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A recent study involving a sample of 63 countries between 1990 and 2011 found that manufacturing output growth stimulates both economic and productivity growth, particularly in developing countries.

Technological advancement is associated with productivity growth, which in turn is associated with job growth.

Since the late 20th century, production processes have become increasingly globally fragmented, borderless and interconnected, giving rise to the concept of global value chains.

Note: Distribution of the final retail price of the iPhone by activity and company. It represents the average of the value distribution of three iPhone models in their year of release, between 2010 and 2018 (iPhone 4, iPhone7, iPhone X).

Source: Author's calculation based on Kraemer, Linden, and Dedrick ( 2011), Dedrick, Linden, and Kraemer ( 2018) and Jourdan ( 2018).

Jostein Hauge is Political Economist and Assistant Professor in Development Studies at the University of Cambridge.

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Industrialization challenges in the digital age | Industrial Analytics Platform

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A recent study involving a sample of 63 countries between 1990 and 2011 found that manufacturing output growth stimulates both economic and productivity growth, particularly in developing countries. Technological advancement is associated with productivity growth, which in turn is associated with job growth.

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HARVARD REFERENCE-Crafts, N.F., (1996). The first industrial revolution: A guided tour for growth economists. The American Economic Review, pp.197-201

The book The First Industrial Revolution: A Guided Tour for Growth Economists by Nicholas F. R. Crafts is a great source for anyone interested in learning about the economics and history of the first industrial revolution. Crafts offers a thorough analysis of the major factors that sparked the industrial revolution, including as technological advancements, population increase, and the function of governmental regulations. Additionally, he looks at how the first industrial revolution influenced the economy and how it affected the progression of the industrial revolution in North America and Europe.
Crafts not only gives a thorough explanation of the industrial revolution and its economic implications, but he also offers a variety of case studies that show how the revolution affected many regions of the world. He explores the rise of the German iron and steel industry as well as the development of the cotton industry in England and the United States. He also examines how the industrial revolution affected the rise of the US service industry and the development of the European banking system.
However it is evident from the historical evidence provided in the article that how we work today differs greatly from how people worked before the industrial revolution. Despite the fact that the industrial revolution resulted in significant economic growth and scientific advancement, it also caused poor working conditions, worker exploitation, and social unrest.
Today, in contrast to the industrial revolution, laws and regulations are in place to safeguard employees' rights and promote fair labor practices. Also, thanks to automation and more modern technologies, workplace productivity has grown. Nonetheless, there are still a lot of difficulties and problems with the way we work in the modern world, such as wage inequality, job instability, and the effects of technology on employment.

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 HARVARD REFERENCE _ A.A. (2018) The impact of information technology used on the nature of administrators work at al-Azhar university in GAZA

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Article 1- Kobika Thirugnanasivam 30048481

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Article 1- Kobika Thirugnanasivam 30048481

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According to this article, the changing nature of work and employment has a significant impact on
technology, as technology is often developed and implemented to address the changing needs of
the workforce. Here are some ways in which can affect this relationship. Develop new technologies,
assist to work with develop new technologies that address the changing nature of work and
employment. Due to advance technologies after industrial revolution, able to create software that
automates repetitive tasks, or design tools that make remote collaboration easier. Advocate for
policy changes, can advocate for policy changes that support the changing nature of work and
employment. Policy changes support policies that promote remote work, offer training programs for
workers, or provide tax incentives for companies that invest in new technologies. Embrace digital
transformation encourage companies to embrace digital transformation, which involves using digital
technologies to transform business processes, operations, and customer experiences. This can
involve using tools like data analytics, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence to optimize
workflows and improve productivity. Promote ups-killing, facilitate to promote ups-killing and
res killing programs for workers to ensure that they have the skills needed to succeed in a changing
job market. This can involve working with educational institutions and training providers to create
programs that are accessible and relevant to the workforce. It can foster collaboration between
companies, workers, and other stakeholders to drive innovation and address the changing nature of
work and employment. Moreover, it involves creating networks and communities of practice where
people can share ideas and best practices, and collaborate on new technologies and approaches.
Robotics and artificial intelligence are enabling the growth of automation, which holds up the
prospect of higher production, greater efficiency, safety, and convenience. Yet, these innovations

also bring up challenging issues regarding the larger effects of automation on jobs, skills, pay, and
the nature of lab our itself.

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Article 4 Dinoshan Theivendram                    30086406

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Article 4 Dinoshan Theivendram                    30086406

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288888773_Industrialisation_factors_in_post-industrial_society

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HARVARD REFERENCE _ Gutman, H.G. (1973) Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America.

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The changing nature of work and employment is having a profound impact on culture and society.
Encourage Flexibility facilitate to work with the rise of remote work, flexible work schedules, and gig
work, employers can provide more flexibility in the way people work. This can help people manage
work-life balance, improve their mental health, and lead to increased productivity. Emphasize
Lifelong Learning assist to work with the pace of technological change and the need to constantly
up-skill, people need to be encouraged to continue learning throughout their careers. Employers can
provide training programs, and individuals can take advantage of online courses and other
educational opportunities to keep their skills up to date. Many workers in the gig economy lack
access to benefits and protections that are standard for traditional employees. Advocating for fair
and equitable treatment of all workers, regardless of their employment status, can help to ensure
that everyone has the opportunity to thrive. Support Entrepreneurship, the rise of the gig economy
has also led to an increase in entrepreneurship. Encouraging and supporting entrepreneurship can
help to drive innovation and economic growth, while also providing more job opportunities. With
the rise of remote work, it's more important than ever to foster a sense of community and
collaboration. Employers can use technology to help their employees connect and collaborate, and
individuals can also use social media and other online platforms to connect with others in their
industry. Ultimately, affecting change in the way work and employment impact culture and society
requires a collaborative effort from employers, individuals, and policymakers. By working together
to prioritize flexibility, lifelong learning, fairness, entrepreneurship, and collaboration, we can create more positive and inclusive future for work and employment.

