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Henry Bessemer “Bessemer Process” (1856)

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Henry Bessemer “Bessemer Process” (1856)

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B. Henry Bessemer, Bessemer Steel Process
C. The Bessemer Process was created by Henry Bessemer and it was how steel was being made in a much cheaper way due to the steel being made from using air to take away the things to that needed to be removed (oxidation).
D. This was significant because it allowed steel to be made cheaper and easier. This allowed the price of steel to be less and it didn’t take as much to make the steel. This process allowed prices to go down, which meant that steel was being used more. This process was also significant because this steel is what is still being used today.

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John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil Trust (1870)

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John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil Trust (1870)

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B. John D. Rockefeller and Henry M. Flagler
C. John D. Rockefeller and Henry M. Flagler, his partner, created the Standard Oil Trust in 1870 where they tried to buy out all the other oil companies and be in complete control of all the oil. The Standard Oil Trust consisted of mainly all of the other oil companies as well the places to get the oil, which made them a monopoly.
D. This was significant because they were one of the first monopolies and they started the term of horizontal integration, which meant that they bought out all the other businesses that were doing the same things and made them all part of the Standard Oil Trust. This is also significant because most of the US oil came from Standard Oil Trust and Rockefeller was pretty much in control of all the oil that he could be in control of. He bought companies or made it impossible for the other companies to make any money so that they will eventually become part of his company.

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a. occurred from 1871-1875

b. Ulysses S. Grant, liquor distillers and distributors
c. bribery scandal that took place from 1871-1875 in which whiskey distillers and distributors bribed American officials so that they did not have to pay taxes on liquor
d. this event was significant because it was another reason that people were worried for the place America was becoming following reconstruction

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a. 1873-1840’s
b. Jay Cooke Company
c. financial crisis that began in 1873 with the bankruptcy of the Jay Cooke Company in New York City
d. caused a financial panic that took many years to recover from

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a. Jun 25, 1876 – Jun 26, 1876
b. Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer led troops against Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors
c. battle fought near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory after tensions rose due to the discovery of gold in Native territory
d. This event was part of a larger war against native americans

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a. 1877
b. railroad workers
c.  strike that began July 14th of 1877 after the Ohio Railroad cut wages of workers, which resulted in over 1000 workers going to jail and over 100 being killed
d. it was the first major strike to ever occur in America

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The belief that white, wealthy, Anglo-Saxon Americans were biologically superior to other groups, which fueled many social and political trends of the Gilded
The ideas of Social Darwinism pervaded many aspects of American society, including policies related to immigration, imperialism, and public health.
A loose set of ideologies that emerged in the late 1800s in which Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection was used to justify certain political, social, or economic views.

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B.  Chinese immigrants, the federal government
C. The Chinese Exclusion Act stated that no more people from China can come in the US until 10 years has passed. This act did not allow Chinese people to come into the US and the ones who tried to come over were forced back to China.
D. The Chinese Exclusion Act was significant because this was a law that was against immigration, which caused there to be less people coming in the US. This also caused people to try to come to the US since they had to be a citizen or they had to have a parents who were citizens in order to come back if they came from China. People started lying and trying to get themselves in the US . This was also significant because these kind of acts continued to be made against immigrants unntil 1943.

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Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883)

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Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883)

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B.  Congress, Chester A. Arthur, President Garfield (made due to his murder)
C. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act stated that people who might be elected to have a office spot cannot be picked because they just support one person; they actually have to be qualified and ready for the job, which is why the Civil Service Commission was made to make sure that they were. This act also said that they cannot do anything (monetary and etc) for a person in office just to make sure that they will get the job. This was going against the spoils system that was made by President Jackson.
D. This was significant because this act made sure the people being put into office and having government jobs actually deserve their job and that they will be good at it, instead of getting the job since they support certain people. This was also significant because it helped them  feel safe expressing their beliefs while also making sure no one starts trying to raise more money. This was also significant because it was trying to break the spoils system but it never really happened in the state governments and it did not help all the people part of the federal government.

