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- main protagonist of ‘Studies In The Park’
- undergoing the stresses and rigour of studying for a major examination
- describes studying and such examinations as a ‘stamp to a dead world’
- embodies the youths in society
- critical of the paper-chase centric world
- provides a commentary on the effects of a bureaucratic and unemotional society on the aspirations of the young

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Breakdown of Essay
1. Purpose / Role of Character in Society
2. Author's Intentions
3. Relationship with others
4. Defining Moment 1
5. Defining Moment 2

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Intention of Playwright & Character's Position

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Intention of Playwright & Character's Position

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Ms Mas's feedback : Must separate into different paragraphs fr clarity

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Desai creates a vivid impression of Varma  with the use of his character’s position in the story. In the story, Varma represents the archetype of old people regressing into child-like behaviour as they grow older and more sick.    [What about his son's purpose? / YOU CAN ALSO COMMENT ON WHETHER SHE IS SUCCESSFUL IN THIS PRESENTING THIS]

D1: One example in the story is when he says “I”m dying,” // “Let me die, I tell you.” The repetitive use of the words “dying” and “die” emphasises Varma’s intention to succumb to his sickness, as if he is already giving up despite the effort his son has put him in trying to heal him. He shows child-like behaviours in the story when he slowly develops his sickness.

D2: “The old man sighed and laid down in a corpse position. That worried no one any longer.” The words “corpse position” lets readers infer that Varma tries to scare his family members by acting “dead” so that he will get what he wants. His bratty behaviour exemplifies how his childishness grows more when he is sick, as if perfectly displaying the archetype of the old who regress into their child-like attitude, as they know that the people around them will take care of them.

D3: “Worried no one any longer” suggests that Varma has done this a number of times to catch people’s attention, though it fooled no one anymore. Usually, children are always trying to catch the attention of the people around them as the archetype of children is that though they show innocence and spontaneous, they are also stubborn and dependent .

Varma’s characteristics in the story slowly turn from a proud father who is always so jubilant toward his son to an overtly dependent and stubborn man. Desai’s intention in creating this archetype of Varma in the story is trying to let readers be aware of his position in the story, he symbolises the diminishing of one’s dignity in their life. The reason for his stubbornness is due to his humiliation as he had to be aided to do the most simple body functions.

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- Rakesh is a representation of modernity.
-As a son, he is the embodiment of filial piety and epitomises the ideal son.
- Rakesh is an authoritative father yet does not resort to violence
- the perfect provider of wealth as a husband.
- In his career, he is elite in the medical world and is a symbol of success to his village.
- He is described to be perfect in the eyes of the omniscient narrator and is shown to readers throughout the story.

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Character’s position and purpose in society:

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Character’s position and purpose in society:

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-Haresh is a representation of a success
-His purpose is to show the downfall of men in the patriarchal Indian society
-To place emphasis on the Caste system in India
-And to lend light to how the Indian society is blind towards the outcasts
-After the epiphany, Haresh’s becomes death to society’s criticisms, judgements and insults
-Haresh is fully detached from the society
-Haresh is an attempt by Desai to challenge the archetype and Caste system of India

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- Rakesh touching father’s feet
- According to Hindu tradition, when you touch the feet of an elder person, you are in turned blessed with knowledge, intellect, strength and fame
- It shows his humility and filial piety as he does it everytime he visits Varma
- The act of bowing is a sign of respect
- Despite his status, he stills bows to his elder as a form of respect

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Otima: caretaker of Basu, does most of the stuff the husband should do but still listens to Basu’s orders

Purpose:
- Otima does not totally reflect how women in a patriarchal society should be.
- In a patriarchal society, husbands should be the one taking actions while women remains invisible.
-  However in Pigeons at Daybreak, Otima is the one doing most of the work the husband should do.
- The patriarchal society allows in invalid man to control his wife who is mobile.
- She is successful in portraying this because she lives up to the expectations and wants of her husband.

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Shows Raman’s naiveness and gullibility

Raman’s lack of self approval that he went along with his colleagues.

