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CNN poll: Anti-Semitism in Europe

Anti-Semitic stereotypes are alive and well in Europe, while the memory of the Holocaust is starting to fade, a sweeping new survey by CNN reveals. More than a quarter of Europeans polled believe Jews have too much influence in business and finance. Nearly one in four said Jews have too much influence in conflict and wars across the world.

One in five said they have too much influence in the media and the same number believe they have too much influence in politics.

Meanwhile, a third of Europeans in the poll said they knew just a little or nothing at all about the Holocaust, the mass murder of some six million Jews in lands controlled by Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime in the 1930s and 1940s.

Those are among the key findings of a survey carried out by pollster ComRes for CNN. The CNN/ComRes poll interviewed more than 7,000 people across Europe, with more than 1,000 respondents each in Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Poland and Sweden.

People surveyed in exclusive CNN poll

The poll was commissioned and completed before the killing of 11 people at a synagogue in Pittsburgh -- the deadliest ever attack on the Jewish community in the United States.

The poll uncovered complicated, contrasting and sometimes disturbing attitudes about Jews, and some startling ignorance.

About one European in 20 in the countries CNN surveyed has never heard of the Holocaust, even though it's less than 75 years since the end of World War II, and there are still tens of thousands of Holocaust survivors alive today.

Lack of Holocaust knowledge is particularly striking among young people in France: One out of five people there between the ages of 18 and 34 said they'd never heard of it.

A third of Europeans said that Jews use the Holocaust to advance their own positions or goals.

In Austria -- the country where Hitler was born -- 12% of young people said they had never heard of the Holocaust. Austria also had the highest number of people in the survey saying they knew "just a little" about the Holocaust. Four out of 10 Austrian adults said that.

Across Europe, half of respondents said they know "a fair amount" about the Holocaust, while only one out of five people said they know "a great deal."

(Americans do not fare any better: A survey carried out on behalf of the Claims Conference earlier this year found that 10% of American adults were not sure they'd ever heard of the Holocaust, rising to one in five millennials. Half of all millennials could not name a single concentration camp, and 45% of all American adults failed to do so.)

But Europeans do believe it is important to keep the memory of the Holocaust alive.

Two-thirds of Europeans said that commemorating the Holocaust helps ensure that such atrocities will never happen again. That figure rises to 80% in Poland, where the Nazis established Auschwitz, the deadliest concentration camp of all.

Half of Europeans said commemorating the Holocaust helps fight anti-Semitism today.

But at the same time, a third of Europeans said that Jews use the Holocaust to advance their own positions or goals. The same number disagreed and nearly a third of respondents expressed no opinion.

Attitudes sharpened when it comes to the relationship between the Holocaust, Israel, Jews and anti-Semitism.

A slight but solid majority of Europeans -- 54% -- said Israel has the right to exist as a Jewish state, with the figure rising to two-thirds in Poland.

A third of survey respondents believe that criticism of Israel tends to be motivated by anti-Semitism, while only one in five said it does not.

Nearly one in five said anti-Semitism in their countries was a response to the everyday behavior of Jewish people.

However, a third of people CNN surveyed said that Israel uses the Holocaust to justify its actions, with half the respondents in Poland agreeing. Only one in five disagreed.

A third of Europeans said supporters of Israel use accusations of anti-Semitism to shut down criticism of Israel, while only one in 10 said that was not true.

A third of Europeans said commemorating the Holocaust distracts from other atrocities today, with higher than average numbers of Germans, Austrians, Poles and Hungarians stating that.

And while many people said anti-Semitism is a growing problem in their countries -- to the extent that 40% said Jews were at risk of racist violence in their countries and half said their governments should do more to fight anti-Semitism -- substantial minorities blamed Israel or Jews themselves for anti-Semitism.

More than a quarter of respondents (28%) said most anti-Semitism in their countries was a response to the actions of the state of Israel.

And nearly one in five (18%) said anti-Semitism in their countries was a response to the everyday behavior of Jewish people.

Few people said they personally have an unfavorable attitude toward Jews. Across the seven countries in the survey, one in 10 people said they did -- although the figure rises to 15% in Poland and 19% -- about one in five -- in Hungary.

In every country polled except Hungary, significantly more people said they had a favorable opinion of Jews than an unfavorable one. (In Hungary, favorable topped unfavorable 21% to 19%, with the rest saying they had neither a favorable nor unfavorable view.)

The poll also put a spotlight on European attitudes toward other minorities.

While 10% of Europeans admitted they had unfavorable views of Jews, 16% said they had negative views of LGBT+ people, 36% said they had unfavorable views of immigrants, 37% said that about Muslims, and 39% said it of Romani people.

