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TRUST VS MISTRUST
STAGE ONE

Infancy
An infant must receive basic needs, like food and shelter, in order to trust the caregiver. Without trust, the infant will be distant and act afraid.

My mother often tells stories about me as a baby. She refers to how much I cried and that I had colic. The only way to soothe me was with a pacifier and swing. My mother always made sure my basic needs were met by feeding, bathing, and making sure I was comfortable.

According to our textbook, when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving, the psychological conflict of the first year—basic trust versus mistrust—is resolved on the positive side. The trusting infant expects the world to be good and gratifying, so he feels confident about venturing out to explore it. The mistrustful baby cannot count on the kindness and compassion of others, so she protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around them.

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AUTONOMY VS SHAME
STAGE TWO

Early Childhood
I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-E-N-T
A child must learn to be independent but also not afraid to ask for help. If a child often gets in trouble for doing things on their own, they will have shame or doubt.

My mom traveled a lot for work when I was younger. When she was home, she would pick perfectly matched outfits for me to wear. But when she was away my dad would let me pick out my own clothes. The outfits often included princess dresses. The ladies at daycare knew when my mom was out of town and would comment about it. By letting me get dressed myself, my father helped me develop a sense of independence.

According to our textbook, basic trust and autonomy grow out of warm, sensitive parenting and reasonable expectations for impulse control starting in the second year. If children emerge from the first few years with-out sufficient trust in caregivers and without a healthy sense of individuality, the seeds are sown for adjustment problems.

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INITIATIVE VS GUILT
STAGE THREE

Preschool
A preschooler should want to try new things without the fear of getting punished.

At age 4, I played soccer for the first time. By being a part of a team, I had a sense of purpose through positive peer interactions and guidance from adult figures.

According to our book, preschoolers acquire moral and gender role standards of their society through patient and reasonable adult guidance and play experiences with peers. For Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict superego, or conscience, that causes children to feel too much guilt because they have been threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults. When this happens, preschoolers’ exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down.

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INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY
STAGE FOUR

School Age
School-age children should aspire to be productive. School should provide opportunities for children, not hold them back with negative responses.

According to the textbook, Erikson believed that the combination of adult expectations and children’s drive toward mastery sets the stage for the psychological conflict of middle childhood, industry versus inferiority, which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. In cultures everywhere, adults respond to children’s improved physical and cognitive capacities by making new demands, and children are ready to benefit from those challenges.

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IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION
STAGE FIVE

Adolescence
WHO? WHAT? WHERE? HOW?
Adolescents are on their way to figuring out who they want to be when they "grow up." They should want to explore possibilities for the future.

I gave birth to my son the summer before my senior year of high school. I enrolled in an online school and graduated early. After high school, I made the decision to go straight to college. I was about to take responsibility for my actions and gained an identity.

According to our textbook, Erikson (1950, 1968) was the first to recognize identity as the major personality attainment of adolescence and as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult. Constructing an identity involves defining who you are, what you value, and the directions you choose to pursue in life.

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INTIMACY VS ISOLATION
STAGE SIX

Young Adulthood
A person either develops important deep long-lasting relationships or they don't.

While researching this stage, I found that the most common description of intimacy was forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. My mind would go straight to romantic relationships and that is not always the case. There are different types of relationships.
-Physical Intimacy: This includes physical sensations such as touching, hugging, and sex
-Experiential Intimacy: The ability to enjoy leisure time with one another
-Emotional Intimacy: The feeling of mutual trust and kinship with others
-Cognitive or Intellectual Intimacy: The ability to freely communicate ideas and thoughts with another

According to our textbook, young adults establish intimate relationships. Because of earlier disappointments, some individuals cannot form close bonds and remain isolated.

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GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION
STAGE SEVEN

Middle Adulthood
A person may contribute positively to the next generation, they are productive and involved in the world around them.

My father is a good example of contributing to the next generation. He recycles all plastics and cans. He also burns any garbage that is safe to burn. By recycling, he cares about how the garbage will affect the next generation.

According to our textbook, generativity means giving to the next generation through child-rearing, caring for others, or productive work. The person who fails in these ways feels an absence of meaningful accomplishment.

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INTEGRITY  VS DESPAIR
STAGE EIGHT

Maturity
The older an individual gets the more they may reflect on their lives. They can either feel satisfied with how their life turned out or they may feel lost or hopeless.

When I think of despair, I think of Mr. Nebbercracker from the movie Monster House. Mr. Nebbercracker is a grumpy old man. He really just is depressed and has separated himself from the world after his wife’s death.

According to our textbook, integrity results from feeling that life was worth living as it happened. Older people who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death.

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