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Sultan of Maguindanao with Governor Finley and subordinates, Zamboanga, 1899-1901 (Piang Studio, n.d.)

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47 years of colonial administration (1899-1946)

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A view of Mount. Bud-Dajo on Jolo Island (National Archives, n.d.)

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Around a thousand Tausug Moros, mostly women and children, lived in Bud Dajo, an inactive volcano in Jolo, a year before the massacre.

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Establish Truth Commissions:

Play a crucial role in investigating past human rights abuses.

Provide a public record of events for victims and their families.

Fulfill the right to know.

Promote Transparency:

Encourage transparency in investigating and documenting abuses.

Make government records and archives accessible to the public.

Essential for fulfilling the right to know.

Educational Campaigns:

Implement campaigns to promote the right to know.

Raise awareness of the importance of transitional justice.

Encourage public engagement with the process.

Support for Victims and Families:

Provide resources like counseling, legal assistance, and financial support.

Crucial for helping victims access the truth and cope with past abuses.

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The Bud Dajo massacre (First Battle of Bud Dajo) in 1906 was a significant event in the U.S.-Philippines history during the Moro Rebellion.

It remains a grievance for the Moro people, tarnishing the American military's record in Mindanao and Sulu.

Transitional justice is a justified framework for addressing historical injustices, promoting healing, and preventing future abuses.

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The thought of colonial crimes is frequently brought up in relation to the pursuit of fairness, the recognition of past injustices, and the ongoing effects of colonization on modern society.

It's crucial to bear in mind that perspectives on colonial crimes could differ based on the particular time period and the power of colonization at play.

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Bud Dajo Massacre Trench on Jolo Island c1906 (Pershing) 

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The American-led civil government in Manila established the Moro Province in 1903 to fully actualize their pacification and political assertion agendas, which Spain also had.

Military governance under former governors Leonard Wood, Tasker Bliss, and John Pershing in the Moro Province until 1913.

Suppression and accommodation way of governance with aims to (1) develop a regional governance system, (2) grow the local economy, and (3) expand education.

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Wood described the Moros as “..nothing more than nor less than an unimportant collection of pirates and highwaymen.”

The American Governor dispatched over 800 American troops to “clean up the problem."

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American soldiers fighting with Moros during the Moro Rebellion (n.d.)

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After just three days, nearly all of the Moro people in Bud Dajo were killed

Not a battle of two, but a massacre of one

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Bud Dajo years after the massacre (U.S. Marine Corps, 1945)

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American soldiers posed for a photo with Filipino Moro dead as a “war trophy”

Indelible injustices scarred the Moro people

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Notional Moro uniformity

From the 16th-century Spanish incursions until the signing of the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB) in 2014  and the subsequent implementation of the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) in 2018

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Looked forward to their right to peace and self-determination after Spain relinquished their centuries-long occupation of the Philippines

The Bud Dajo resistance was a defiance against the imposition of the Cedula Act (cedula) that offended their religious sensibilities and the disaffection of Tausugs to the entrant American leadership.

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Visual references and historical descriptions throughout the presentation could induce a sense of discomfort or other unpleasant feelings.

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The Road to Transitional Justice and Reconciliation

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The Road to Transitional Justice and Reconciliation

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Sources about the First Battle of Bud Dajo (Moro Crater Massacre) are limited, particularly pertaining to the “Dealing with the Past” framework.

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Right to Know occurs in the forms of academic research, literary works, networking websites, and media services.

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BARMM official website proposes bill to make March 6 Bud Dajo Day

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First step is to have legal recognition by the United States

Recognition can be found during the early years when the massacre occurred but the same recognition is absent today

Establish reparations mechanisms to address and redress the atrocity by compensation or symbolic reparation

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Transitional Justice tribunals, either hybrid or mixed cannot perform prosecution of the violators because of the time the massacre took place

Both violators and victims are most likely dead

Looking for the victims descendants can be challenging due to lack of acknowledgment of the massacre for over a century.

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Institutional Reforms:

Implement changes to laws, policies, and practices.

Aim to ensure accountability, transparency, and fairness.

Prevent similar atrocities in the future.

Promote Accountability:

Establish mechanisms for holding perpetrators accountable.

Conduct trials and prosecutions for past abuses.

Demonstrate society's commitment to the rule of law and justice.

Support for Civil Society:

Encourage growth and strength of civil society organizations.

Include human rights institutions in monitoring and promoting non-recurrence.

International Cooperation:

Collaborate with international organizations, e.g., OHCHR.

Leverage expertise and resources for implementing transitional justice measures.

Enhance efforts to promote the guarantee of non-recurrence.

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1. Acknowledge past wrongs related to the Bud Dajo massacre.