But while the number of Europeans openly admitting negative attitudes towards Jews was relatively low, CNN questions about whether traditional anti-Semitic stereotypes still resonate across the continent found clear evidence that they do.

In Poland and Hungary, about four out of 10 people said Jews have too much influence in business and finance around the world.

Roughly one out of three people there said Jews were too influential in political affairs around the world, and more than a quarter of Poles and Hungarians said they had too much influence on the media.

A third of Austrians said Jews have too much influence in finance, while a quarter of French and German respondents said so.

About one in five people in all three countries said Jews had too much influence in media, and a quarter said they had too much influence on wars and conflicts.

The belief in Jewish power runs in parallel with enormous overestimates of the number of Jews in the world.

About two-thirds of the respondents in the survey guessed too high when asked what percentage of the world is Jewish, and similar numbers got the answer wrong for their own countries.

A quarter of Hungarians estimated that the world is more than 20% Jewish, and a fifth of British and Polish respondents said so.

They were off by a factor of 100. About 0.2% of the world's population is Jewish, according to the Pew Research Center's Global Religious Landscape study.

They were off by a factor of 100. About 0.2% of the world's population is Jewish, according to the Pew Research Center's Global Religious Landscape study.

Four out of ten respondents in the survey thought their own countries were between 3% and 10% Jewish. In fact, Israel is the only country in the world where more than 2% of the population is Jewish.

The overestimates came even as majorities or near-majorities in every country CNN polled said they were not aware of ever having met a Jewish person. Two-thirds of Germans, Austrians and Poles said they didn't think they had ever socialized with a Jew, while about half of people in Britain, France, Hungary and Sweden said the same.

ComRes interviewed 7,092 adults online in seven countries between September 7 and September 20 2018 (Great Britain, 1010; France, 1006; Germany, 1012; Poland, 1020; Hungary, 1019; Sweden 1018; Austria, 1007). Data was weighted to be representative of each country based on age, gender and region.

Correction: An earlier version of this story omitted Sweden from the list of countries where about half the population said they were not aware of ever having met a Jewish person.

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EXCLUSIVE: CNN poll reveals depth of anti-Semitism in Europe

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CNN poll: Anti-Semitism in Europe Anti-Semitic stereotypes are alive and well in Europe, while the memory of the Holocaust is starting to fade, a sweeping new survey by CNN reveals. More than a quarter of Europeans polled believe Jews have too much influence in business and finance.

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A Rabbi attacked in the street. A synagogue daubed with a swastika. Hate shouted from a loudspeaker in a Jewish neighborhood.

These are only a few of the alarming incidents of antisemitic hatred witnessed in Europe last weekend, including in the UK, Germany, and Austria. As Jewish groups have been warning, antisemitism is on the rise again in Europe.

Much of it comes from traditional quarters of the far-right, and more recently from those protesting Covid-19 restrictions. Yet last weekend's incidents - some of which took place during or after pro-Palestinian protests in European capitals - are a reminder that antisemitism is also found among some who claim to support the Palestinian cause.

These anti-Semites use human rights abuses by the Israeli state against Palestinians as cover for hatred of Jews everywhere.

European leaders are right to strongly condemn such hate and take steps to protect Jewish communities, including holding criminal suspects to account.

Pro-Palestinian activists, the Palestinian Mission to the United Kingdom, and Muslim religious leaders in Europe are among those condemning efforts to instrumentalize the suffering of Palestinians to justify hate against Jews.

There is work to be done in the realm of education, both in history and citizenship education, to ensure Europeans understand the horrors of the Holocaust, the profound impact of ideologies based on hatred, and to differentiate between legitimate criticism of governments and expressions of hate against people based on religion, including against Muslims.

Authorities in Europe must also ensure these efforts do not chill legitimate protest and opposition to Israeli state action or calls on European leaders not to be complicit in abusive actions by the Israeli state.

French authorities banned a pro-Palestine protest on Saturday in Paris, arguing a similar protest in 2014 led to violence. The ban left those who wished to peacefully express opposition to events in Gaza with no outlet.

In recent years, Jews in many European countries have reported an increase in hate incidents and say they feel increasingly unsafe. Synagogues have been attacked. Jewish cemeteries desecrated. Jewish children bullied in school for their faith.

Those who want a world where everyone is treated with dignity and humanity should stand up against anti-Semitic hate in Europe.

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A Rabbi attacked in the street. A synagogue daubed with a swastika. Hate shouted from a loudspeaker in a Jewish neighborhood. These are only a few of the alarming incidents of antisemitic hatred witnessed in Europe last weekend, including in the UK, Germany, and Austria.