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HARVARD REFERENCE  _ Jan Shury, Ben Davies and Timothy Riley (2008) Skills for the Workplace: Employer Perspectives.

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Article 3- Kobika Thirugnanasivam 30048481

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Article 3- Kobika Thirugnanasivam 30048481

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The changing nature of work and employment will have a significant impact on the skills that will be
in demand in the future. To affect this change and prepare for the future, there are several steps
individuals, businesses, and governments can take. As the nature of work continues to evolve,
individuals will need to be able to adapt and learn new skills throughout their careers. Therefore, a
lifelong learning mindset will be essential for success. Individuals should focus on developing a broad
range of skills that are transferable across industries and professions, as well as stay up-to-date with
the latest technologies. The future of work will be characterized by greater collaboration, both
within and between organizations. To prepare for this, individuals should work on developing strong
interpersonal and communication skills, as well as be comfortable working in diverse teams. As
automation and artificial intelligence become more prevalent, creativity and innovation will become
increasingly important. To succeed in the future, individuals should work on developing their
creativity and innovation skills and stay abreast of the latest technology trends. The traditional 9-to-
5 workday is becoming less prevalent, and the future of work will be characterized by greater
flexibility. This means that individuals will need to be able to work from anywhere and at any time,
and be able to adapt to changing work environments and demands. To remain competitive,
businesses should invest in new technologies and tools that can help them stay ahead of the curve.
This could include technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics, as well as
software and digital tools that can improve productivity and efficiency. Governments and businesses
can help their workforce by investing in training programs that help individuals acquire new skills
and prepare for the changing nature of work. This could include programs that help individuals
up-skill or re-skill for new professions, as well as provide support for continuing education and lifelong
learning. Overall, the changing nature of work and employment will require individuals, businesses,
and governments to be flexible, adaptable, and willing to invest in new skills and technologies. By
embracing lifelong learning, fostering collaboration, emphasizing creativity and innovation,
embracing flexibility, investing in new technologies, and encouraging ups-killing and surveilling, we can prepare for the future of work and employment.

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Article 3 Dinoshan Theivendram                 30086406

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Article 3 Dinoshan Theivendram                 30086406

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https://www.jstor.org/stable/23010786

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Article 2 Dinoshan Theivendram                    30086406

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Article 2 Dinoshan Theivendram                    30086406

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https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/industrialization-labor-and-life/

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Industrialization ushered much of the world into the modern era, revamping patterns of human settlement, labor, and family life.

Subjects

Social Studies, Economics, U.S. History, World History

Image

Power Looms

Women and children were often employed in the textile industry during the first century of industrialization. Their smaller fingers were often better at threading the machinery. Despite routinely working 16 hours, or longer, a day they were paid little.

Photograph by Nancy Carter

The Industrial Revolution deserves the name with which historians have tagged it. It brought about thorough and lasting transformations, not just in business and economics but in the basic structures of society. Before industrialization, when the most significant economic activities in most European countries were small-scale farming and artisan handicrafts, social structures remained essentially as they had been during the Middle Ages. The advent of industrial development revamped patterns of human settlement, labor, and family life. The changes set in motion by industrialization ushered Europe, the United States of America, and much of the world into the modern era.

Most historians place the origin of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain in the middle decades of the 18th century. In the British Isles and most of Europe at this time, most social activity took place in small and medium-sized villages. People rarely traveled far beyond their home village. During the 18th century, the population of Britain and other European countries began rising significantly. Among the first signs of economic transformation was an increase in agricultural productivity, making it possible to feed this rising population. The combination of these factors led to profound changes in how rural people lived. Gradually, large-scale mechanized agriculture to serve the market began to overtake the kinds of subsistence farming most peasants had practiced for generations. The enclosure movement, which converted commonly held grazing lands into fenced-off private property, added to the new pressures facing the poor, rural majority.

The population increase added to the number of people facing difficulties making a living on the land. Many left their agrarian lives behind and headed for towns and cities to find employment. Advances in industry and the growth of factory production accelerated the trend toward urbanization in Britain. Industrial cities like Manchester and Leeds grew dramatically over the course of a few short decades. In 1800, about 20 percent of the British population lived in urban areas. By the middle of the nineteenth century, that proportion had risen to 50 percent. Other Western European lands such as France, the Netherlands, and Germany also experienced an increase in urban populations, albeit, more slowly. These changes thoroughly disrupted longstanding patterns in social relationships that dated back to medieval times.