Pg 93 2nd & 3rd para

“feeling inside a warm expansion of relief” show’s Raman’s comfort as he acknowledges his wife’s ability to escape the struggle of accommodating to their surroundings.

Pg 96 2nd para

‘ “Ah now we have a chance to be with you at last, now we can begin our party” ‘
- this shows how comfortable Raman and Bina are with the doctors, revealing an alter ego from their normal selves.

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- Suno runs away from home in frustration

- “Stuff themselves with fries and then smear their grease on my books.”
- “So I raced out of my room, with my fingers in my ears, to scream till the roof fell down about their ears.
- “‘Study,’ I said, and found I croaked. ‘I know I ought to study. And how do you expect me to study - in this mad-house? You run wild, wild. I’m getting out,’ I screamed”

- Use of first-person narration; allows the reader to understand and follow the emotions and train of thoughts of Suno, seeing the world from his perspective
- He conveys feelings of frustration; and his often times sarcastic tone highlight his anger and annoyance
- subtly underscores the mounting pressure on him; reaching a boiling point when he finally leaves the house
- ironically, he reiterates this pressure upon himself - he asks how he is expected to study, rather than why he is expected to study.
- reflection of how Suno is the embodiment of youths, and is the pillar of hope in his family; their pathway to success

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- Rakesh is a hindrace to Varma as he doesn’t allow him to live the life he wishes to live.
- As a doctor, Rakesh has a duty to take care of Varma and not only is Varma his father, he is also his patient.
- Detached from family

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Purpose of Character in Story
In Sale, Desai expounds on the problems of Social Hierarchy in India and how the perspective of people from different hierarchies differs, with the story mainly focusing on a character by the moniker 'The Artist', a visionary who is able to see things that others would not have, but because he is from a lower social class, these gifts do not make him an important character, even to the author herself. The Artist despite being the main character of the story, does not have his name made known by the author, this breaks the fourth wall of the story and shows that not only is The Artist seen as unimportant to the characters in the story but also to the writer and readers alike as nameless characters usually mean that the character is insignificant. What is more disturbing is the fact that his clients who are supposed to be nameless as they are not the main characters of the story have their names made known, signifying that in society, talents no matter how remarkable, do not signify importance but the wealth of a person and their social standing does.

Character's Relationship in Story
The relationship between 'The Artist' and his clients highlights the change in character between the 2 parties as the story progresses. At the beginning of the story, the clients seem to respect the artist who ironically belittles them despite being from a  lower social class than them. However, once his clients found out the methods to which he used to create what would seem like marvelous paintings at first glance and they had a change of heart towards them.  Towards the end of the story, we can see that 'The Artist' begins to want to accept whatever paintings his clients demanded, even claiming that he would paint for them "snow that they had never seen" and "as no one else had ever painted", all to no avail as his clients laugh and he has to accept his failure to sell them any paintings. Through this relationship, the writer shows that despite the artistic talent 'The Artist' possessed,  his efforts to appease his clients were all for naught just because his clients had a different perspective compared to his and were capable of rejecting him as they came from a  higher social class and he was incapable of doing anything.

Defining Moment 1
One defining moment in the story would be The Artist's first impressions of his clients as he mentions he "watches them, wondering at the imbecility of their appearance as they huddled together and gape." (Page 42). From the phrase "imbecility of their appearances",  we can see that 'The Artist', despite being from a lower social class has a larger 'ego' or rather is so self-centered that he judges even the most minute details of others from their clothes to their movements but does not realise the fact that even he has his own flaws such as the messiness of his own room as described the line before. The Artist thinks so highly of himself as he sees his clients being taken aback of his work as a sign that he was better than them  and despite being from a lower social class, he acts as if he is better than people who fare better than him in life after receiving even the slightest praise from them.Another defining moment in the story would be 'The Artist' offering a painting he had initially painted for his son. From this moment, it is revealed that The Artist "finds himself sweating and exhausted - he had not realised how he was straining himself.". The phrase "straining himself" showing us that 'The Artist' wanted to please his clients by going to the extent to sell something that would otherwise be extremely sentimental.  This moment also marks the change in character between The Artist and his clients as the former becomes more desperate and the latter mocking such efforts, contrasting the relationship between the 2 parties at the beginning of the story.