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https://www.statista.com/topics/5169/antisemitism-in-europe/

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In the United Kingdom the number of anti-Semitic incidents doubled between 2013 and 2014, and peaked in 2019 at 1,805. When looking at the monthly figures for anti-Semitic incidents in the UK, the number of incidents has not fallen below 100 since December 2017. In terms of where anti-Semitic attacks happened, over half of these offences occurred in London, while a further 223 happened in Greater Manchester. The vast majority of these anti-Semitic incidents were classed as being general abusive behavior, and 365 were aimed at individuals in public.

There is an undeniable political element to these attacks which is reflected in the figures recorded by the German police, with 1,412 antisemitic offences classified as being right-wing crime. On the other side of the political spectrum, anti-Semitic trends within the UK Labour Party were given as a reason for the departure of several MPs in early 2019. In France, 59 percent of people thought that antisemitism in politics was a problem in their country, with 74 percent of French respondents also identifying social media as contributing to the rise in antisemitism.

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In the United Kingdom the number of anti-Semitic incidents doubled between 2013 and 2014, and peaked in 2019 at 1,805. When looking at the monthly figures for anti-Semitic incidents in the UK, the number of incidents has not fallen below 100 since December 2017.

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Wanda Glass (nee Mosewicka), Marian (Martin) Glass, and Andrew Glass in 1941.

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Andrew Glass was a boy during the holocaust and luckily escaped Germany unscathed as fled warshaw just ahead of the German army in a taxi. He then took a train across the Soviet Union in the winter and landed in Japan. His final destination was the US where he arrived right after pearl harbor. Before this families escape they faced a lot of hardships such as secretly using that taxi and so on. Some other hardships were leaving and entering the country with legal papers and documentation. He later traveled back to Warshaw and remembered his childhood home and childhood life before the attacks. He says he is lucky to be an illegal alien was a good bargain as he was 200,000/3.3 million jews to survive.

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Rosa Marie Burger describes her life during the Third Reich.  Rosa began trade school at the age of 17 and soon got a job with the government. She says that in the beginning Jewish citizens were farmers and tradesmen but as the nazi party got closer and closer to ultimate power these things started to regrade. Hitler's rise to power caused a downward decline in the life of jews, as they were restricted from work and received few ration stamps than others. Soon the Jewish population would start to starve. She goes on to talk about how much discrimination she faced and people like her faced. From being discriminated in jobs to not getting enough food stamps her life was miserable.

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Portrait of Jakob Blankitny with his parents and sister

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Jakbon lived in a town called Maków Mazowwieeki which was not far from Warshaw. After the invasion of Poland started and the creation of camps/ ghettos started Jakob's life soon took a dark turn. Soon after the invasion started Germans started using the Synagogue to destroy any Jewish-related symbols. These included homes and religious simples. He also underwent the experience of having to wear the Star of David and it should be evident that he was Jewish. After some time he was transported to ghettos where he survived the typhus disease was very common that he luckily survived.  Weeks later he was sent to the Milwa ghetto and from there transferred to the horrifying Auschwitz death camps. While he was at the camp everything was a terrible nightmare, seeing his father being killed in front of him and being separated from his mom and sister life at the camp was horrible. Soon the Americans came and granted them liberation and 10,000 people left the camp.

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Liberation is the act of freeing form slavery or oppression. so in this case the allies gave liberation to the jews from nazi regime. 

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Liberation is the act of freeing form slavery or oppression. so in this case the allies gave liberation to the jews from nazi regime. 

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Less than 500 detainees were found in the Lublin-Majdanek concentration camp after it was freed by Soviet forces. In the spring of 1944, the SS had already relocated the majority of the detainees to western camps. The remaining employees swiftly left Majdanek as Soviet forces closed in on Lublin. On July 22–23, Soviet forces arrived; on July 24, Lublin was taken. Majdanek was the first significant camp to be freed and was largely unharmed. Journalists were allowed to see the atrocities there.

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Extermination camps where death camps where as labor camps where camps where the prisoners were over worked

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Extermination camps where death camps where as labor camps where camps where the prisoners were over worked

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Anti Semitism:  Hostility against jews. 

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Anti Semitism:  Hostility against jews. 

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Constructed in October of 1941 the Lublin and Majdanek Camps were initially started to be built for Russian soldiers. IT started with the arrival of 2,000 Soviet prisoners. Germans rounded up 300 jews and selected 1/2 of them to be prisoners of this camp. For a long time, germans con tied to pick up jews from ghettos and take them to the camps. Form march to mid-June of 1942 the Germans kept moving jews around from Auschwitz and Beleck to Majdanek. There were around 7,000 jews transported around the cities. At this work camp when workers got too tired they were poisoned and gassed to death in makeshift gas chambers. a lot of jews were sent to these camps because of the fall of the warshaw ghetto and the transfer from other camps.