The nature of work in the new urban industries also had significant social impact. Before the Industrial Revolution, artisans with specialized skills produced most of Europe's manufactured goods. Their work was governed by the traditions of their craft and the limits of available resources. Human and animal muscle and the waterwheel were the era's main energy sources. With the coming of factory-based industry, the coal-fired steam engine and other machinery set a new, faster pace for labor. In the factories, coal mines, and other workplaces, the hours were very long, and the conditions, generally, dismal and dangerous. The size and scope of manufacturing enterprises continued to increase throughout the 19th century as Europe, the United States, and other parts of the world industrialized. Larger firms that could achieve economies of scale held an advantage in the competitive sphere of international trade. In the industrializing world, the new means of production meant the demise of earlier, slower modes of labor and life.

The most insidious consequences of the new conditions may have been those affecting the most basic social unit: the family. The preindustrial family was fundamentally both a social and an economic unit. Married couples and their children often worked side by side on a family farm or in a shop, or otherwise divided their labor for the family's overall benefit. It was also common in 18th-century Great Britain for women and men to work in their rural homes doing jobs such as textile spinning and weaving on a piecework basis for merchant owners. This decentralized form of employment was called the "putting-out" or domestic system. However, the rise of factory production and industrial cities meant a separation of the home from the workplace for most male workers. Very often, the need for income motivated men to leave their families behind for jobs in the city. Even without geographic separation, many types of industrial jobs were so demanding that they left little downtime for workers to spend preserving the relational bonds we associate with family life.

Women also worked outside the home. Unmarried women, in particular, often worked as domestic servants. Many British women, including mothers, were employed in the textile mills to help their families make ends meet. Child labor was also rampant in the textile industry during the first century of industrialization. Factory owners appreciated having workers whose fingers were small enough to manipulate delicately threaded machinery. Despite their importance to the industry's output, these women and children were paid very little and were routinely compelled to work 16 hours per day or longer. Their jobs were perceived as less skilled than those of their male co-workers, although the working conditions were sometimes equally dangerous.

The United States underwent many of the same social transformations arising from industrialization. U.S. manufacturing began in earnest after the nation broke from England in the 1770s. An embargo on foreign imports during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, and a British blockade of the Atlantic seaboard during the War of 1812, spurred domestic production. The United States became one of the world's leading economic powers by the 1830s.

In the first half century after U.S. independence, a major proportion of the nation's labor force shifted from the agricultural to the manufacturing sector. As in Great Britain, the textile industry led the way toward mechanization. In many industries, though, home-based production and artisan craft traditions gave way to wage labor in larger, machine-powered operations. Industrialization, along with great strides in transportation, drove the growth of U.S. cities and a rapidly expanding market economy. It also shaped the development of a large working class in U.S. society, leading eventually to labor struggles and strikes led by working men and women.

By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Britain, the United States, and other industrialized nations were debating and enacting reform laws to limit some of the worst abuses of the factory system. However, similarly oppressive labor conditions arose in many parts of the world as their economies industrialized in the 20th and 21st centuries. The reorganization of daily life wrought by industrialization had effects that weakened the material basis for the institutions of the family and the community. These effects were so lasting that they can still be felt in the present day-even as developed societies have shifted into an era that scholars describe as "postindustrial."

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Last Updated

October 19, 2023

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Industrialization ushered much of the world into the modern era, revamping patterns of human settlement, labor, and family life.

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Wheeler, S.,Information and communication technologies and the changing role of the teacher, 7 july, 2006, pp. 7-17, Journal of educational media,2001, vol. 26

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This is a journal written by Steve Wheeler in which he explained the skills and methods the teachers need to learn in information communication technology era and this data is mainly derived from a research in the primary schools of England and elementary schools of America.
In this era of information technology, the teaching methodology and means of teaching and learning have been changed according to the modern day need. In the past, teachers used traditional ways which were available at that time to convey their lessons. But now the world has been changed , the computers, mobiles and other electronic gadgets have been introduced. The group learning is common now on internet. But the world is changed totally in last 3 to 4 decaded so we have old teachers also who are not aware of the usage of these gadgets and also there is lack of skills which a new teach should learn. The qualities like, how to use software, access to information and collaborate with students online should be implied to the teachers. Also the key point is there, the policy makers of the schools should give the trainings to the teachers to quit the old ways of teaching. If we have to introduce the ICT in our classrooms, we have to change the teachers' ways of teaching, the schools' ambient and facilities and the policies. Also, in the past the teachers had a little things to teach their students i.e about customs, cultures and traditions but now they are more about to teach the skills need to survive in the modern age.

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HARVARD REFERENCE-Burnette, J., (2008). Gender, work and wages in industrial revolution Britain. Cambridge University Press.

The consequences of the industrial revolution in Britain on gender, work, and salaries are the main topics of this literature study. It opens with a summary of the relevant literature, outlining how the industrial revolution altered gender roles and earnings. The literature on gender, work, and salaries in Britain during the industrial revolution is then reviewed, and the consequences of this research for our understanding of the time period are discussed.
The industrial revolution significantly changed how people worked and got pay in Britain. Industrialization increased demand for labor in the numerous factories that were being built. As a result, more men entered the labor force and there was an increase in demand for women and children. As the number of men in the labor force increased, so did the earnings of both men and women. Organizations constantly could afford to pay women and children less since they frequently did not have as much bargaining power as males.
But now everything has changed. Both men and women are equally paid for their jobs, and women are now in all kinds of occupations equally with men.
The way we work and our working environment are all more advanced compared to the industrial revolution period, which has made our lives easier.