2. Address long-standing grievances of the Moro people.

3. Foster healing and reconciliation in affected communities.

4. The right to know and non-recurrence are crucial components of transitional justice.

5. They contribute to addressing historical grievances and promoting a more just coexistence between communities.

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Official Website of MPOS-BARMM commemorates the 116th Anniversary of Bud Dajo Massacre

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Only the BARMM region has made rigorous attempts to commemorate the Massacre

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Right to Reparations, Right to Justice, and the Guarantee of Non-Recurrence are not exclusively applied

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Bud Dajo Day Act of 2021, BTA Bill No. 88,  Bangsamoro Transition Authority (2021).

https://parliament.bangsamoro.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Bill-No.-88-MP-Mawallil-Bud-Dajo-Day.pdf

Buendia, R. G. (2005). The State-Moro Armed Conflict in the Philippines: Unresolved national

question or question of governance? Asian Journal of Political Science, 13(1), 109-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185370508434252

Cabato, R. (2016, October 5). Historian: 1906 massacre of Moros not the same as extrajudicial killings in Philippines drug war. CNN Philippines. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/10/5/historian-bud-dajo-extrajudicial-killings.html

Castro, T. D. (2016, September 6). Duterte reminds US of Bud Dajo Massacre. Sunstar.

Retrieved November 24, 2023, from https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/duterte-reminds-us-of-bud-dajo-massacre

Charbonneau, O. (2016). Civilizational Imperatives: American Colonial Culture in the Islamic

Philippines, 1899-1942 [Doctoral dissertation]. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5070&context=etd

Hawkins, M. C. (2011). Managing a Massacre: Savagery, Civility, and Gender in Moro Province in

the Wake of Bud Dajo. Philippine Studies, 59(1), 83-105. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1353/phs.2011.0000

Llanes, F. C. (2016, September 18). Remembering Bud Dajo and Bud Bagsak. Inquirer.net.

Retrieved November 22, 2023, from https://opinion.inquirer.net/97415/remembering-bud-dajo-and-bud-bagsak

McKenna, T. M. (1998). Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in

the Southern Philippines. University of California Press. https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;brand=ucpress

Miller, D. G. (2009). American Military Strategy during the Moro Insurrection in the

Philippines, 1903-1913 [Master's thesis]. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA502181

Oliveros, R. (n.d.). The Massacre of the 600 Moros (March 5-7, 1906): What really happened at

Bud Dajo? Academia. Retrieved November 22, 2023, from https://philippines.michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/s/exhibit/page/creating-the-moro-subject

Pershing, J. J. (1906). Bud Dajo Massacre Trench on Jolo Island c1906 [Photograph]. National

Archives and Record Administration College Park MD. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bud_Dajo_Massacre_Trench_on_Jolo_Island_c1906.png

Roces, A. R. (2010, June 10). The Moro Crater Massacre. PhilStar. Retrieved November 24, 2023,

from https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2010/03/13/557105/moro-crater-massacre

Stamenkovikj, N. (2021). The right to know the truth in transitional justice processes.

https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004439474

Truth and Memory | International Center for Transitional Justice. (n.d.). https://www.ictj.org/truth-and-memory

Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Commission. (2016). Report of the Transitional Justice

and Reconciliation Commission. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20ESEAsia/Docs/Publications/2016/10/TJRC%20Report.pdf

(2016, September 16). After Bud Dajo, Duterte brings up Balangiga Massacre. ABS-CBN News.

Retrieved November 24, 2023, from https://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/09/13/16/after-bud-dajo-duterte-brings-up-balangiga-massacre

Bud Dajo. (2015). In V. Almario (Ed.), Sagisag Kultura (Vol 1). Manila: National Commission for

Culture and the Arts. Retrieved from https://philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/bud-dajo/

(n.d.). Creating the Moro Subject: Resistance and Pacification. The Philippines and the

University of Michigan. Retrieved November 22, 2023, from https://philippines.michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/s/exhibit/page/creating-the-moro-subject

American soldiers fighting with Moros during the Moro Rebellion [Photograph].

https://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2023/4/16/the-bud-dajo-massacre-an-american-war-crime-in-the-philippines

Mount Bud Dajo [Photograph]. National Archives.

https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Photos/igphoto/2003150864/

Major General Leonard Wood [Photograph]. https://www.ancestoryarchives.com/2014/11/major-general-leonard-wood.html

Sultan of Maguindanao with Governor Finley and subordinates, Zamboanga, 1899-1901

[Photograph]. Piang Studio. https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/ATGK623BWERFFL8K

[Travel Film Archive]. (2022, June 26). Jolo, Land of the Moros [Video]. Travel Film Archive.

https://www.travelfilmarchive.com/item.php?id=13952&clip=n&num=10&startrow=0&keywords=jolo