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During the entire period of its existence, the Majdanek camp was under construction. Construction on the camp began in October 1941 with the arrival of about 2,000 Soviet prisoners of war. Most of the Soviet prisoners of war at Majdanek were too weak to work; virtually all were dead by February 1942. The SS also detailed Jewish forced laborers from the Lipowa Street camp, located in the center of Lublin, to help construct Majdanek. On December 11-12, 1941, the SS rounded up more than 300 Jews in the streets of Lublin and selected 150 of them as the first Jewish prisoners to be incarcerated in Majdanek. During January and February 1942, the SS and police selected Polish Jews from the Lublin ghetto and brought them to Majdanek for forced labor. In January and February 1942, the first non-Jewish Polish prisoners also arrived in Majdanek.

Conditions in the camp during the bitterly cold winter of 1941-1942 were lethal. The SS routinely shot prisoners too weak to work either on the edge of the camp grounds or in the Krepiecki Forest north of Lublin.

In spring 1942, the Germans began to implement the "Final Solution" in the Generalgouvernement within the framework of Operation Reinhard. From transports headed for the killing centers the SS diverted to Majdanek prisoners capable of work that they had selected, often while the train stood at the Lublin central train station. Between March 29 and mid-June 1942, some 7,000 Slovak Jews were diverted from Auschwitz and Belzec to Majdanek. The SS also selected Jews for labor from transports of German, Austrian, and Czech Jews destined for the camp ghettos in Izbica and Piaski and the Sobibor killing center.

By the summer of 1942, the SS and police had taken two thousand Czech Jews off trains transporting them from Theresienstadt to the Lublin District, and sent them to Majdanek as forced laborers. During the summer of 1942 deportations from the Warsaw ghetto to the Treblinka killing center, approximately 10,000 Jews, most of them in their twenties and thirties, were also diverted to Lublin as forced laborers; the SS sent an undetermined number of them to Majdanek.

As the Belzec killing center was closing down in autumn 1942, around 25,000 Jews who might have been destined for that killing center were sent to Majdanek. It is not clear whether the Germans killed these Jews immediately at Majdanek or whether they registered them as prisoners. If not killed upon arrival, virtually all of these Jews died or were killed over the next six months.

After the Germans destroyed the Warsaw ghetto in spring 1943, SS and police officials deported between 18,000 and 22,000 survivors of the uprising, including women and children, to Majdanek as forced laborers, along with the equipment of some of the Warsaw ghetto workshops. The SS intended that these prisoners would work for the benefit of a new SS-owned labor deployment concern, East Industries, Inc. ( Ostindustrie, GmbH). The surviving documentation is insufficient to determine whether and how many of the Jewish survivors of the Warsaw ghetto were killed upon arrival at Majdanek. As many as 3,000 may eventually have been transferred to the Budzyn forced labor camp.

In the winter of 1941-1942, camp authorities began to use Zyklon B gas to murder prisoners too weak to work in a makeshift gas chamber. Mass murder operations using poison gas began at Majdanek in October 1942 and continued until the end of 1943. There appear to have been three gas chambers at Majdanek; at least two were shower rooms reconfigured for use of Zyklon B gas. At least one of these two was used to kill human beings. Some sources refer to a third gas chamber, which reportedly used carbon monoxide gas as a means of murder.

Majdanek also served another key Operation Reinhard function; it contained storage facilities for clothing and personal items stolen from the Jews before their deaths in the Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka II killing centers. Prisoners from Majdanek were also deployed at the large "Clothing Depot" ( Bekleidungslager) located in Lublin city.

"Harvest Festival"

Made nervous by armed Jewish resistance during the Bialystok and Vilna ghetto deportations, respectively in August and September 1943, and by the uprisings in the Treblinka and Sobibor killing centers, respectively in August and October 1943, the SS leadership in Berlin decided to kill the remaining Jews in District Lublin, including those incarcerated at Majdanek.

On November 3, 1943, in Operation "Erntefest" (Harvest Festival), special SS and police units dispatched to Lublin specifically for that purpose shot 18,000 Jews just outside the camp. At least 8,000 of the victims were Majdanek prisoners; the remaining 11,000 were forced laborers from other camps or prisons in Lublin city. During the operation, music was played throughout the camp over loudspeakers to drown out the sounds of mass murder. As part of Operation "Erntefest," the November 3, 1943, massacre at Majdanek was part of the largest German-perpetrated massacre of the Holocaust.