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Gender, Work and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain

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A major study of the role of women in the labour market of Industrial Revolution Britain. It is well known that men and women usually worked in different occupations, and that women earned lower wages than men. These differences are usually attributed to custom but Joyce Burnette here demonstrates i…

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HARVARD REFERENCE _ Puhovichova, D. (2020) Changes of human resource management in the context of impact of the fourth industrial revolution.

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As per the Article, by offering advice on how to comprehend work changes and effectively analyses
their significance for the implication of HR after industrial revolution. Purpose of this article is to
explain the changes of human resource management in the context of impact of the fourth industrial
revolution. In order to achieve this, it analyses the current systems of occupational analysis and
categorization and investigate the available evidence regarding how the nature of work and the
workforce composition are changing in HR. The changing nature of work and employment has
significant implications for human resource management. With the increasing use of technology in
the workplace, HR departments need to adapt to these changes. They must learn how to use new
tools for recruitment, training, and development. Technology can also help HR teams automate
administrative tasks, freeing up more time to focus on strategic initiatives. The changing nature of
work has led to the rise of the gig economy, remote work, and flexible schedules. HR departments

must adapt to these changes by creating policies that support remote work and flexible schedules,
and by offering benefits and support to freelancers and contractors. As the job market becomes
more competitive, HR teams need to focus on skill development. Should invest in training programs
that help employees develop new skills and stay up-to-date with the latest industry trends. HR
departments must recognize the value of a diverse and inclusive workforce. Should work to recruit
and retain employees from diverse backgrounds and create an inclusive workplace culture. HR
teams must also adjust their talent acquisition strategies to attract the right candidates for the job.
This includes using data analytics to track recruitment metrics, creating targeted job ads, and
leveraging social media to reach potential candidates. By embracing these changes, HR departments
can adapt to the changing nature of work and employment and continue to attract and retain top talent in the evolving job market.

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HARVARD REFERENCE-Machin, S., (2001). The changing nature of labor demand in the new economy and skill-biased technology change. Oxford Bulletin of economics and Statistics, 63(s 1), pp.753-776.

Recent years have seen a significant increase in interest among economists and other social scientists in the study of the evolving nature of labor demand in the new economy and skill-biased technological transformation. The work of Stephen Machin in particular has had an impact in this field. The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of the present state of study on this subject by discussing and analyzing Machin's work as well as other pertinent studies. In his research on the changing nature of labor demand in the new economy and skill-biased technological transformation, Machin has mostly examined the effects of new technologies and globalization on the job market and the skills needed by individuals to succeed.
Particularly, Machin contends that technological development and globalization are changing the labor market so that higher-skilled individuals are in greater demand and lower-skilled workers are in a worsening position. He provides evidence from a number of nations to back up this claim, showing that there is a rising demand for skilled people and a commensurate decline in the need for less qualified individuals. Additionally, Machin contends that the growing wage disparity between highly and lowly skilled workers is partly caused by the way in which the demand for labor in the new economy is changing. The effects of emerging technology and globalization on the labor market and personal skill requirements have also been investigated by other scholars.
During the industrial revolution the employer didn't hire labors according to their skill they were just hired to work solely on their availability and willingness to work for low wages.
In todays economy most of the companies ,organization and factories  are giving their priority to labors and they pay equally according  to their skills and talent. So according to my research this article helps me prove that the labor demand nowadays are according to the labor skills and their talent.

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Sajeepan 30082705

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HARVARD REFERENCE-Forman, C., King, J.L. and Lyytinen, K., (2014). Special section introduction—information, technology, and the changing nature of work. Information Systems Research, 25(4), pp.789-795.

Chris Forman, John Leslie Kii, and Kalle Lyytinen wrote a thorough book titled Information, Technology, and the Changing Nature of Employment. The book is a thorough investigation of how work is changing as a result of the emergence of new technologies and their effects on how people work and interact with one another. The book looks at contemporary technological trends, how they affect how we work, and how they are altering the nature of work. It examines the new possibilities brought about by modern technology, such as remote work and virtual teams, as well as the difficulties it poses for both businesses and employees. The writers also examine the technology's ethical ramifications and talk about how they might affect how people will work in the future. The authors offer a thorough overview of the effects of technology on the workplace and how businesses might adjust to these changes. They talk about how it's critical to comprehend how technology will affect organizational structures and how new management techniques must be created. The writers also discuss the advantages of employing technology to enhance employee engagement and innovation, as well as how organizations may utilize it to facilitate communication and cooperation. Anyone interested in learning about how work is evolving and how technology is affecting the workplace should definitely read this book.
The advancement of technology has its drawbacks, but it also makes our lives easier. So, according to my research comparing the  industrial revaluation period, technology has made all employees' jobs much easier in every industry now.

