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Developing the background

Scale Degrees

Chord Functions

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The first movement, in the style of a French overture with dotted rhythms and scale passages,

for dramatic effect has the novel feature of being prefaced by a two bar passage for the first concertino violin.

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Sean messed up the name

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The Four Seasons

Written by Antonín Vivaldi and published in 1725

They are a group of 4 Violin concerti

A Concerto is when a soloist plays with an orchestra accompanying them

This is historically important because it was the first example of program music

Program Music: Instrumental music that attempts to musically render an extramusical narrative or description of some aspect of the world.

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Vivaldi_ The Four Seasons (Orquesta Reino de AragÃ³n)

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Premiered in Dublin on April 13, 1742 at Easter, Handel's Messiah is a large-scale semidramatic work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra. It is the source of the familiar Hallelujah Chorus, and also the most frequently performed of all oratorios (sacred music). Its text is a compilation of scripture from the King James Bible and the Book of Common Prayer, tracing the story of Christ from prophecy and birth through death, resurrection, and eternal glory. It was originally composed to benefit charitable organizations, a tradition that continues to this day, having raised vast sums of money for the needy throughout its history. Also, it helped establish the oratorio as a major musical form in England, providing a prestigious alternative to opera during the Lenten season when theaters were closed. The Hallelujah Chorus became well known beyond the concert hall, instantly recognizable.Despite being a concert work without staging, Handel uses music to create immense drama and emotional depth, from the tender "Pastoral Symphony" to the furious "He trusted in God" and the triumphant "Hallelujah" Chorus. He made the music match the text. It is a powerful and successful piece, no matter musical importance or historical importance.

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Handel's Messiah Live from the Sydney Opera House

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Sonata in D minor, K. 141 (Lily)

-Composed by Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757)

-Date of publication: 1739

-Historical significance: Analysing in-depth Sonata K141 or "Toccata" in d minor exemplifies the fusion of Baroque and Classicist values during the eighteenth century through the influence of Spanish folk dance and music, unexpected harmony and dissonance, and current musical trends.

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Scarlatti, Sonate K.141 - Martha Argerich

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• Title of the Composition: The Goldberg Variations

• Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach, a German composer and organist, one of the most influential composers in the history of Western music. He is renowned for his mastery of counterpoint, fugue, and a wide range of musical forms.

• Date of Publication: It was first published in 1741.

Historical Significance:

• Masterpiece of Variation Form: Bach shows skills in mixing melodies and rhythms. The 30 variations between the start and end “Aria” try lots of different sounds, beats, and harmonies. Like, every three variations have a pattern, and one is often a “canon” (a melody copying another at different notes), showing Bach really gets how music parts fit.

• Influence on Music Development: It had a big effect on later composers. The complex music ideas in The Goldberg Variations inspired Beethoven and Chopin to use and grow variation forms in their own songs. It also set a high standard for keyboard music and became a must-have in classical piano.

• Intellectual and Artistic Achievement: Besides being pretty to listen to, the work is smart. Bach’s talent to turn a simple “Aria” into a complex piece shows he’s a genius. Both people who play it and listen need to really get into the music, noticing small changes and how parts connect.

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格伦·古尔德《巴赫：哥德堡变奏曲》「BD-hi-res」

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Toccata and Fugue in D minor (BWV 565)

Written by Johann Sebastian Bach

1704-1740

Composition for an organ

Known for its majestic sound, dramatic authority, and driving rhythm

There are three parts in this piece:

the toccata, the fugue, and the coda

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Toccata and Fugue in D Minor (Best Version Ever)

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The Goldberg Variations, originally composed for the harpsichord, centre around this most sublime keyboard aria, lightly sprinkled with grace notes and embellishments, but at its core simple and achingly beautiful. The variations then come, one after the other, and unravel Bach’s wonderful melody into a mind-bogglingly beautiful and complex Baroque work that demands you sit up and notice how ingeniously Bach was able to use any musical device available to him. Incredible.

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The Harmonic Inspiration": A collection of violin concertos, including 12 pieces of music. It has a beautiful melody and rich musical expression, and is one of Vivaldi's representative works.

composer The composer of L'estro armonico (The Harmonic Inspiration) is Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741), a towering figure of the Baroque period, often nicknamed il Prete Rosso ("The Red Priest") due to his red hair and his earlier career as a Roman Catholic priest.

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"Pur ti miro" (L’incoronazione di Poppea) - Claudio Monteverdi, this was first performed in 1643 during the Venetian carnival season. However, the original manuscript no longer exists.

This is a historically significant figure because Monteverdi was the first opera composer whose works, which include Orfeo and L'incoronazione di Poppea, which are regularly performed today. His music marks the end of the Renaissance style and the beginning of the Baroque. It's also a significant the final love duet which celebrates the morally questionable triumph of ambition

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1. The Four Seasons — Antonio Vivaldi — 1725
Historical significance: Early, vivid program music that paints each season.
🎵 Performance: Janine Jansen – Vivaldi: The Four Seasons (YouTube)

1. Brandenburg Concertos (BWV 1046–1051) — J. S. Bach — 1721
Historical significance: Peak of concerto grosso/orchestral writing in the Baroque.
🎵 Performance: Freiburger Barockorchester – Bach: Brandenburg Concertos (YouTube)

1. Messiah (HWV 56) — G. F. Handel — 1741 (premiere 1742)
Historical significance: Iconic oratorio; “Hallelujah Chorus” is world-famous.
🎵 Performance: Royal Choral Society – Handel: Messiah (YouTube)

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Here is an example with visuals to help you see Polyphonic texture in music

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J.S. Bach - Fugue no. 1 in C major [BWV 846]

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a trill is a musical ornament consisting of a rapid alternation between two adjacent notes, usually a semitone or tone apart

Mood/Character: Tension, mimic bird calls, can add movement

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a mordent is an ornament indicating that the note is to be played with a single rapid alternation with the note above or below.

Mood/Character: Liveliness,

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An appoggiatura is an ornamental note of long or short duration that temporarily displaces, and subsequently resolves into, a main note, usually by stepwise

motion.

Mood/Character: Peaceful, calm, suspension, tension and release

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A turn is a short figure consisting of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again.

Mood/Character: Liveliness, excitement

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an acciaccatura is an ornament, a crushed note played as quickly as possible before a given note.

Mood/Character: Excitement, suspense, surprise

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The allegro, a vigorous and high-spirited fugue,

differs very little from that in the Ode, except for three additional bars at the close.

The composition, divided into easily discernible sections,

Relies more on harmony than counterpoint.

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The largo in 3/2 time follows a simple structure.

The concertino parts dominate the movement, with the two solo violins in expressive counterpoint.

Each episode for soloists is followed by a tutti response.

This section is in Ritornello form

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Here are some Basic Articulations every classical musician needs to master

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Here are dynamics all musicians need to master

p - piano - soft

mp - mezzo piano - medium soft

mf - mezzo forte - medium loud

f - forte - loud

fp - forte piano - loud then gradually get quiet

sfp - sforzando piano - play a loud attack and then immediately get quiet

sfz - sforzando - play a loud attack and stay loud

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The final movement is based on the minuet he wrote in the Ode to St. Cecilia

A minuet is a french dance in 3/4

The melody in this version is much simpler to allow for more ornaments

This movement was added after publication. Handel believed this to be a better ending than movement 5