Prisoners

Between April 29, 1942, and November 3, 1943, Jewish prisoners were the overwhelming majority of prisoners registered at Majdanek. Recent research indicates that the SS deported between 74,000 and 90,000 Jews to the Majdanek main camp (excluding subcamps). At least 56,500 were Polish Jews: 26,000 from Lublin District; 20,000 from the Warsaw ghetto, 6,500 from the Bialystok ghetto, and roughly 4,000 deported between November 1943 and May 1944 from other labor camps.

At least 17,500 came from other European countries: 8,500 from Slovakia; 3,000 from Bohemia and Moravia; 3,000 from Germany and Austria; 2,000 from France, Holland and Greece; and 1,000 Jews from countries other than Poland transferred to Majdanek after November 3, 1943.

The SS killed tens of thousands of Jews at Majdanek. The majority of them arrived in Majdanek as forced laborers and either died as a result of the brutally inhumane living conditions or were killed in the gas chambers after the Germans determined that they could no longer work. Majdanek's gas chambers were also used to kill prisoners from other camps in Lublin, such as the Lipowa Street camp in Lublin, who were no longer able to work. Some Jewish victims were killed in the gas chambers upon arrival, though presently available documentation does not permit estimates. Many, however, were killed in shooting operations. Many others died of disease, starvation, exposure and overwork.

Though it served primarily as a vast forced-labor camp for Polish Jews, Majdanek also served as a detention center for real and suspected members of the Polish underground resistance in the Generalgouvernement and for Poles suspected of violating the harsh provisions issued by the German occupation authorities that governed labor discipline. Next to Jews, Poles represented the largest minority in the camp. In mid-October 1942, out of a total of 9,519 registered prisoners in the camp, 7,468 were Jews (78.45%) and 1,884 were non-Jewish Poles (19.79%). In August 1943, there were 16,206 prisoners in the main camp: 9,105 were Jews (56.18%); and 3,893 (24.02%) were Poles. Other prisoners at Majdanek included Germans, Austrians, Czechs, Ukrainians, Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilians, and a handful of others.

Majdanek also frequently served as a transit camp or a temporary stop for Polish and Soviet civilians being deported to the Reich for forced labor or being held temporarily after the Germans removed them as undesirables in a resettlement project. For example, in 1943, German SS and police units removed about 16,000 Poles from Zamosc county, southeast of Lublin, and held them temporarily in Majdanek. Himmler had ordered the "cleansing" of Polish villages from Zamosc county as the first step in the so-called Germanization of Poland. The Germans expelled about 110,000 Poles from the region. Thousands were deported to Auschwitz and Majdanek and thousands of others to forced labor in Germany.

After the "Harvest Festival" killings, Lublin/Majdanek no longer had a majority of Jews among its prisoners. At the end of 1943, of 6,562 prisoners registered at Majdanek, approximately 71 were Jews. In mid-March 1944, as surviving Jews from various subcamps of Majdanek were brought to the main camp for eventual evacuation west to Auschwitz and other concentration camps in the Reich, 834 Jews were imprisoned in Majdanek. Some were killed in the gas chambers between March and July 1944; the SS transferred the rest to Auschwitz and Plaszow.

Subcamps

Prior to its formal conversion to a concentration camp, Majdanek did not have formal subcamps. In the early autumn of 1943, the surviving forced labor-camps in District Lublin-Budzyn, Trawniki, Poniatowa, Krasnik, Pulawy, and the Airstrip and Lipowa camps in Lublin-became subcamps of Majdanek. Six weeks later, Poniatowa and the two Lublin camps were dissolved after their Jewish prisoners were murdered during "Harvest Festival." A small Jewish labor detachment remained at Trawniki until the transfer of its approximately 50 prisoners to Majdanek in May 1944. Budzyn, due to its connection to a Heinkel aircraft parts factory, survived until the transfer of the last 1,000 prisoners to Majdanek in May 1944.

Krasnik was dissolved in March 1944; its prisoners were transferred to Majdanek. Pulawy was evacuated in July 1944; the fate of its small Jewish labor detachment is unknown.

In the first months of 1944, Majdanek took over as new subcamps other forced-labor camps for Jews outside District Lublin, including Blizyn in District Radom; Radom city; and the Warsaw subcamp, located on the ruins of the Warsaw ghetto.

Liberation

The SS evacuated most of the prisoners to concentration camps further west during the spring of 1944. In late July 1944, as Soviet forces approached Lublin, the remaining camp staff hastily abandoned Majdanek, without fully dismantling the camp. Soviet troops first arrived at Majdanek during the night of July 22-23 and captured Lublin on July 24. Captured virtually intact, Majdanek was the first major concentration camp to be liberated. Soviet officials invited journalists to inspect the camp and evidence of the horrors that had occurred there.