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sajeepan 30082705

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sajeepan 30082705

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Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

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REFERENCE: Nancy W.Gleason (2018)Higher education in the era of Fourth Industrial revolution. pp13-65

This article gives a brief description on the role of higher education in massive change and transformation in society.This article is an important contribution to understand one very important dimension of the inevitable transformation of higher education that's automation.It uses the lense of "Fourth Industrial revolution" to look what is happening within the world of higher education and why.It looks at the great trends in higher education but does so by focusing on case studies and examples from around the world.This article was written by Bryan Edward Penprase ( Dean at Soka university of America,CA,USA )in 2018 which makes it credible and relatively latest article in context of higher education and fourth industrial revolution.In this articleEB.E Penprase and N.W Gleason briefly described the educational response in all of the four industrial revolutions.This article also covers the emerging realities from the fourth industrial revolution. Coming to this article's relation to my research question,it is quite evident that education played an important part in industrial revolution.Our means to work changed immensely in comparison to 1st,2nd, or 3rd industrial revolution. And education has also get advanced as today we have lots of new subjects added to study and research on.The 4th industrial revolution will prepare both students and faculty for leadership roles in the world of rapidly accelerating change, with a curriculum that develops both technical mastery and deep awareness of ethical responsibility towards the human condition.

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Haux, R., September, 2010. International journal of medical informatics. volume(79), pp.599-610.

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In this article Reinhold Haux has put some light on medical informatics that is the study and application of methods to improve the management of patient data, clinical knowledge, population data, and other information relevant to patient care and community health. It is a young science, which emerged in the decades after the invention of the digital computer. Actually in the past like 200 years ago, healthcare system was not yet proper. I have read in books when the people was born 200 years ago , only one out eight had life other seven were to be dead before having first birthday. Also a baby was to get a smallpox before six and by the age of twelve the guys had different types of diseases like whooping cough and scarlet fever. Also malaria, flue and typhoid once started spread thorought the community.Today when we compare the life of a person with past we can say life expectancy is increased. Actually the magical medical gadgets were not invented then and proper ways of scientific methods were not applied. For instance, now we have medical electronics devices that include pacemakers,(device that is used in heart) defibrillators,and also Medical Imaging techniques have been invented for providing people with better health chechup facility.Moreover, we now have improved surgical instruments that are less risky and easy to use than the instruments in the past.This article also tells that by having our present devices and methods for healthcare we will produce more and more accessories in the future for betterment of society. Thus I can say the changing in workplace in medical field is significantly seen over these 100 years.

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Abstract

Objective

To reflect about medical informatics as a discipline. To suggest significant future research directions with the purpose of stimulating further discussion.

Methods

Exploring and discussing important developments in medical informatics from the past and in the present by way of examples. Reflecting on the role of IMIA, the International Medical Informatics Association, in influencing the discipline.

Results

Medical informatics as a discipline is still young. Today, as a cross-sectional discipline, it forms one of the bases for medicine and health care. As a consequence considerable responsibility rests on medical informatics for improving the health of people, through its contributions to high-quality, efficient health care and to innovative research in biomedicine and related health and computer sciences. Current major research fields can be grouped according to the organization, application, and evaluation of health information systems, to medical knowledge representation, and to the underlying signal and data analyses and interpretations. Yet, given the fluid nature of many of the driving forces behind progress in information processing methods and their technologies, progress in medicine and health care, and the rapidly changing needs, requirements and expectations of human societies, we can expect many changes in future medical informatics research. Future research fields might range from seamless interactivity with automated data capture and storage, via informatics diagnostics and therapeutics, to living labs with data analysis methodology, involving sensor-enhanced ambient environments. The role of IMIA, the International Medical Informatics Association, for building a cooperative, strongly connected, and research-driven medical informatics community worldwide can hardly be underestimated.

Conclusions

Health care continuously changes as the underlying science and practice of health are in continuous transformation. Medical informatics as a discipline is strongly affected by these changes and is in a position to be a key, active contributor in these changes.

Introduction

The aim of this essay is to reflect about medical informatics as a discipline.

Its main goal is to emphasize some promising future research directions which may become important parts of medical informatics (Section 4) while at the same time stimulating further discussion within our scientific community on these topics. In order to do this, it is helpful to be aware of important current aspects of the discipline (Section 3), and learn from past experience (Section 2). In all of these sections, emphasis will be placed on the role of IMIA, the International Medical Informatics Association [1], in influencing the direction of our discipline.

This is most certainly not the first, and is unlikely to be the last of this kind of reflection. Other debates about our discipline as a whole (or at least its major parts) can be found in [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] (in chronological order). These papers focus on questions on research aims and their corresponding challenges. Other papers focus more on research aims in the context of describing the discipline of medical informatics ([8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], in chronological order).

Last, but not least, there exist some historical 'milestones', where sets of papers have been gathered into special issues of journals in order to critically discuss the aims, scope and challenges of our discipline. Three of them, again with a focus on questions of research aims, will be mentioned here. In 1983 a SCAMCI-sponsored workshop on 'medical information sciences' took place in Washington (DC), USA, discussing among other questions about "principal research issues" [19, p. 167]. Although its scope was broader, this issue contained a couple of papers dealing with research (e.g. [20], [21], [22]). In 2001 in Madrid, Spain, a conference on challenges for medical informatics as an academic discipline took place. Major results have been published in [23] (see e.g. [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]). In 2008 on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the Heidelberg/Heilbronn curriculum of medical informatics a symposium on perspectives of medical informatics took place in Heidelberg, Germany. Results have been published in [30] (see e.g. [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38]).

In this context it should be added that from time to time documents from committees, established by government or government-related institutions and professional societies, also discuss such challenges, mainly in order to define funding strategies or professional directions. Examples are published in [39], [40].

