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The migration pattern of the monarch butterfly is the most well developed of any butterfly or moth species, and maybe of all known insects. Millions of individuals that are several generations distant from the migrants from the previous year fly south and westward each autumn from southern Canada and the United States. Researchers investigated the monarch’s evolutionary origins using DNA similarities. They discovered that monarchs descended from a migratory population that probably came from Mexico or the southern United States. The current global dissemination of the monarch appears to be the result of three distinct dispersal processes. Over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, to Central and South America. The theory that the butterfly descended from a non-migratory tropical species that later developed the monarch butterfly is refuted by the fact that the monarch butterfly is native to North America.the capacity to move. The investigation revealed that the monarch truly crossed the oceans thousands of years ago, contrary to historical sources that claimed its distribution over the Pacific and Atlantic occurred in the 1800s.

https://news.uchicago.edu/story/genetic-secrets-monarch-butterfly-revealed

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To better understand monarch genetics and the basis for migratory behavior, Kronforst's team sequenced and compared the genomes of 101 butterflies, including migratory North American monarchs, non-migratory monarchs from around the world and a few closely related species.

The researchers analyzed the monarch's evolutionary origins using genetic comparisons. They traced the ancestral lineage of monarchs to a migratory population that likely originated in the southern U.S. or Mexico. The monarch's current worldwide distribution appears to stem from three separate dispersal events-to Central and South America; across the Atlantic and across the Pacific. In all three cases, the butterfly independently lost its migratory behavior.

The monarch's North American origin runs counter to a long-standing hypothesis that the butterfly originated from a non-migratory tropical species, which later developed the ability to migrate. While historical records have suggested that the monarch's dispersal across the Pacific and Atlantic occurred in the 1800s, the analysis indicated the monarch actually crossed the oceans thousands of years ago. The authors note that more work needs to be done to fully document the butterfly's evolutionary history.

"In order to clearly resolve the history of monarch butterflies, we still need additional fossil, archaeological and genetic data, as well as more advanced technology, becoming available in the future," said study author Shuai Zhan, a professor in Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and a former joint postdoctoral fellow at the University of Chicago and the University of Massachusetts Medical School.

Slow and Steady

To study the genetic basis for migration, the team compared the genomes of migratory butterflies against the three non-migratory populations. They identified more than 500 genes-most of which are involved in muscle, developmental and neural function-that differed to some degree. But a single gene disparity stood out.

Migratory butterflies expressed greatly reduced levels of collagen IV α-1, a gene involved in flight muscle formation and function. The team discovered that migratory monarchs consumed less oxygen and had significantly lowered flight metabolic rates, which likely increases their ability to fly long distances compared to non-migratory butterflies.

"Migration is regarded as a complex behavior, but every time that the butterflies have lost migration, they change in exactly the same way, in this one gene involved in flight muscle efficiency," said Kronforst. "In populations that have lost migration, efficiency goes down, suggesting there is a benefit to flying fast and hard when they don't need to migrate."

The Color Gene

The researchers also investigated the genetic basis for the monarch's famous coloration. A small percentage of monarchs, most notably in Hawaii, possess white and black wings instead of orange. Comparing the genomes of these butterflies against normally colored populations, the team discovered a single gene appears to function as a pigmentation switch.

This gene, which codes for a protein of the myosin motor protein family, has never before been implicated in insect coloration. Its mutation likely disrupts the pigment transport to the wings, making the monarchs white. A related gene in mice, myosin 5a, has been shown to affect coat color in a similar way. The gene represents a new genetic pathway to explore insect coloration, according to Kronforst.

Migration in Peril

Although the monarch isn't in danger of extinction, its famous mass migration across North America appears to be in peril. In 1996, around one billion monarchs migrated to Mexico for the winter. Estimates for the past year place the number at around 35 million. A likely culprit is the loss of milkweed, the monarch's primary habitat, due to agricultural herbicide use. Meanwhile, monarchs that used to migrate are transitioning into non-migratory populations around the Gulf Coast.