Defining Moment 2
The other defining moment of the story would be when the Artist discusses his paintings with his clients. The phrase "Now he wants to turn out the entire studio for them, bring out his best." shows us that despite being somewhat egotistical, The Artist was trustful of his clients that they would buy his paintings. We can see this from the phrase "bring out his best", implying that the artist wanted to impress his client in hopes that they would buy from them. This would later backfire when his clients realise that his best paintings were not something they had expected, making this moment all the more defining as it is contrasted the fact that the best paintings the artist had to offer was not one that would make his clients pay, but one that would make them have second thoughts and eventually not buy any paintings all together.

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Intention: the playwright wanted to show that even though women does most of the work, the husbands would still have the right to control them because of the patriarchal society.

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Defining Moments 2:
- Page 98 “one of his worst afflictions, Mr Basu  thought, was not able to read the newspaper himself. To have them read to him by his wife.”
- Otima is seen as a vibrant personality who takes on the role of a caregiver
- His sense of entitlement Shows how Otima would take time out to help her husband and how she would give everything he wanted to her

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Relationship with others: friendly
Defining Moments 1
- Page 99 “ I am reading right,” she protested. “think I can’t read? Did my B.A, helped two children through school and college, and you think i can’t read?”
- She is unperturbed by her husband’s condescension and insufferable attitude.
- A rare defensive approach by Otima
- Otima learned how to defend and protect  herself in front of her husband

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- representative of asociety
-

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- Suno is initially supposed to represent the hopes and dreams of youths in society
- As the story progresses, he ironically abandons such ideals
- becomes perceived as a failure
- goes against what society perceives to be the steps to success
- yet still finds happiness
- therefore challenging society’s notions of success

“Oh, study, study, study, they all breathed at me”
- repetition for emphasis
- underlines Suno’s role in his family, which is to study and perform at his examinations
- highlights the pressure on youths to succeed academically

“My family, my studies, my life - they all belonged to the dead”
- humanisation of the ‘dead’; as if the dead had possessions
- emphasise his detachment from the things he had listed, dramatising his epiphany and showing his change of heart

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Pritam – symbol of depravity – moral corruption and wickedness

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In a traditional Indian household, it follows the convention of its patriarchal society, where the man is the breadwinner and the woman is the domestic caretaker. The relationship between the husband and the wife would have an uneven power dynamic in favour of the man, who was seen as domineering and in control, as he is the provider for the household, while the woman should be placid, polite and almost servile to her husband. In traditional stories, much alike Desai’s other short stories e.g Sale and Private Tution With Mr Bose, the woman is never heard or never mentioned by name, usually addressed as “wife” or “Mrs _____” as they were supposed to fade into the background, while the man is constantly heard and mentioned by his name. However, Otima is named and frequently heard in this story, and is the matriarch of the house, while Basu lies on the bed and snaps at his wife, ordering her around, emasculating him and his position of authority in the household. This role reversal is clearly shown in “He gasped fearfully, ‘without a fan? In this heat?’ And already his diaphragm seemed to cave in, his chest to rise and fall as he panted for breath. Clutching his threat, he groped his way back to the cane chair. “Otima, Otima, I can’t breathe.” He moaned.” This shows his struggled movements and melodramatic actions, which undermines his own portrayal of masculine dignity as he does not fit the stereotype of a cool and calm man under pressure. Moreover. ‘“She put her papers away and rose with a sigh of irritation and anxiety, the kind a sickly child arouses in its tired mother.”’ shows how Otima views Basu not as a person to defer to, but obliged to care for, and clearly shows her impatience and annoyance towards a husband, something which is a big no-no from the traditional role of a submissive and loving wife. Therefore, the positions of authority are clearly switched from Basu to Otima, showing Desai’s desire to change the status of women in society to one where they have more control and equality, and Basu’s flair for the dramatic and pessimistic personality.