I still appreciate the generous offer of the now Editor Emeritus of the International Journal of Medical Informatics (IJMI), Arie Hasman, for not only giving me the opportunity of publishing a paper in 1997 on the aims and tasks of medical informatics [4], but also for his editing of a complete issue in IJMI debating and significantly adding to my suggestions on aims and tasks of medical informatics (e.g. [41]).

Many definitions of medical informatics as discipline can be found in the literature aiming at broad coverage and completeness. Here I simply want to refer to medical informatics as the discipline, dedicated to the systematic processing of data, information and knowledge in medicine and health care [42].

First, reflections such as those in the present paper, are necessarily subjective and biased by the author's background, i.e. his education, his professional career, his cultural and society roots.

Second, this essay does not intend to discuss the name of our discipline and its various subfields, although our discipline has had more than its share of such discussions, and even though such debates have been contributing to our discipline's development and its role in the practice of health care, education and research. Let me just mention that the meaning of the terms health informatics and medical informatics, and now also biomedical informatics, varies within and between different groups and geographical regions. The term medical informatics is used here in the broad and comprehensive meaning as defined in Section 1.3. For a more detailed discussion see e.g. [43]. Others may have preferred to use one of the other two names, mentioned above.

Section snippets

On the history of medical informatics

Medical informatics as a discipline is still young, in particular when you compare it with other medical disciplines. Yet, we can look back to a past of about 50 years, not to mention earlier roots on approaches for systematically processing of data, information and knowledge in medicine and health care in earlier history.

Our discipline's development correlates clearly with the invention and, within few decades, rapid dissemination of digital ('von Neumann') computers and the development of

The role of medical informatics today

In its early days medical informatics might have been considered as a 'nice-to-have' (but not 'need-to-have') discipline, both in biomedicine and health sciences as well as in computer science. In German this might be termed an 'orchid discipline' as being just a nice orchid in the garden of the sciences.

When looking back at the development of medical informatics, we can recognize that it has been growing steadily (see e.g. [64] in terms of published research), and that today, as a

Recapitulating the aims of medical informatics

Systematic processing of data, information and knowledge in medicine and health care does not exist for its own sake. Medical informatics is neither sufficiently defined by its methodology and technology on the one hand, nor by its application domain (such as the three application areas mentioned before) on the other hand. As usual for most disciplines, it also has practical aims, which for medical informatics are twofold:

Acknowledgments

These reflections are strongly influenced by the many discussions with colleagues, mainly, but by no means exclusively, from our scientific community. And, of course, also by many other persons, starting from students and ranging to, e.g., practitioners and policy makers. My acknowledgements go to all of them.

The author cordially thanks Jan Talmon, editor of IJMI, for his valuable comments on this text and for the opportunity to submit this paper to this prestigious journal. As an official

http://www.imia.org, last access: May 22,...

Grand challenges in medical informatics?

B. Blum (Ed.), A framework for medical information science, Med. Inform. 9 (1984)...

J.H. van Bemmel, M.A. Musen (Eds.), Challenges for medical informatics as an academic discipline, Methods Inf. Med. 41...

P. Knaup, H. Dickhaus (Eds.), Perspectives of medical informatics: advancing health care requires interdisciplinarity...

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Medical informatics: Past, present, future

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To reflect about medical informatics as a discipline. To suggest significant future research directions with the purpose of stimulating further discussion. Exploring and discussing important developments in medical informatics from the past and in the present by way of examples. Reflecting on the role of IMIA, the International Medical Informatics Association, in influencing the discipline.

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Franken, S., Wattenberg, M., 2019, ECIAIR 2019 European Conference on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics 31.

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In this article, Swetlana Franken and Malte Wattenberg tried to describe the effect of launch of AI into the industrial worplaces and it's future consequences based on a Conference. Actually in past technology was totally unknown but after some time the industrial revolution started step by step in following years. Steam, electricity and electronic devices were the huge change in working methodology when compared to more past. In this piece of paper, the writers have explained that nature of work will be very different from now with the introduction of AI in workplaces, the work will be more complex i,e more technical and we should be more expert to work in complex networks. Also they argue that automation will help man in solving complicated problems and doing hard tasks. For instance we can take examples of car companies where robotics is implied to a large extent and in packing industries, AI is playing its role very well. In big machines and industrial equipments it helps in analyzing sensor data and predicts breakdowns and accidents. Also driverless vehicles are there where there is no need of any man as a driver. It can he more accurate than a man. On the other hand there are many other opinions that all these machines and intelligence gadgets will take the jobs of human in many sectors like driverless cars. Additionally in education sector, people saying there will be robots in place of teachers and in restaurants the waitors jobs will be taken by automatic machines i.e robots.
If we see the writers' perspectives in this article, I would conclude saying that humans works and jobs can never be taken by robots because robots are restricted to their activities and can not be totally manipulated without humans. They can only increase efficiency, collaborate with humans to work more efficiently bringing a more safe and accurate business environment and production.

