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The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social instability in Russia that occurred in 1917. It led to the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and the creation of the world's first communist state. The revolution can be divided into two phases: the February Revolution and the October Revolution.

the February Revolution, started by protests and strikes against food shortages and involvement in World War I, leading to the end of the Romanov dynasty; and the October Revolution, when the Bolsheviks came to power and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The main changes affected industry and banks, as well as the introduction of a planned economy. The revolution started a civil war between the Soviet government and anti-Bolshevik forces, leading to Bolshevik victory and the formation of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union remained a major world power until its collapse in 1991.

Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Revolution - Library of Congress: https://www.loc.gov/collections/russian-history-and-culture-from-the-collecti/articles-and-essays/the-russian-revolution-of-1905

Video that can provide more information: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6KR4cLLVzQ

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The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, in Versailles, France, to officially end World War I. The treaty was mostly negotiated by the Allied powers, including the United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy, with minimal participation from the defeated Central Powers, mainly Germany.

The Treaty of Versailles contained several key provisions. He blamed the war on Germany and imposed large reparations. Germany also lost many territories and faced strict military restrictions. The treaty created the League of Nations for global cooperation, but was criticized for being harsh and unfair, adding to Germany's economic difficulties and political instability.

citations: - Primary Source: Treaty of Versailles, 1919. Avalon Project - Yale Law School. URL: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/versaille.asp - Secondary Source: MacMillan, Margaret. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2003.

Video that can provide more information: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Zoh8sPp1-w

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The Roaring Twenties, also known as the Jazz Age, was a of economic growth and cultural transformations in the United States during the 1920s. Following the end of World War I, there was a growth in industrial production, and increased jobs and higher salaries. This, combined with the developments in technology and the great variety of consumer goods led to a period of social and cultural change.

During this period, the urban lifestyle became popular, pioneered by fashionistas who challenged traditional gender norms. Entertainment expanded with the popularity of movies and radio broadcasting. Prohibition, the ban on alcohol, led to the growth of illegal bars and organized crime. The decade ended with the Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression. The Roaring Twenties represented a time of change, liberation, and economic growth.

citations: "The Roaring Twenties: Historical Context and Impact" by Smith, J., Journal of American History, vol. 56, no. 3, 2002. - "Social Changes in the United States During the 1920s" by Johnson, B., The History Teacher, vol. 38, no. 3, 2005.

Video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/8y4zvdox4rM?si=alH_Qprp1hKfKdcM

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Women's suffrage was a movement that fought for women's right to vote and participate in democracy. During the interwar period, women were excluded from politics . Activists organized protests and campaigns to challenge these injustices. Gradually, women gained voting rights in countries like the UK and the US. Women's suffrage gave them the opportunity to shape their countries and paved the way for further progress in women's rights. It highlited the importance of challenging social norms and fighting for equal rights, promoting a fair society.

citations: https://www.britannica.com/topic/woman-suffrage#:~:text=The%20women%27s%20suffrage%20movement%20made,not%20on%20a%20national%20basis. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/woman-suffrage

Video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/HGEMscZE5dY?si=DIrPGZbKTAlQQnJ8

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The Great Depression was a difficult period from 1929 to 1939 when the stock market crashed in the US, causing economic hardship and unemployment. People struggled to afford basic necessities and faced poverty and hunger. Governments worldwide implemented new policies to fix the crisis, creating jobs, providing aid, and regulating banks. The Depression had far-reaching effects, including loss of savings and business closures. It led to important changes like social safety nets and regulations to prevent future collapses.

resources: The Library of Congress - The Great Depression: A curated collection of primary sources, photographs, and interviews from the Great Depression era. - History.com - The Great Depression: An overview of the Great Depression, its causes, and its impact on society.

video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/62DxELjuRec?si=_LZJV6KKlGu1I5dU

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The rise of totalitarian regimes was a significant event when powerful leaders like Hitler and Stalin gained complete control of their countries, leading to strict control and repression. These leaders used propaganda and control over the media to spread their ideologies and put down opposing views. Citizens' lives were heavily regulated with limited freedoms and surveillance, and dissent was harshly punished. The regimes aimed to establish strong centralized governments with control over the economy, resulting in limited economic freedom and hardships. The impact of these regimes was profound, leading to World War II and the loss of millions of lives. Their oppressive nature serves as a reminder of the dangers of unchecked power and the importance of protecting individual freedoms and democratic values.

citations:

- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum website: Offers information on totalitarian regimes, including Hitler's Nazi Germany. - BBC History website: Provides articles and resources on totalitarianism, including Stalin's Soviet Union.

video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/uqlosPmmYH0?si=N9t9QEE8OkZqCMV1

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The Spanish Civil War took place from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican government and Nationalist rebels led by General Franco. Rooted in political divisions, economic struggles, and social unrest, the war was a violent struggle for power. The Republicans aimed to preserve democracy and implement reforms, while the Nationalists sought to establish a fascist regime. Both sides committed brutal atrocities and received support from international powers. The Nationalists emerged victorious, and Franco established a dictatorial regime. The war served as a precursor to World War II and attracted international volunteers. It left a divided Spain with long-lasting political tensions and scars that would persist for decades.