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- seen as an unfilial son by his father
- has a turbulent relationship with his mother and siblings
- initially perceives those at the park with disgust and negativity; yet later establishes friendly connections with them

“He says that I am hopeless but I need to get help-“
- His father is angry at him, and cannot understand why Suno would abandon his role
- His father therefore represents society, who yields no sympathy for those who go against its notions, dismissing them as ‘hopeless’
- extension of society’s view that Suno is irresponsible and unfilial

“And my mother. She cuts and fries, cut and fries. All day I hear her chopping and slicing and the pan of oil hissing”
- Suno’s tone juxtaposes the rhyming of his mother’s actions (chopping, slicing and hissing)
- shows that his mother’s actions are out of love
- Yet Suno does not see her actions as motherly love; but rather nuisance and disturbances

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-“I”m dying,” // “Let me die, I tell you.”
-The repetitive use of the words “dying” and “die”
-emphasises Varma’s intention to succumb to his sickness, as if he is already giving up despite the effort his son has put him in trying to heal him.
-He shows child-like behaviours in the story when he slowly develops his sickness.

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-“The old man sighed and laid down in a corpse position. That worried no one any longer.”
-The words “corpse position” lets readers infer that Varma tries to scare his family members by acting “dead” so that he will get what he wants.
-His bratty behaviour exemplifies how his childishness grows more when he is sick
-as if perfectly displaying the archetype of the old who regress into their child-like attitude, as they know that the people around them will take care of them.

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-“Worried no one any longer” suggests that Varma has done this a number of times to catch people’s attention, though it fooled no one anymore.
-Usually, children are always trying to catch the attention of the people around them
-as the archetype of children is that though they show innocence and spontaneous, they are also stubborn and dependent .

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Mrs Fernandez’s role as a mother emphasises the neglect her son faces. Victor’s well being is seemed to be the least of Mrs Fernandez’s worries.

Like the lack of affection from his mother and his unwanted role in the family. The way Victor acts shows that he does not feel comfortable or free in his family. "He felt he was being shoved out".

This is reflected by his mother's actions, who displays that she does not trust Victor. She keeps a grip on him, "by holding him by the arm." His inability to roam free or be trusted contributes to his general disappointment, and Desai shows us the coldness of his mother's actions towards him by having her hold his "arm" as apposed to his 'hand'.

There is little love or warmth between them. again, this proves how mrs fernandez is the opposite of how a mother should behave, or how, woman in india should potray themselves. Further showing the fragmented relationship between mother and son.

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1) Husband and wife relationship, Sheila
- "He gave her a reproachful look as he picked up the knife and went about dividing the melon into quarter-moon portions with sighs that showed how it pained him.”
-Sheila’s position of a wife is being displaced by a melon which is an inanimate object which triggers Haresh’s epiphany and displaced his priorities to his family

2)Haresh's interaction to society
-Haresh’s last words were “Oh no, no” and he was never once heard again
i. Reactions by the adults
- After the epiphany, Haresh was not heard and "seen" again by the adults
-This emphasises the social blindness of Indian society towards the outcast

ii. Reactions by the children
- "Once some children reported they had seen him lying under the pipal tree at the corner of their school compound…a boy who commuted to school on a suburban train claimed to have seen him on the railway platform”
- He was noticed by the children, which also highlights the innocence of the children and how unjudgemental they are

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-Ravi represents the neglected and forgotten children

-Ravi is playing hide-and-seek with his other siblings

-Hides in the shed where he was forgotten about during the game

-Embodies the forgotten children in society

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-To lend a logical perspective to an issue

-Doesn’t extend emotional judgement and entanglements to the issue

-However, there is a lack of empathy

-There is also a lack of emotion

-To show Ravi’s experiences

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-Desai creates a vivid impression of Varma  with the use of his character’s position in the story.
- In the story, Varma represents the archetype of old people regressing into child-like behaviour as they grow older and more sick.

