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Prehistory/Stone Age - evidence of human trepanning c. 7000 BCE

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Prehistory/Stone Age - evidence of human trepanning c. 7000 BCE

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Throughout the time around 7000 BCE evidence of trepanning which in easier words means drilling holes into the human skulls, it shows early humans attempt to treat illness or release "evil spirits". The strategy to get healthier or rid of illness shows a connection to how medicine at the time was shaped by society's beliefs of how mental or physical illness can be cured. The act of getting surgery due to a belief intertwines with the idea of beauty operations that are happening nowadays, caused by a belief and a want of being a bit closer to perfect.

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Ancient Egypt use of makeup and toxic products c. 3000–1000 BCE

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Ancient Egypt use of makeup and toxic products c. 3000–1000 BCE

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Makeup, such as lead-based kohl, was used for aesthetic and practical purposes such as eye protection from the sun, as well as a status symbol, which at the time was important to be accepted by society as someone of "higher worth". The eyeliner that was used, was made with lead, a substance that is toxic to the human body. Being exposed to lead can cause high blood pressure and brain, kidney, and reproductive health issues.

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Ancient Greece Medicine and Myths c. 800 – 300 BCE

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Ancient Greece Medicine and Myths c. 800 – 300 BCE

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In ancient Greece, early versions of cold creams were used to keep the skin soft and hydrated. These creams were made from natural ingredients like olive oil, beeswax, and rosewater. Greek women showed interest in smooth, healthy skin, and these mixtures helped protect against the dry Mediterranean climate in Greece at the time. The cold creams had an actual good influence on the skin with it being more hydrated etc. A connection is to nowadays beauty and especially skin care is clear since already 2000 years ago humans tempted to improve their skin and visual appearance.

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Ancient Rome Galen's works c. 200 BCE – 200 CE

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Ancient Rome Galen's works c. 200 BCE – 200 CE

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In the time of ancient Rome, physician Galen advanced medical understanding through anatomy and physiology, he had created a breakthrough anatomy theory through his drawing which led the medical thought on human anatomy for centuries. His drawings also found use in medical education.

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Islamic Golden Age medial knowledge continues despite the European "dark ages” c. 800 – 1200 CE

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Islamic Golden Age medial knowledge continues despite the European "dark ages” c. 800 – 1200 CE

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While Europe had to face the "dark ages" and its problems such as disease, war, and its consequences. The Islamic world preserved and advanced medical and scientific knowledge, such as anatomy, surgery, and pharmaceuticals. The era states how scientific progress can advance in a politically stable, knowledge-driven society.

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Middle Ages popularity of pale skin and lead-based products c. 1100 –1300 CE

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Middle Ages popularity of pale skin and lead-based products c. 1100 –1300 CE

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throughout the Middle Ages, pale skin remained a beauty ideal that the majority of mainly women tried to achieve. However, the trend of pale skin brought its dangers such as lead products which have already been used in Ancient Egypt. Since at the time, social classes played a big role, having dark skin was associated with laborers. At the time having pale skin represented purity and being in a high class of society.

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Renaissance - anatomical drawings by Leonardo DaVinci, Michelangelo, Di humani Fabrica published c. 1500 –1600 CE

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Renaissance - anatomical drawings by Leonardo DaVinci, Michelangelo, Di humani Fabrica published c. 1500 –1600 CE

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Anatomical studies, such as Vesalius' De Humani Corporis Fabrica and Da Vinci’s detailed drawings, marked a revolution in understanding the human body, which is of high importance when improving medical systems. Each drawing brought human body science to a more advanced level. When connecting that to nowadays, it is visible that the health industry is always working on improvement, the only difference is that science nowadays is working with a higher level of subjects than drawing and understanding muscles and bones.

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during this time scientific progress relied on reason. Philosophers questioned human nature and society’s structures, which had a stunning impact on society in the form of scientific development. At the time Mary Wollstonecraft lived, she advocated equality between the sexes as one of the first, her movement initiated change similar to nowadays protests, etc. Since women had been mistreated by society at the time, women standing up for themselves and every other woman wasn't common since it usually included the consequences of her act, the difference between her and many others is that she stood up for not just her but for every mistreated woman. Her way of thinking influenced Mary Shelly when she wrote the book Frankenstein since she has been questioning society throughout the whole book.

The Enlightenment also brought secular thought to Europe and reshaped the ways people understood issues such as liberty, equality, and individual rights. Adding to that, at the time since has made big steps into the future with inventions people a generation younger were dreaming of.

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Galvanism is the idea of bringing life into muscles by letting electricity pass through them. Connecting that to Frankenstein it is visible that Victor Frankenstein’s scientific obsession mirrors real-world experiments, which are creating questions about human ambition and ethics. After many years of no success in experiments with Galvanism many scientists gave up working with the idea of bringing life into a dead object, and with that Galvanism counts as impossible nowadays.

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How Luigi Galvani's Early Neuroscience Experiments Inspired Frankenstein

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During the Industrial Revolution, handcrafting lost most of its importance. The rise of factories and mass production changed the social and economic structure. New technologies allowed more possibilities but also took the workers' opportunities since their hands weren't needed anymore. However new possibilitys increased, with the only thing changing being the type of work you are doing.