The results of this study emphasize the need for conservation efforts to preserve the iconic migration and extend the extraordinary evolutionary history of the monarch butterfly, according to the authors.

"You used to see huge numbers of monarchs, clouds of them passing by," said Kronforst. "Now it looks quite possible that in the not too distant future, this annual migration won't happen."
The study, "The genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration," was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation and Neubauer Funds from the University of Chicago. Additional authors include Wei Zhang from the University of Chicago, Kristjan Niitepold and Jeremy Hsu from Stanford University, Juan Fernandez Haeger from the University of Cordoba, Myron P. Zalucki from the University of Queensland, Sonia Altizer from the University of Georgia, Jacobus C. de Roode from Emory University and Steven M. Reppert from the University of Massachusetts Medical School.

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Genetic secrets of the monarch butterfly revealed

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To better understand monarch genetics and the basis for migratory behavior, Kronforst's team sequenced and compared the genomes of 101 butterflies, including migratory North American monarchs, non-migratory monarchs from around the world and a few closely related species. The researchers analyzed the monarch's evolutionary origins using genetic comparisons.

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Most of North America's monarch butterflies can be found in prairies, meadows, grasslands, and at the sides of roadways. The adult butterfly uncoils and extends its long proboscis to consume nectar from a variety of flowers. This flexible "tongue" coils back into a spiral when not in use. The majority of monarchs have a short lifespan of a few weeks, but the generation that emerges in the late summer and early fall is unique. These butterflies may survive for eight or nine months to complete their protracted trip since they are born to fly. According to scientists, monarchs utilize the sun's position and the varying weather to choose when to embark on their lengthy migration.

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Enyzyme Inhibitors are molecules that interact temporarily or permanently with enzymes in some way. They reduce the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction or even prevent them from working in a normal matters. There are three important types of inhibitors; competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibitors. There is also a mixed inhibition.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/enzyme-inhibitor

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Climate change impact on Monarch Butterfly 

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Climate change impact on Monarch Butterfly 

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Monarch Butterflies are very sensitive to changes in temperature as they rely heavily on this factor to prompt migration, hibernation and reproduction. Thus, changes in temperature due to climate change are expected to influence and potentially disrupt these critical stages of the butterflies’ life cycle. For example, it has been discovered that exposure to cold temperatures at the overwintering sites is the key factor in determining a switch in the direction of the migration from southward to northward in overwintering butterflies. This suggests that warmer temperatures at the overwintering sites could potentially significantly modify or even prevent the return trip north of the butterflies in spring. It also suggests that unseasonal cold episodes during the autumn could have serious consequences on the migration of Monarchs undertaking their southward migration. Temperature also influences the butterflies’ hibernation period. The butterflies need to overwinter in forests where the temperature is reasonably low so that their metabolism is not too demanding, but not so low that they freeze. Therefore, higher temperatures and erratic freezing events due to climate change threaten the butterflies’ ability to survive hibernation.
https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_monarch_butterfly_climate_change.pdf

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The Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell as they place a vital role in producing energy. It produces ATP by using the energy released from the oxidation of the food we eat. The Mitochondria also has other roles such as maintaining calcium homeostasis and programming cell death.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321783/#:~:text=The classic role of mitochondria,as growth, movement and homeostasis.

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Ribosome's are multi-component molecular machines that build complex proteins by putting building blocks together according to instructions of the messenger, RNAs. All cells need ribosome's to make the necessary life proteins. They are made inside the nucleolus of the nucleus. Some ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, others float freely within the cytoplasm.
https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/31051-study-reveals-how-ribosomes-are-assembled-in-human-cells/#:~:text=All cells need ribosomes to,in the cell's messenger RNAs.

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Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane and form large and complex organisms. Examples of eukaryotic cells are plants, animals, protists, fungi. Some characteristics that differentiate these cells are the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus and Lysosomes. The Function of Eukaryotic cells is to produce food & energy for growth and maintain homeostasis within the body by eliminating waste.
https://unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-material/biology/structure-and-functions-of-a-eukaryotic-cell/#:~:text=The Function of Eukaryotic cells,a membrane and a nucleus.