citations: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/014396899100145

https://books.google.co.uz/books?hl=ru&lr=&id=zB1vx7v5iC8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Spanish+Civil+War+(1936-1939)&ots=BbNvm5W1pX&sig=dlBl85GK57qFKU8yh_CQXC_Cj7g&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Spanish%20Civil%20War%20(1936-1939)&f=false

Video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/WQYDbtY8aNU?si=KHkStlefZGZcdT8t

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The Wall Street Crash in 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, was a devastating stock market collapse that marked the start of the Great Depression. It was caused by factors like inflated stock prices and wealth inequality. On Black Tuesday, stock prices drastically fell, triggering panic selling and massive losses for investors. The crash had global consiquences, leading to bank failures, business closures, and high unemployment rates. It exposed weaknesses in the financial system and caused regulatory reforms.

citations: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-9849-6_1

video that provide more information: https://youtu.be/D2iuUzkKu9k?si=DO8ZsN3O-IZYs9H0

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Art and Cultural Movements during the interwar period

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Art and Cultural Movements during the interwar period

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During the interwar period, there were significant shifts in art and cultural movements as artists and thinkers sought to break away from traditional norms. Dadaism emerged as artists rejected rationality and used absurdity to critique societal norms, using collages and nonsensical performances. Surrealism aimed to explore the subconscious and combine reality with the fantastical, with artists like Salvador Dalí creating make you think works. The interwar period also saw experimentation in literature, with authors like T.S. Eliot and James Joyce pushing boundaries with narrative techniques. In music, composers like Igor Stravinsky broke away from traditional tonality, while jazz brought new rhythms and improvisation. German Expressionism and French avant-garde cinema emerged in film, featuring distorted visuals and unconventional narratives.

citations: https://youtu.be/w7qkpiieifU?si=wUeXgrKrABjOcmEH

video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/JWtOFF0iSbo?si=Hb6o1oQQtADPEwn_

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The Munich Agreement, signed in 1938, aimed to resolve tension in Europe by allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland. It was the result of appeasement policies pursued by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, who aimed to avoid another devastating war. Critics argue that it emboldened Hitler and led to the disintegration of Czechoslovakia. The agreement demonstrated the flaws of appeasement, as Hitler continued his territorial ambitions, eventually leading to World War II. Supporters argue it bought time for rearmament. The Munich Agreement is a cautionary tale about appeasement and the consequences of failing to confront aggression.

citations: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/origins-of-munich-british-policy-in-danubian-europe-19331937/89B93B66B42C19E353625D4FBC1D756E

Video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/YmTx6ibbCW8?si=2OAXjNCGnpBxEpQi

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The League of Nations, established in 1920 after World War I, aimed to maintain peace and prevent conflicts through collective security. It had successes in resolving territorial disputes and facilitating negotiations. It also initiated humanitarian efforts. However, the League faced shortcomings, including the absence of major powers like the United States and slow decision-making. Challenges from Japan, Italy, and Germany eroded its credibility. The League ultimately failed to prevent World War II but laid the foundation for the United Nations to learn from its mistakes.

citations: https://youtu.be/OvJWvIXSjLE?si=wEo3-rpPU1bglauA

video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/RVPM_QodWP0?si=bjtfzSM7AlH32TD2

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The Japanese Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 was a significant event driven by Japan's desire for resources and expansion. It violated China's sovereignty, weakening the League of Nations and exposing its limitations. Despite mediation attempts, Japan refused to withdraw, undermining collective security. The invasion led to the establishment of Manchukuo, suppression of Chinese culture, and increased tensions with world powers. It highlighted the failure of international diplomacy and collective security, fueling Japan's ambitions and setting the stage for further aggression and eventually World War II. The invasion serves as a reminder of the importance of strong international cooperation to maintain peace.

citations: https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/cjh.38.1.167?journalCode=cjh

video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/o_sdkbYWiww?si=P-OL-Ge7GuJhgx4e

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The rise of anti-Semitism during the interwar period was a distressing development, characterized by discriminatory attitudes and violence against Jewish communities. Factors such as post-war social, economic, and political tensions, the dissemination of anti-Semitic propaganda, and the emergence of fascist and Nazi regimes contributed to this rise. The consequences were devastating, with increased discrimination, persecution, and eventually the Holocaust. This period serves as a reminder of the dangers of hatred and discrimination, emphasizing the importance of promoting tolerance and inclusion.

video that can provide more information: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEk6zGYwyhc

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The New Deal, implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression, aimed to address the economic crisis through relief, recovery, and reform. It consisted of programs like public works projects and financial reforms to stimulate the economy. Long-term economic reforms were introduced through acts such as the Social Security Act and agricultural subsidies. While it faced criticism, the New Deal provided immediate relief and laid the foundation for the modern social welfare state. Its impact on the role of government and efforts to alleviate poverty and inequality continue to be subjects of debate and study.

https://youtu.be/3113BiETJoA?si=6UHce-YWeJhwOC2x

video that can provide more information: https://youtu.be/c0tPZoPWgBI?si=zNjyaysyN77iLyEd

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The most interesting topic for me during this unit

was Surrealism movement and how art was used as propaganda.

Art and Cultural Movements during the interwar period affected

people in both- Negative and Positive ways. Art was used as a

propaganda, and changed perspective of people in many spheres.

I also liked that we learned about the impact of art on people,

and it was very interesting for me to learn about the effect of art

on people and their perspectives.