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During the entire period of its existence, the Majdanek camp was under construction. Construction on the camp began in October 1941 with the arrival of about 2,000 Soviet prisoners of war. Most of the Soviet prisoners of war at Majdanek were too weak to work; virtually all were dead by February 1942.

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Being the second killing center in germany for jews Belzec was a death camp for jews. Life in the camps were miserable. when jews were deported there they were killed a lot. On top of being seperated for their families and transferred to the camps through freight cars the jews were attrotiopusly killed. Jews were forced to take off their clothes in order to pass through a corridor known as the "tube." They were intended to enter rooms that were falsely identified as showers via this tunnel. A strong motor engine was started by auxiliary police guards outside the structure housing the gas chambers as soon as the doors to these chambers were secured. Then carbon monoxide was introduced into these rooms, killing everyone who was confined within. The next 20 freight cars had deportees, and the gruesome process was repeated with them.

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in november of 1941 Treblinka was established as a forced labor work camp. Besides jews this camp also served non jewish as a labor education camp because they belived it can discipline you. BEsides being a labor camp this camp also had a killing center which was 1,312 by 1,968 feet. THe also had watch towers the size of 2.5 stories. During the years around 700,000 jews were deported form ghettos to these work camps . There were later mass killings at this camp which lead to a lot of deaths among the jews.

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The Auschwitz camp was a death hole for jews. Located in the Polish city of Oświęcim, the Auschwitz camp had three sub-camps, Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II, and Auschwitz III. In Auschwitz I there was the "main camp" established in 1940. Auschwitz two known as the killing center, or Auchwtiz - Birkenau. and Auschwitz III which became a concentration camp. These camps had a serious amount of victims and a death toll. 1000000+ jews were deported and nearly all of them were brutally murdered even other nationalities such as gypsies and Russians

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The Dachau camp was established in March 1933. It was the first concentration camp for political prisoners. The location of the camp was next to an abandoned munitions factory. After the night of the broken glass, the number of jews stationed at this camp increased drastically. Increasing by almost 11,000 jews this camp were forced to stay until they said that they would leave Germany if they were set free. In the camps prisoners had to go through forced labor and medical experiments too.

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Ghetto: a poor urban area occupied primarily by a minority group or groups. or the Jewish quarter in a city.

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Ghetto: a poor urban area occupied primarily by a minority group or groups. or the Jewish quarter in a city.

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The Third Reich was Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, and soon most of europe.

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The Third Reich was Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, and soon most of europe.

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The historical Nuremberg laws, established on the 15th of September, 1935, were explicitly created to categorize individuals as Jewish or non-Jewish. The rules were comprised of two distinct components. The first component was known as the Reich Citizenship law. It was primarily intended to limit citizenship to individuals of German blood or descent, and consequently, it stripped Jews of their political rights in Germany. The second component of the laws, on the other hand, was formulated to prevent marriages between Jews and non-Jewish Aryans. In an effort to preserve the purity of the Aryan race in future generations as perceived by the authorities. These antisemitic laws were one of the first major atrocities caused against Jews in Nazi Germany.

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The Germans built a ghetto in Minsk's northwest toward the end of July 1941. The Minsk ghetto held about 80,000 individuals, including Jews from neighboring towns. Between 1941 - 1942 almost 24,000 Jews were deported from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to Minsk. These Jews were gassed and killed. The gassing happened almost right as they arrived. the others were housed in Minsk. These jews were isolated from the other neighboring ghettos with little contact allowed between them. Germans forced the people in the ghettos to forced labor work camps.

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Walter Rathenau is a famous political figure from the Weimar Republic. After becoming the foreign minister of the Weimar Republic after his job as the president of the General Electric Cooperation of Germany. Right-wing groups had high hatred for him and his policies to abide by the terms Treaty of Versailles and to make the damaged relations with the Soviet Union more stable. He was later assassinated by the groups that hated him in June 24, 1922. His murder implied every anti-Semitic behavior from these groups. the groups blamed Jews for the loss of WW1 and took it out by assassinating them.

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There is severe violence against many Jews because of Anti-Jew programs. In one attack in Poland in a town called Przytyk major violence against Jews lead to 3 killed and over 60 wounded. After the attacks on Poland, the attack programs spread to neighboring cities. After the attacks over 200 were wounded and nearly 80 were killed. The widespread of this violence happened in Poland between 1935 and 1937. Anti-Jewish programs take place in towns such as Czestochowa, Lubion, Bialystok, and Grodno.