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Dr Paul Griffiths BSc, MEng, DBA, A.Dip.C is Professor of Banking, Finance and Fintech and Academic Director of the MSc in Banking and Fintech at the Ecole de Management de Normandie and is based at the UK Campus in Oxford. Prior to becoming a full-time academic Paul spent many years in leadership positions at global management consulting firms, serving Boards of blue-chip companies, particularly in the financial services sector. He specialises in the management of intangible assets such as intellectual capital and artificial intelligence. He helps organisations and industry sectors set up knowledge networks on technological platforms such as cognitive computing, augmented reality and blockchain. Having lived in nine and worked in 15 countries he defines himself as multicultural

Dr. Mitt Nowshade Kabir is a serial entrepreneur, AI evangelist, a business accelerator and investor. He is the present CEO of Trouvus, an AI company that develops state-of-the-art recommender systems based on latest machine learning technologies. He holds an M.Sc. in Computer Science, an MBA from Georgetown University, a Ph.D in Information Technology, and Doctorate in Business Administration from Newcastle University, UK. His present interests are strong AI, innovation, knowledge management, semantic technologies, Entrepreneurship, and Strategy. Dr. Kabir is also a teacher, inventor, and writer. He has published many articles, peer-reviewed papers and book chapters in his areas of interest. As an academic, he developed and taught a course on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Entrepreneurship. His book "Knowledge-based Social Entrepreneurship" is due to be published in early 2019 by Palgrave Macmillan

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ECIAIR 2019 European Conference on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

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Dr Paul Griffiths BSc, MEng, DBA, A.Dip.C is Professor of Banking, Finance and Fintech and Academic Director of the MSc in Banking and Fintech at the Ecole de Management de Normandie and is based at the UK Campus in Oxford.

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Broersma, McGuckin and Timmer, March, 2003,De economist, vol 151, pp.53–79.

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This article mainly differs the IT and Non-IT based production of goods and trading and this is based on a research that was made to see  Netherlands productivity in business sector in between 1988 to 1994. Information technology gadgets was not known in the past when the most of the things were done without the involvement of any convenient technical devices. For instance, a person has a business of threads and he got many machines in his factory for making thread. If he has no automatic system of counting of goods then there might be mistakes in counting process also this process will be time taking .But suppose when he has linked automated system to its machines then there is no need to count material by hand nand no loss of time,so we can have more productivity in less period of time with the help of these magical like accessories.Lourens,Robert and Marcel used Cobb-Douglas production function setting to see the positive consequences of computer technology in trading . We know that all the computers and other information technology devices are made by humans but whenever we add any technical appliance in workplace,we get more output rather than other labor. In this research they saw a significant customer care services which was less appropriate when these works were totally done by hands. The comparison between IT nature of work in US and Non-IT nature of business in Netherlands proved that Netherlands was lagging in making positive consequences in production rather than US.My research question generally relates to this article because there can be seen a clear difference of productivity in workplace when we have information technology and we don't have.

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REFERENCES

Ark, Bart van, Robert Inklaar, and Robert H. McGuckin 2002, 'Changing gear' Productivity ICT and Service Industries: Europe and the United States,' paper presented at the ZEW Conference 'Economics of Information and Communication Technology,' Mannheim, June 24-25, 2002.

Broersma, Lourens and Erik Brouwer 2000, 'Innovation in Services: Explorations of Micro Data of Retail Trade and Technical Engineering in the Netherlands,' paper in SIID-project on behalf of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, mimeographed, University of Groningen.

Broersma, Lourens and Robert H. McGuckin 1999, 'The Impact of Computers on Productivity in the Trade Sector: Explorations with Dutch Microdata,' GGDC Research Memorandum, GD-45, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

Brynjolffson, Erik and Lorin Hitt 1998, 'Beyond the Productivity Paradox: Computers are the Catalyst for Bigger Changes,' Communications of the ACM, (August).

David, Paul 1990, 'The Dynamo and the Computer: A Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox,' American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, pp. 355-361.

Hertog, Pim Den and Erik Brouwer 2000, 'Innovation Indicators for the Retailing Industry: A Meso Perspective,' paper in SIID-project on behalf of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, pmmimeographed, University of Groningen.

Jong, G. de, A.P. Muizer and J.M. van der Zwan1999, Ondernemen in de groothandel 1999 Activities in Wholesale Trade 1999, EIM Zoetermeer Netherlands in Dutch.

Jorgenson, Dale W. and K. J. Stiroh 2000, 'Raising the Speed Limit: US Economic Growth in the Information Age,' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, pp. 125-211.

McGuckin, Robert H. and Bart van Ark 2001, 'Making the Most of the Information Age,' Research Report R-1301-01-RR, The Conference Board, New York, USA.

Meinen, Gerhard, Piet Verbiest, and Peter-Paul de Wolf1998, 'Perpetual Inventory Method: Service Lives, Discard Patterns and Depreciation Methods,' Statistics Netherlands, (July).

OECD 2001, OECD Productivity Manual: A Guide to the Measurement of Industry-Level and Aggregate Productivity Growth, Paris, OECD, March 2001.

Oliner, Stephen D. and Daniel E. Sichel 2002, 'Information Technology and Productivity: Where We Are Now and Where We Are Going,' unpublished paper, (May) 2002.

Roeger, Werner 2001, 'The Contribution of Information and Communication Technologies to Growth in Europe and the US: A Macroeconomic Analysis,' European Commission, DG Economic and Financial Affairs, Economic Papers, No. 147.

Statistics Netherlands CBS, 1999, Kerncijfers Detailhandel Core Figures Retail Trade, Voorburg, Netherlands in Dutch.

Stiroh, Kevin J. 2001, 'Information Technology and the US Productivity Revival: What Do the Industry Data Say?,' American Economic Review, forthcoming.