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American Federation of Labor Founded (1886)

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American Federation of Labor Founded (1886)

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B. Unions, workers, Samuel Gompers
C. The American Federation of Labor was founded in 1886 because different unions all come together and brought all the people who were in unions together. This federation was meant to help people with their working conditions and labor problems due to the fact that the federation was made from all different unions so everyone will be together and the unions will be combined.
D. This was significant because it allowed people to be in unions and to be with many other people who were in similar situations with their labor. This was also significant because this helped workers get better hours and pay since they were advocating for it as well as trying to make young children stop having to work.  This federation helped workers and tried to get better conditions for the people part of their unions and other workers.

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B. Workers, police officers
C. The Haymarket Square Riot was when workers were protesting for better work and for the labor movement.  One of the people there then turned to violence because a bomb was aimed at the police there. This made the riot because they protested what happened and what the police were doing to their protest that was supposed to be peaceful but turned violent. This all happened in Chicago and people were killed.
D. This was significant because it showed how people wanted to make sure the labor movement was known. This also showed how things can turn to violence and cause innocent people to be killed for those crimes, which demonstrated how people were killed for trying to protest for better things. This was also significant because it led to the American Federation of Labor to make it easier for people to find unions and etc.

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The tariff raised the average duty on imports to almost 50%, an increase designed to protect domestic industries and workers from foreign competition, as promised in the Republican platform.
It represented protectionism, a tactic supported by Republicans and denounced by Democrats.
The McKinley Tariff was supported by many business owners, while most American consumers generally opposed it, as prices increased for goods.

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B. Henry L Dawes.
C. Law that got rid of tribal ownership of most the reservation land opening it up for white settlement.
D. The effects of this was that 90 million acres of land was taken from native Americans and given to non native citizens.

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B. President Cleveland

C. The act was set up to keep the railroad business out of a monopoly by regulating the price of tickets to something that is reasonable.

D. Act was important as it showed that the government could issue commerce across the states and could issue the commerce clause

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B. Andrew Carnegie

C. The gospel of wealth was Carnegie's article on how to follow his lead in wealth and wealths role in society and America. The idea was that the wealthy had to spend money to benefit america.

D. Was important because it gave the idea that the wealthy had to spend money but also help the poor in some way.

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B. Jane Addams, Ellen Gates

C. It was the first settlement house in the USA which was established in Chicago. Many immigrants lived in the house and it was set up to give the people education, and opportunities to the poorer residents

D. The immigrants were safe and could meet others like them.

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Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” (1890)

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Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” (1890)

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Originally published in 1890, this book is about studies among the tenements of New York and is an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, document squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s.
- It served as a basis for future muckraking journalism by exposing the slums to New York City’s upper and middle class.

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This act is a U.S. antitrust law which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce.
It was passed by Congress and named for Senator John Sherman, its principal author.
- outlaws “every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade,” and any “monopolization, attempted monopolization, or conspiracy or combination to monopolize.”
In simple terms it prohibits activities that restrict interstate commerce and competition in the marketplace.

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Battle of Wounded Knee (Dec. 29th, 1890)

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Battle of Wounded Knee (Dec. 29th, 1890)

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Almost known as the Wounded Knee Massacre, it was a massacre of nearly 300 Lakota people by soldiers of the United States Army in the state of South Dakota.
It was significant because it marked the end of Indian resistance to the encroachments of white settlers.
It happened because Indians were protested the U.S. governments mistreatment of Native Americans.

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1. Carnegie Steel Company

2. Violent argument between the Carnegie Steel Company and all of its workers who were striking, resulting in a gun battle. The workers were fired.

3. This was significant because it meant workers were fighting for their rights, however, the plan was unsuccessful.

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1. William Peffer, Thomas E Watson

2. US political party that represented the beliefs of farmers and laborers and fought for currency policies, free coinage of gold and silver, public ownership of railroads, and federal income tax.