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In October 1940 the German authorities in Warshaw enacted that all Jews move to the ghetto of Warshaw. 30% of the warshaw population was sent to live in 2.8% of the city. The act required that all Jews go and live in the Ghetto. The rest of the city was enclosed by a 10-foot wall. The population of the ghetto was 400,000 Jews and they were constricted to live in 1.3 square miles. each room in the ghettos had around 8 people. The condition of the Ghetto was horrible. The hunger in the ghetto was so great, so bad, that people were laying on the streets and dying, and little children went around begging and dying starving, says Abraham Lewlent.

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"Jakob Blankitny." Behind Every Name a Story, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-reflections-testimonies/behind-every-name-a-story/jakob-blankitny. Accessed Jun 1.

"Rosa Marie Burger." Behind Every Name a Story, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-reflections-testimonies/behind-every-name-a-story/rosa-marie-burger. Accessed Jun 1.

"Andrew Glass." Behind Every Name a Story, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-reflections-testimonies/behind-every-name-a-story/andrew-glass. Accessed Jun 1.

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"Dachau." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/dachau.
Accessed May 30.

"Auschwitz." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz. Accessed May 30.

"Treblinka." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/treblinka. Accessed May 30.

"Lublin-Majdanek Concentration Camp: Conditions." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lublin-majdanek-concentration-camp-conditions. Accessed May 30.

"Belzec." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/belzec. Accessed May 30.

"Types of Camps." The Holocaust Explained, www.theholocaustexplained.org/the-camps/types-of-camps/. Accessed May 30.

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The first thing the Nazis did was boycott Jews. On April first, 1933, the Nazis took their first action against Jews. They started a boycott against Jewish businesses and professions which meant that people were discouraged to do business with them. Although this nationwide plan was not a success it was still a start to all the atrocities that the Germans will end up causing to Jews through antisemitism.  In this picture, it is shown that Members of the Storm Troopers are holding boycott signs in front of Jewish businesses. They say: "Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews!".

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An example that shows antisemitism is shown in the Dreyfus affair. Alfred Dreyfus was falsely convicted for betrayal but he did not actually do anything. The betrayal he was convicted of was passing military secrets to Germany. for this, he was heavily mistreated, found guilty of treason, and sentenced to jail. He had the insignia torn off his uniform and had his sword broken. In the same public ceremony crowds shout "Death to Judas, death to the jew". When an investigator found the real traitor Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, he was discouraged from continuing the investigation and was transferred and later imprisoned. Esterhqazy was tried but not found guilty even though there was evidence. When a journalist wrote an article defending Dregus was later convicted. This mistreatment of the false convict shows antisemitism.

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Around 160,000 Jews were confined in the Lodz ghetto, which the Germans constructed in early February 1940 in Poland. There were terrible living conditions in the ghetto, including overcrowding, a lack of essential facilities, and malnutrition. The mass of the population received minimal food rations while being forced to work long hours in German factories. Due to the poor living circumstances, more over 20% of the ghetto's inhabitants died. German Order Police officers stood guard and barbed-wire fencing surrounded the ghetto. The Jewish council's head, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, wanted to make the ghetto economically desirable to the Germans in order to save it. The ghetto was ultimately demolished despite these attempts, and its surviving residents were sent to detention and death camps.

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On May 10 1933 groups of nazi scholars did a major act of antisemitism. These Nazi-dominated student groups held book burnings for books that were considered to be unGerman or non-german. The books that were burned were those of mostly Jewish, liberal, and leftist authors. These book universities happened in 34 towns cities and universities. At the end of the day, this was a strong nazi act to censor any Jewish believe from schools or even the general public. This shows how Germans could not even tolerate and precedence of Jewish culture or resemblance in culture which shows the atrocities they do later

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During the medieval period, antisemitism was omnipresent. Anti-Semitism existed prior to Christianity and was made by Manetho in the 3 century BCE. Although it has become much more severe and has increased a lot more since its beginning. this picture, it is expressing antisemitism in the medieval ages. This picture it is expressing one of the antisemitic laws that restricted Jewish freedom in the medical ages. It shows a law where they are forced to where specific clothing that shows that they are Jewish. This is a form of forcing them to express there ethnicity will cause lots of discrimination against them.

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In Vilna the germans established 2 ghettos by early septermber 1941. first the Jews that were incapable to work where sent to Ghetto #2.  Later in October of 1941 the ghetto was destroyed by German Einsatzgruppe detachments and Lithuanian auxiliaries . Residents of Ghetto #1 were compelled to work, and some were deported to camps near Vilna. The survivors were transported to labor camps in Estonia and Latvia after the complete liquidation of Ghetto #1 in September 1943, which resulted in more murders.