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During the Romantic period of literature, the political and economic atmosphere of the time was heavily influenced by this period, with many writers talking about the French Revolution. At the time writers valued deep emotions and feelings like love, longing, and melancholy were central themes. The nature was seen as a source of inspiration and writers often rejected urbanization and industrial progress, idealizing rural and untouched landscapes.

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Throughout the Victorian era dangerous beauty practices, like arsenic-based makeup have been used. The use of such substances represented the societal pressure that was on women at the time. The pressure of fitting into an ideal made women use substances that are highly dangerous just to not be different. In the nowadays society this pressure is represented many times, but not just for women, also men struggle with fitting in, an easy example is men's body height which is rarely judged by women as attractive and tall or unattractive and short.

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Social Darwinism/Eugenics (late 1800s–early 1900s CE)

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Social Darwinism/Eugenics (late 1800s–early 1900s CE)

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Darwin was a British naturalist who proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection. Darwin considered evolution as "descent with modification," the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species. His theory shows how scientific ideas can be manipulated to get back to old power structures and exclusion.

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Twilight Zone - "Eye of the Beholder" (1960 CE)

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Twilight Zone - "Eye of the Beholder" (1960 CE)

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The twighlight zone is showing that to be perfect you need to be normal since all charecters in the shows have different facial features they are considered beautiful in the reality, and a woman that would be pretty in our reality is seen as ugly. In connection to Victor’s creation, beauty is a social construct, and those who step away from it face exclusion and marginalization.

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Modern Skincare Trends (2000 CE–present)

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Modern Skincare Trends (2000 CE–present)

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Just like in past days having a clean skin is still trendy with due to statista.com an increased rate of people buying skincare articles. Such trends have caused a boom in the factories as well as in the bank accounts of bigger companies since skincare isn't cheap and easy to market, meaning the will be a high price due to high demand. However skincare just as back the days isn't always what the package says, and it can include chemicals that might have a good short term effect, but on long terms your face is developing pimple etc.

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Feminists respond to beauty standard c. 1700 - present (independent research)

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Feminists respond to beauty standard c. 1700 - present (independent research)

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Beauty standards have always been a big challenge for feminists throughout history, and their responses to it have changed. There are multiple big debates about topics such as whether a woman cultivating her appearance and for them to join trends is empowering or whether she is collaborating in her want. Overall many people say that it was done to please men and not to their ideal of themselves.

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How are belief systems shaped by societal, political, and historical contexts, and how are these influences reflected in the themes of Frankenstein and their relevance to modern-day society?

(connected to Ancient Rome Galen's works c. 200 BCE – 200 CE)

It is in human nature to always think they know the answers to everything, but all that knowledge humans think they have is because someone put it in their head, meaning that for example Victor thought he would know how to handle the situation with the creature although he couldn't. Hundreds of years ago Galen drew a human anatomy and the people at the time believed it since they had nothing else to believe in. Nowadays we have the same situation just with a different drawing. That is showing the modern day society to question what they see, and not always believe it.

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How have social identities evolved over time, and what role do literature, science, and societal norms play in shaping both historical and modern understandings of identity?

( Connected to Romantic Period of Literature 1800s CE )

Social identities have represented themselves throughout time in many different forms with some of them being literature, science, and societal norms. Each of the mentioned topics are a different way of expressing yourself, for some through writing and for some through science. In the romantic period of literature it is clearly visible how economics were shaped by literature and how much influence it has. The same way literature can influence science can, with new creations that the world hasn't seen yet. All literature, science, and societal norms shape each individual identity by just being expressed the way the creator wanted it.

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How do political systems, social structures, and cultural achievements reflect the values of civilizations and influence their scientific, artistic, and social advancements across different eras?

(connected to Islamic Golden Age medial knowledge)

continues despite the European "dark

During the Islamic Golden Age (c. 800–1200 CE), medical knowledge thrived, producing important works such as The Canon of Medicine. Supported by stable political systems which were at the time mostly in islamic countries, and a cultural emphasis on learning, Islamic societies built hospitals, advanced surgical techniques, and promoted scientific inquiry. While Europe had to face the "Dark Ages," delayed by limited progress due to political issues, the Islamic world became a hub of innovation due to the fact that people were relying on political systems, social structures, and cultural achievements that the countries have had in the past.

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How do concepts like beauty, science, and morality change meaning across historical, geographical, and social contexts, and what can these shifts teach us about collective experiences and values?

(connected to In Ancient Egypt (c. 3000–1000 BCE))

In Ancient Egypt (c. 3000–1000 BCE), makeup was both a beauty practice, and a reflection of cultural values such as status in society and many times also religion. Egyptians used materials like kohl for eye makeup, believed to offer spiritual protection and reduce sun glare which was a problem since they lived in a climate zone that includes many hours of sun a day, but it contained toxic lead compounds that had harm to the user. This highlights how beauty, science, and health intersected, showing that societal priorities such as appearance, spirituality, and practicality often outweighed awareness of long-term harm due to the fact that there wasn't enough studies about it or the users are just under such high pressure that they dont mind about the long term harm.