-the purpose of varma’s son Rakesh, however, is to show the importance of filial piety
-rakesh’s intentions and motives are pure and out of love, but he fails to realize that his father would rather follow the natural rhythms of life to the end rather than be restricted.
-Rakesh's modern ideas have finally caught up with the family and prevented him from seeing his father's real needs.
-Anita succeeded in showing rakesh’s purpose as rakesh was truly devoted in being filial but it is just shown in his own ways

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How does the character role raise the author’s larger concerns?

1)

Harish focuses selfishly on things and surfaces that are “normally considered nondescript and unimportant”(pg 36)

He abandons his responsibilities, his family and human connection, leaving his house

“the queue disinterested into vociferous grumbles and threats as people went home instead of to the ration shops, empty-handed instead of loaded with those necessary, but to Harish, so dull comestibles.” (pg 37)

Despite Harish running away from his responsibilities and not conforming to his role in society, he is still labelled a Swami by the shepherd children, and was worshipped by them.

“So they worshipped him, fed and watched over him, interpreting his moves in their own fashion, and Harish, in turn, watched over their offerings and worshipped.”

In this story, Desai is trying to expose the true nature of Indian society. Before Harish’s epiphany, he was deemed as a successful man as he had a job in the government together with being married with children.

However, even when Harish stops conforming to society’s expectations of him by leaving his responsibilities and his family, he still continues to be worshipped by people

This thus shows the true nature of society and their perception of men. A man who does not fulfill his responsibilities and abandons his family is worshipped the same way society admires a man who is deemed successful by them.

This shows that the very fact that Harish is a man is the reason why he is worshipped by Indian society, and not because of his success.

In Indian society, men will always be deemed as “better” compared to women

2)

Sheila: “I will have to hang my head and crawl home and beg my father to look after us since you won’t.”

Together with his responsibilities in his job, Harish also abandons his family, leaving his wife to fend for herself

However, instead of Harish taking the blame for abandoning his family, Sheila has to receive the backlash for being abandoned

She is criticised by society for her destroyed marriage, and her role as a single mother, while Harish is being worshipped despite him abandoning his family

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-Not cared about

-Won the hide-and-seek game due to being forgotten about

-Ironic as his name is the sanskrit word for the Sun but was overshadowed (forgotten)

-Taken for granted

-Presence is ignored

-Easily Replaceable

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-Varma’s characteristics in the story slowly turn from a proud father who is always so jubilant toward his son to an overtly dependent and stubborn man.
-Desai’s intention in creating this archetype of Varma in the story is trying to let readers be aware of his position in the story, he symbolises the diminishing of one’s dignity in their life. -The reason for his stubbornness is due to his humiliation as he had to be aided to do the most simple body functions.

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-Ravi’s defining moment was when he had come out when he thought he won the game

-He then realises that he had been forgotten by the other children ( his own siblings )

-Ravi then has an epiphany that he is not cared about and he realises his insignificance

-His status as the winner of the game was snatched away and replaced by the crushing weight of his insignificance

-Thus, in a way, Ravi goes through a kind of death in terms of his innocence and his hopes which ends his childhood
-“He could hear them chanting,singing,laughing.”
-“he flung himself at the white pillar and bawled “
-“they all turned to stare at him in amazement.”
-“They had quite forgotten him”

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-One defining moment is when Haresh was having dinner with his family and he sees a melon

-That was the point of detachment for Haresh when he detaches himself from reality and society and ditches his responsibilities of a man in the patriarchal society in India.
-Haresh’s last words were “Oh no, no” and he was never once heard again

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the author’s intention is revealed through Bina’s character

mocks the habits and attitudes of the upper-class and their obsession with the social hierarchy

archetype of a rich woman since she does not socialise often and is socially awkward

her character contrasts the personalities of the other wealthy neighbours

->  “jovial circles of mahjong”