3. This political party later became the political party we know today as Republicans. They received the support of economists and union officials.

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1. William McKinley

2. Severe financial panic that resulted in banks closing, businesses and manufacturers shutting down, and lack of currency. It was set off by the colapse of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company.

3. As a result, many railroads shut down and industries such as iron, steel, and farming were set back for years because of the slow down. It resulted in the election of McKinley.

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Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis- 1893

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Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis- 1893

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1. Frederick Jackson Turner

2. Thesis about the fact that the availability of unsettled land throughout American history was the most important factor that determined the national development.

3. He described America in a way that emphasized the frontier being the most significant part of American identity, which would allow for Americans to continue to emphasize this.

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1. Eugene Debs, Grover Cleveland

2. Railroad strike and boycott that created rail traffic in the Midwest and consisted of 250,000 railroad workers in 27 states.

3. Successful strike that resulted in a necessary government interference, shows that workers understood that their rights were being infringed upon and they had a right to fight for them.

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Booker T. Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise” Speech (1895)

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Booker T. Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise” Speech (1895)

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B. The Atlanta Compromise speech was an address on the topic of race relations given by African-American scholar Booker T. Washington.
C. Booker T. Washington gave this speech
D. This was a significant event because it stressed accommodation rather than resistance to the segregated system under which African Americans lived and included a detailed strategy of achieving racial equality.

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Forest Reserve Act (1891) & Forest Management Act (1897)

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Forest Reserve Act (1891) & Forest Management Act (1897)

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- The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 was signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison after two decades of debate about publican land policy and concern about exploitative logging, putting in place the means to protect wooded areas as “forest reserves,” to be managed by the Department of the Interior.
- The Forest Management Act of 1897 authorized establishment of National Forest Reserves to improve and protect the condition of forested areas of the United States and to “furnish a continuous supply of timber for the use and necessities of the people of the United States.”
Both Acts were passed by Congress.

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a. founded 1786
b. Society of St. Tammany
c. political organization founded by Democrats in New York City
d. was an important place of meeting for Democrat leaders in the area

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“Old” vs. “New” Immigrants from Europe (late 1800’s)

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“Old” vs. “New” Immigrants from Europe (late 1800’s)

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a. late 1800’s
b. immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
c. immigration of different groups occurred in the United States, such as Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles and Russians to the United States in the late 1800’s
d. this was significant because it resulted in a more diverse population in the United States

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B. White settlers

C. During the 1800s bison were being hunted by white settlers so they could make jackets. These jackets were extremely profitable and a big fashion part of the 1800 economy.

D. The hides of the bison were in trade with Europe and were almost extinct but a few remained.

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B. American settlers and Indian tribes.

C. Wars that took place between the white settlers and American Indian tribes over the land.

D. The result of the war was great death and land loss for the native Americans. Caused many of the native Americans to move to land reservations

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B. Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark Supreme Court case which was over an incident in which Homer Plessy refused to sit in a designated African American train car.

C. Homer Plessy, Judge John Howard Ferguson, Justice Henry B. Brown

D. This case was significant because it upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.

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William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” Speech (1896)

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William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” Speech (1896)

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B. The Cross of Gold speech was a speech given by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in which he supported “free silver” (create inflation to help those in debt).

C. William Jennings Bryan was a former U.S. Representative fro Nebraska

D. This speech was significant because he opposed the gold standard and it helped put him on the Democratic presidential nomination.

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B. Was the race for presidency between former Governor William McKinley (Republican) vs, former Representative William Jennings Bryan (Democratic).
C. William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan
D. This event was significant because the presidential election of 1896 demonstrated a sharp division in society between urban and rural interests.

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B. The election of 1892 was the presidential race between Grover Cleveland (Democratic), Benjamin Harrison (Republican) and James Weaver (Populist).
C. Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison and James Weaver
D. This event was significant because the campaign, which took place during an economic depression known as the Panic of 1893, was a political realignment that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System.