Varian, Hal, Robert E Litam, Andrew Elder and Jay Shutter 2002, 'The Net Impact Study. The Projected Economic Benefits of the Internet in the USA, UK, France, and Germany,' University of California at Berkeley.

Vogelesang, W.J.P. 1996, 'Information Technology in Retail Trade: Key to Success?' Informatietechnologie in de detailhandel: sleutel tot succes?, EIM/Center for Retail Research, Zoetermeer, ISBN 90-6946-165-X in Dutch.

Wiel, Henry P. van der 1999, 'Sectoral Labour Productivity Growth: A Growth Accounting Analysis of Dutch Industries 1973-1995,' Research Memorandum, 158, Netherlands Bureau of Economic Policy Analysis, The Hague.

Wiel, Henry P. van der 2001, 'Does ICT Boost Dutch Productivity Growth?,' CPB Document, No. 16, Netherlands Bureau of Economic Policy Analysis, The Hague.

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The Impact of Computers on Productivity in the Trade Sector: Explorations with Dutch Microdata - De Economist

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The impact of computers on productivity in the Dutch trade sector during the period 1988-1994 is examined. The analysis is based on a panel data set derived from the Production Survey of Statistics Netherlands, which includes data on output, employment, wages, and various types of investment.

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REFERENCE:University of Banga Luka , Bosnia and Herzegovina (2022) Digital workplace transformation. pp63-75

This article is about consequences of COVID-19 on workplace environment and covers the most recent adaptations at workplace and tells us how COVID-19 speeded up the use of digital technologies. It was published in 2022 which makes it most recent and up-to-date research work. It was written by the facilities of University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina and University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina which makes it credible to study. This article mentions,employees and businesses have adopted new working practises that include using digital technologies but also accepting more agile and flexible procedures and rules. The workplace has transitioned to being digital or at least hybrid. The scientific community has studied this issue and made an effort to offer it the best advice feasible in accordance with accepted scientific procedures. In the years following the beginning of the pandemic, the study presents a systematic literature evaluation of the most important scientific and business publications. It is based on the systematic review process developed by Kitchenham, using chosen publications from reputable bibliographic sources.COVID-19 and technological change have undoubtedly influenced how work is done. A digital workplace has become the new normal, and virtual and telework are popular options for future employment. Employees have stated, however, that physical presence in the office should continue on some level, depending on the organisation, type of work, and other limitation factors, of course. The majority of employees stated that they should come to the office at least once a week and that the ideal workplace should combine office work with other workplaces, such as online or telework, as well as other spaces such as hotels, bars, and so on. As a result, we can conclude that fully online/remote work will not be the future of work and that some sort of work will be required. Coming to it's relation to my research question, it is quite clear that our nature of work has changed completely as compare to past as various environmental or natural factors like COVID-19 played a crucial role in it.

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REFERENCE:The World Bank (2019) The changing nature of work. pp17-28

This article is about a report published by The World Bank in 2019 named ' World Development Report ' . The world bank is quite well-known institution that provide assistance to different under-developing countries in ending poverty and promote shared prosperity in a sustainable way. So, the source of this report is reliable. This article covers the facts that how machines or robots have replaced human beings at workplace.Discussions on the future of work have been dominated by worries about robots causing unemployment. These apprehensions are particularly pronounced in the industrial sector. In certain high-income economies over the past 20 years, there has been a fall in industrial employment. The share of industrial employment fell by more than 10 percentage points in a number of countries, including the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Yet, as those nations develop, this tendency primarily reflects a shift in employment from manufacturing to services. In contrast, since the late 1980s, developing nations have seen the creation of millions of industrial jobs. Indeed, in a few developing nations like Cambodia and Vietnam, the proportion of industrial employment has significantly increased.This article also discuss that although robots are replacing workers it's clear that technological change have created more than 23 Million jobs across Europe from 1999 to 2016.More and more people are utilising smartphones, tablets, and other portable electronic devices for work, financial management, home security and heating, and entertainment. The internet interfaces that fuel this expansion are made by workers. There are more prospects for people to seek jobs in virtual reality design and mobile app development as customer tastes are shifting quickly.In the end, although the nature of work has changed to large extent but still technology is not 100% efficient. But the impact of robots on work is also appreciable. Today's work is much easier and much better as compare to industrial revolution.

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REFERENCE: Solent University (2019) Global connectivity and learning across generations. pp11-21

This article is published and sponsored by Solent university in 2019, which makes it trustworthy and latest article. It gives a brief description about global connectivity and learning across the generations. This book is an edited collection of the papers presented at INSPIRE 2019, the 24th International Conference on Software Process Improvement Research, Education and Training, which was held at Solent University in Southampton and was sponsored by the Quality Specialist Group of the BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT. This article investigates the educational implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It discusses how technology has impacted or has not impacted traditional approaches to teaching, as well as the reasons for this, as well as the drivers and motivation for change from both an individual and institutional standpoint. The current applications of artificial intelligence in education are discussed, as well as potential future educational models and the associated ethical, security, and privacy concerns. The article also reflects on the use of artificial intelligence in education.The remainder of the paper describes current applications of AI in education and reflects on future educational models, the direction of travel in terms of technology use and impact in education, including biohacking. The paper then considers some of the ethical and privacy concerns associated with the use of AI in education before drawing conclusions about the future.This article was chosen because it discusses the nature of learning across generations, which is also relevant to my research question.