-> “club evenings”

she does not care about the views others have of her

often even looks down on the other women

->  “to whom the most awful thing was the screw of a golden earring disappearing down the bathroom sink”

her character places emphasis on the stereotypes of the rich and makes their actions seem ridiculous

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- Rakesh scolding Varma for asking his children to buy jalebis
- “ There’s cholera in the city, typhoid, gastro-enteritis - I see these cases daily in the hospital, how can I allow my own family to run such risks?”
- “lay down in the corpse position. But that worried no one any longer”
- His empathy and compassion is suddenly (ironically) turned into the very reasons why his father sees him as unfilial
- A turning point for Rakesh as he no longer cares for his father

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“Bina blinked at such words of affection from a woman she had met twice, perhaps thrice before”

“she had always stood outside it, smiling stiffly, not wanting to join and refusing their effusively nodded invitation”

Bina’s relationship with other people that is outside her family is seen to be distant and cold

seen to be uncomfortable and quieter among her own neighbours

supposed to be at least comfortable with as they live close together.

distant and cold relationship between Bina and her neighbours shows how alienated she is in the outside world

keeps her own opinions to herself without sharing with others

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-This can be seen from the story, “ He hugged his knees together and smiled to himself almost shyly at the thought of such victory,such laurels”
-Ravi was happy when he realises he could finally be the winner of the game
-He “hugged his knees” at the though of soon becoming the winner
-Winning the game was all he could think about as can be seen from “thought of such victory”

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- Portrayed as the teacher/ husband in society
- Husband is the superior person in the household
- Supposed to be tough, unbroken etc.
-  Teacher is supposed to be proffessional and in control of things

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“Raman and Bina both felt a warm, moist expansion of tenderness inside themselves”

“tears that were compounded equally of drink, relief and regret”

"now we can begin the party"

bina’s relationship with her relatives and the doctors are seen to be very close

expresses herself more when she is alone with her family and the doctors

alienated when she is with the other neighbours as she feels as though she cannot express herself in front of others.

immediate relief that bina has when she is reunited with her loved ones

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pg 83, “it was astonishing because bina was a frigid and friendless woman. She was thirty five. For fifteen years she had verbs bringing up her children and, in particular, nursing the  eldest who was serverly spastic.”

emphasises how bina is different from the other women

others are “plump” and “bright” while bina is first introduced as a frail woman who takes care of the sick.

contrast between bina and the other wives emphasises the alienation of bina

shows how she was already different from the others from the start.

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The accompanist is nameless

emphasises his insignificance in society even though he is the protagonist of the story

He represents the people who are talents who choose to be overshadowed by others

However, he is able to find comfort and security in his current state which is ironic

as he deserves to be acknowledged by society, but he chooses to stay by the ustad’s side. (Which is a small role that does not showcase his true capabilities)

“This is all the reward I need to keep me with him like a shadow”

Relationship between Ustad and Bhai:

distant relationship

Bhai is insignificant to the ustad, but the ustad is worshipped by bhai

love is one-sided

“his true friend. he may never smile and nod in approval of me. but he cannot do without me.”

Bhai is delusional about the ustad needing bhai in his life

Relationship between friends and Bhai

friends are being genuinely concerned about bhai and wants him to prove his true capabilities

bhai however is enraged after hearing his friends’ words as he does not want to face reality and thinks his friends

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pg 97 “bina could give in now to her two most urgent needs and dash indoors"

"fetch Nono to sit on her lap, to let Nono, too have a share in the party.”

This scene is where is finally able to relax and express herself fully

only expressing herself when she is with her family and doctors alone, without the need to entertain her neighbour guests.

“Could give in now”

bina was trying to suppress her needs in order to keep her facade of a hostess.

Right immediately after the guests left, bina goes back to her own motherly self by attending to her son.

going “indoors”

symbolises how she preferred the homely feel and continued to maintain her motherly figure than to gloat and laugh with neighbours

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‘Bose’ is considered a “modern” name in a country where the name is usually of Hindu origins.

emphasises his love for the archaic and traditional languages such as Sanskrit and Bengali.