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What goes first in the scientific method?

A. Experiment

B. Collect data

C. Hypthesis

*D. Observation

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The Life Cycle of the Butterfly Discussion 

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The Life Cycle of the Butterfly Discussion 

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https://youtu.be/rcAN4rkTmNU

The butterfly still retains certain memories from its time as a caterpillar is something that drew my interest. Even though it undergoes a significant transformation, it may still recall some of the enjoyable experiences it experienced prior to the transformation. I learned something new and made a cute observation at the same time.

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The life cycle of the butterfly - Franziska Bauer

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Hi, My name is Javiera Lopez and I graduated from Miami Senior High School. I was born in Miami but my parents are from nicaragua. I am currently majoring in Atmospheric Science and i attend padron campus and taking all my classes there. My work experience is just starting to build however, I'm working at papa johns as a part time job. I have a lot of hobbies such as on my free time I like to play beach volleyball with my friends. During high school,I was part of the girls varsity volleyball team. I like to say that I spend most of my time going to the gym, It helps me gain confidence and be healthy. I'm starting to play the piano again now but when I was little my mom would take me to pianoclessons and i was surprisingly good at it. My goals in life is being able to succed in life and have a secured career for myself and able to make an impact with major.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGnXq8l-rwoThe intricate hierarchies and mechanisms that exist in termite colonies, as well as their lifespans, drew my eye. I was shocked to learn that the colonies have specific tasks for particular termites that all cooperate for the colony's existence, such the nasute soldier, and that the queens can live for up to 20 years. This has caused me to pause and consider the existence of termites beyond their role as household pests and instead study about their complex life cycle.

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Coneheads, egg stacks and anteater attacks: The reign of a termite queen - Barbara L. Thorne

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A claim is a statement that answers the question. It will usually only be one sentence in length. The claim does not include any explanation, reasoning, or evidence so it should not include any transition words such as “because.”The reasoning is the explanation of “why and how” the evidence supports the claim. It should include an explanation of the underlying science concept that produced the evidence or data. The reasoning is the explanation of “why and how” the evidence supports the claim. It should include an explanation of the underlying science concept that produced the evidence or data. The CER method helps us understand things in many different ways and we can use it on a daily basis. It can be used with dealing with friends and family and having to support and reason with them and there are times when friends and family argue but we hear their clain support them and reason with them.

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The large and brilliantly-colored monarch butterfly is among the most easily recognizable of the butterfly species that call North America home. They have two sets of wings and a wingspan of three to four inches (7 to 10 centimeters). Their wings are a deep orange with black borders and veins, and white spots along the edges. The underside of the wings is pale orange. Male monarchs have two black spots in the center of their hind wings, which females lack. These spots are scent glands that help males attract female mates. Females have thicker wing veins than males. The butterfly’s body is black with white markings.
https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Monarch-Butterfly

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The ice-albedo feedback is an example of a positive feedback loop. A system's impact can be changed, either positively or negatively, by a feedback loop. More black ocean is exposed in the Arctic as sea ice melts (lower albedo), which absorbs more heat and encourages the melting of more ice. In this lesson, students will use maps to compute and compare changes in albedo.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inVZoI1AkC8

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Feedback loops: How nature gets its rhythms - Anje-Margriet Neutel

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RPIR6I4KY8

One thing that stood out to me was how many people put themselves at risk for the common cold by engaging in daily activities. because many people touch their eyes, noses, and mouths without first washing their hands. These things expose you to bacteria within your body and it will cause you to have symptoms which is the common cold. When you have a cold, all you want to do is sleep, yet the moment your head touches the pillow, your body starts to exhibit symptoms.

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Digital Story: Common Cold Lesson Done by: Loteisha  Lattibeaudiere

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsqCA50d7BM

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Why is it so hard to cure the common cold?

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nAETHZTObk

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK9xHry877U

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What is the biggest single-celled organism? - Murry Gans