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Anti Semitic violence by the Nazi struck against jews again. The night of the broken glass or also known as the Kristallnacht was the night November 9th - 10 in 1938, This was a nationwide riot filled with violence against Jews. At an attempt to make it seemed unplanned it was latter revealed that this major arson and killing was states sanctioned and was allowed by the government. In the picture we can see sa jewish house of worship on fire. The nazis continued to  set hundreds of synagogues on fire. They also vandalized jewish businesses

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The Germans started sending Jews from Krakow to the nearby countryside in May 1940. Over 55,000 Jews had been driven out of Poland by March 1941, only about 15,000 Jews remained in Krakow after. By March 21, 1941, the Germans had concentrated the remaining Jews of Krakow in the ghettos. Jews from other nations were also put in the ghetto. Within the borders of the Krakow ghetto, there were between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews. They were surrounded by barbed-wire fences and, in some locations, recently constructed stone walls, some of which had tombstone-like shapes.

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Antisemitic poster concerning Jews in allied armies

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Antisemitic poster concerning Jews in allied armies

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Jews enlisting in the British military are portrayed as acting out of desperation in a 1940 German propaganda poster. The yellow background color is reminiscent of the Star of David pins that German Jews wore. To portray Jews as inexperienced soldiers, the billboard uses a captured Polish-Jewish soldier. In the Polish army, around 100,000 Jews battled the German Army, and Jewish leaders in Britain and Palestine advocated for the inclusion of a Jewish battalion in the British Army. In the end, the Jewish Brigade was established in 1944 and engaged German troops in Italy. Approximately 1.5 million Jews participated in the Allied war effort, and the Nazis employed propaganda to advance antisemitic viewpoints and promote the war effort. Beginning in 1936, the Word of the Week Series of posters attacked Jews, Communists, and Germany's adversaries,

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1. "What Was the Dreyfus Affair?" History.com, A&E Television Networks, 28 Mar. 2019, www.history.com/news/what-was-the-dreyfus-affair.

2. "Medieval Anti-Semitism." The Holocaust Explained, The London Jewish Cultural Centre, www.theholocaustexplained.org/anti-semitism/medieval-antisemitism/.

3. "Anti-Semitism." Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anti-Semitism.

4.
"Jewish Life in Europe Before the Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-life-in-europe-before-the-holocaust.

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Made by Philipp Rupprech this poster, depicts a Jew banging his head in response to Nazi German business. This is an antisemitic poster creating propaganda to show how German businesses no longer want to deal with or banter with Jews. It also stereotypes Jewish features as it is clearly shown to have a large nose, a big beard, a heavyset, and red eyes.  The color scheme of black and grey is used to show how the race is not trustworthy, in contrast with the light and bright Aryan store. It is used as a way to demonstrate antisemitic ideologies. This propaganda was spread to make asl germans believe that haggling Jewish peddlers is going to harm their businesses. This made it so that Jews could not do business with aryans anymore and people are discouraged to do busin ess with them.

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1. "Warsaw." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/warsaw. Accessed May 29.

2. "Krakow (Cracow)." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow. Accessed May 29.

3. "Lodz." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lodz. Accessed May 30.

4. "Vilna'." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/vilna. Accessed May 30.

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1. "Antisemitism." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-1?series=21814.

2. "The Nuremberg Race Laws." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nuremberg-race-laws.

3. "Boycott of Jewish Businesses." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/boycott-of-jewish-businesses.

4. "Book Burning." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/book-burning.

5. "The Night of Broken Glass." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-night-of-broken-glass.

6. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photograph #irn3763, collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn3763. Accessed May 29.

7. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photograph #irn8220, collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn8220. Accessed May 29.

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On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army entered Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Monowitz. They had gotten liberation for a lot of the sick and ill and starving kids and families and people that were stuck in the horrible nature of the camps. The Soviets came in and saved 7,000 prisoners that were about to die. And that would have prevented them from being killed. As Soviet forces drew closer to Auschwitz in mid-January 1945, the SS evacuated the camp and its subcamps, forcing about 60,000 prisoners to march west. Numerous thousands of people have already died in the camps prior to the death marches. overall these camps had over a million killings.

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"Liberation of the Nazi Camp Majdanek, 1944." The National WWII Museum, www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/liberation-of-nazi-camp-majdanek-1944. Accessed May 30.

"Soviet Forces Liberate Auschwitz." Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline-event/holocaust/1942-1945/soviet-forces-liberate-auschwitz.Accessed Jun 1.