His love and passion for these languages encompasses his identity and his self-worth.

Mr Bose’s role as a teacher is to teach and to be respected

however, mocked at by Upneet and looked down upon

symbol of brokenness and fragility

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-How Basu reacts to the electricity going out for a short while

->“Today?Tonight?No electricity?”he echoed.(Pg 101)

-Character regression

->not acting like how a man or a husband should

->a husband would be strong, firm and the breadwinner of the family

->Basu acts very needy and selfish instead

-Exaggeration of diction

->“gasped”, “panted” and “groped” are the verbs that depict weak and struggled movements

->overtly melodramatic actions of Basu

->undermines his own portrayal of masculine dignity

->juxtaposes how a man should be over something as simple as electricity going out for a while

->Basu is more dependent on his wife then he should be through his complaints and needy behaviour

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i) representative of a women who does not conform to societal norm
- "
- she shows the departure from a patriarchal view of the indian society as the females in this story overpower the males.

ii) undermining of a typical Indian woman's image
- "
- she shows a contrasting effect as she is loud, opinionated and argumentative
- which is the opposite of typical Indian women being gentle, muted and forgotten or invisible in the society.

iii) she acts as a "disturbance" to the story line due to her irksome nature
- "
- she challenges the societal norms at almost every part of the story.

iv) She fails to show her authority and significance in the society
- "
- as the readers are only able to portray her as an aggressive and cold woman and parent.
- This dismisses the fact that the woman in society are of power as it shows that they have only earned this through the use of their voice and attitude.

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- Upneet is representative of a distraction towards Mr Bose, but is not shown until their defining moment.

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1)Varma and his daughter in law
Varma comes to resent his daughter-in-law's presence.
E.g He can see her smirk sliding merrily through the air. He accuses her of taunting him, mainly because she didn't bring him a piece of fried fish, as he asked her to.

2)Varma and Rakesh
Initially: Varma is proud of Rakesh because the young man has fulfilled all his expectations and made all his sacrifices well worth the effort.
After: Varma was helpless and his old age made him more miserable. Rakesh had developed a doctor-patient relation with his father. Rakesh was only concerned with his father's health but the old man thought his son was being miserly.

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- Mr Bose’s relationship with Pritam and Upneet is described with the vivid image of ‘gagging’
- Shows how Mr Bose is very uneasy around them
-Pritam(gagged by the need to restrain himself from hurting Pritam)
-Upneet(gagged by her condenscension of his family and the things that he treasured)
-Wife(gagged by her overt love and apology)
- Juxtaposes his role as a symbol of authority of an Indian man in a patriarchal society husband/father/teacher

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David is supposed to carry traits such as being educated, civilized, smart, intellectual and having the willingness to be widely open to ideas and the opinions of others.

This would also mean that he is culturally open.

The story takes place in three settings in locations all around India.

David's character regresses with his title as a scholar.

in Manali, readers are able to see how David slowly drifts from his a facade as a scholar and this acts as a catalyst towards his character's regression in his

David juggles his roles as a striving sociologist ad also his role as a husband as him and his wife venture through the different places in India

Pat’s progression amplifies Davids regression

Pat contrasts the characteristics of David and is successful in showing the regression of David and how he slowly loses his honourable façade of being a scholar

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role in society is a that of a caretaker

->  “Bina had spent the evening racing upstairs to the babies’ baths and bed-time”

spends most of her life looking after her ill child

does not have a social life

->  regards taking care of her children as more important than social gatherings in order to look after all her children

->  her life revolves around her family, especially her children

->  “Bina could give in now to her two most urgent needs” that is to “fetch Nono to sit on her lap, to let Nono have a share, too”

-> she interacts more and feels more comfortable with the doctors as compared to her own neighbours who live right next to her

shows how much time she spends with the doctors

successful in this role as her children are well-behaved

->  “so cool, controlling your children, handling them so wonderfully and with such superb results— my inspiration!”

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Ms Mas's feedback : Please separate these into different bubbles.
- Bullet the points for easier reference

IMPORTANT : For each defining moment, identify 2-3 quotes that you would unpack.

PLEASE COMPLETE THE REST OF THE COMPONENTS

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i) Mrs Fernandez uses her demanding nature to show a sense of worry for her child

- She keeps a grip on him, "by holding him by the arm."

- This conveys the protective nature of a mother who is, though forcefully, is constantly leading her child to safety and comfort.

- She pays no mind to Victors silent cries as she prioritises getting the both of them to safety through the crowd.

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Represents people in society who are muted, symbolises a mole

“He had seen nothing of it, only followed, disconsolately and confused”

Blindly follows instructions and feels unconfident and anxious

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Anita Desai deliberately introduces the readers to a woman of authority in a matriarchal society where the male counterparts are silenced and women are in power. She’s does this to change the perception of the readers after being constantly presenting a male dominant community in previous stories.

the author also portrayed mrs fernandez as a woman in india who does not show vulnerability. The role of a mother, who is supposed to be the supporting and attentive figure in a child's life, is replaced by her rough and aggressive moves as she embodies the antithesis of a mother’s loving role.

the author purposely shows the removal of facade of societal norms through mrs fernandez as she reveals her true selves which is rather disturbing.

the appearance of mrs fernandez allows the author's silent attempt to be successful in revealing the facade and vulnerability of people in a matriarchal setting.

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1. he isn’t manly

“Always a nervous rather than rebellious child”

Contrast between the lack of musculinity in Victor and the other boys

Ii) Controlling relationship between Victor and mom

“He would not exchange looks with her….licked his dry lips”

He is intimidated by Mrs Fernandez’s authority over him, he licked his dry lips to emphasise how he does not speak and is restrained

“Instinctively, he put out his hand to his mother’s and received another shock”

His mother is his source of comfort

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“Victor was a nervous rather rebellious child”

Shows the gender role reversal because Victor is showing characteristics of a typical female, which undermines his own masculinity

He is known for his pusillanimous attitude and nervous actions throughout the story which shows how similar he is to a typical

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He hands around cigarettes (from his local company) with an apologetic air, describing them as awful even though they sold well in the local market,  putting them away when given the first opportunity to.
This shows how he is aware of his unimportant social standing and does not want to be reminded of it.

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“He himself into a mouse.”

Mice are small, timid, insignificant creatures. And he is comparing himself to them, reflecting how he sees himself as afraid and a minor figure compared to everyone else.

“He hated mice.”

Shows how hates where society has placed him, and hates the lack of confidence he has to do anything about it.

“Clumsy as a bear”

Emphasises his lack of self-esteem.

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In Sale, Desai expounds on the problems of social hierarchy in India and how the perspective of people from different hierarchies differs, with the story mainly focusing on a character by the moniker 'The Artist', a visionary who is able to see things that others would not have.

i) Society's inability to accept him due to his class
- "
- because he is from a lower social class, these gifts do not make him an important character, even to the author herself. - The Artist despite being the main character of the story, does not have his name made known by the author,
-> this breaks the fourth wall of the story and shows that not only is The Artist seen as unimportant to the characters in the story, but also to the writer and readers alike, as nameless characters usually mean that the character is insignificant.

ii) Society's refusal to acknowledge talent beyond the class system
- "
- What is more disturbing is the fact that his clients who are supposed to be nameless as they are not the main characters of the story have their names made known, signifying that in society, talents no matter how remarkable, do not signify importance but the wealth of a person and their social standing does.

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“laughed incredulously spilling some of her drink and proffering the plate of cheese biscuits”

“Bina gave one of those smiles that easily frightened people found mocking” “somewhat scornful”

“flustered by this unaccustomed vision of herself”

likes being genuinely complimented instead of the false praises

only revealed during this interaction that she enjoys affirmations from others as long as they are sincere

accepted compliment