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The Great Homework Debate: What's Getting Lost in the Hype

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The Great Homework Debate: What's Getting Lost in the Hype

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This updated article from Edutopia explores both sides of the homework debate, including research findings about homework's effectiveness and expert opinions.

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Homework: effective learning tool or waste of time?

Since the average high school student spends almost seven hours each week doing homework, it's surprising that there's no clear answer. Homework is generally recognized as an effective way to reinforce what students learn in class, but claims that it may cause more harm than good, especially for younger students, are common.

Here's what the research says:

In general, homework has substantial benefits at the high school level, with decreased benefits for middle school students and few benefits for elementary students (Cooper, 1989; Cooper et al., 2006).

While assigning homework may have academic benefits, it can also cut into important personal and family time (Cooper et al., 2006).

Assigning too much homework can result in poor performance (Fernández-Alonso et al., 2015).

A student's ability to complete homework may depend on factors that are outside their control (Cooper et al., 2006; OECD, 2014; Eren & Henderson, 2011).

The goal shouldn't be to eliminate homework, but to make it authentic, meaningful, and engaging (Darling-Hammond & Ifill-Lynch, 2006).

Why Homework Should Be Balanced

Homework can boost learning, but doing too much can be detrimental. The National PTA and National Education Association support the "10-minute homework rule," which recommends 10 minutes of homework per grade level, per night (10 minutes for first grade, 20 minutes for second grade, and so on, up to two hours for 12th grade) (Cooper, 2010). A recent study found that when middle school students were assigned more than 90-100 minutes of homework per day, their math and science scores began to decline (Fernández-Alonso, Suárez-Álvarez, & Muñiz, 2015). Giving students too much homework can lead to fatigue, stress, and a loss of interest in academics-something that we all want to avoid.

Homework Pros and Cons

Homework has many benefits, ranging from higher academic performance to improved study skills and stronger school-parent connections. However, it can also result in a loss of interest in academics, fatigue, and a loss of important personal and family time.

Grade Level Makes a Difference

Although the debate about homework generally falls in the "it works" vs. "it doesn't work" camps, research shows that grade level makes a difference. High school students generally get the biggest benefits from homework, with middle school students getting about half the benefits, and elementary school students getting few benefits (Cooper et al., 2006). Since young students are still developing study habits like concentration and self-regulation, assigning a lot of homework isn't all that helpful.

Parents Should Be Supportive, Not Intrusive

Well-designed homework not only strengthens student learning, it also provides ways to create connections between a student's family and school. Homework offers parents insight into what their children are learning, provides opportunities to talk with children about their learning, and helps create conversations with school communities about ways to support student learning (Walker et al., 2004).

However, parent involvement can also hurt student learning. Patall, Cooper, and Robinson (2008) found that students did worse when their parents were perceived as intrusive or controlling. Motivation plays a key role in learning, and parents can cause unintentional harm by not giving their children enough space and autonomy to do their homework.

Homework Across the Globe

OECD, the developers of the international PISA test, published a 2014 report looking at homework around the world. They found that 15-year-olds worldwide spend an average of five hours per week doing homework (the U.S. average is about six hours). Surprisingly, countries like Finland and Singapore spend less time on homework (two to three hours per week) but still have high PISA rankings. These countries, the report explains, have support systems in place that allow students to rely less on homework to succeed. If a country like the U.S. were to decrease the amount of homework assigned to high school students, test scores would likely decrease unless additional supports were added.

Homework Is About Quality, Not Quantity

Whether you're pro- or anti-homework, keep in mind that research gives a big-picture idea of what works and what doesn't, and a capable teacher can make almost anything work. The question isn't homework vs. no homework; instead, we should be asking ourselves, "How can we transform homework so that it's engaging and relevant and supports learning?"

References

Cooper, H. (1989). Synthesis of research on homework. Educational leadership, 47(3), 85-91.

Cooper, H. (2010). Homework's Diminishing Returns. The New York Times.

Cooper, H., Robinson, J. C., & Patall, E. A. (2006). Does homework improve academic achievement? A synthesis of research, 1987-2003. Review of Educational Research, 76(1), 1-62.

Darling-Hammond, L., & Ifill-Lynch, O. (2006). If They'd Only Do Their Work! Educational Leadership, 63(5), 8-13.

Eren, O., & Henderson, D. J. (2011). Are we wasting our children's time by giving them more homework? Economics of Education Review, 30(5), 950-961.

Fernández-Alonso, R., Suárez-Álvarez, J., & Muñiz, J. (2015, March 16). Adolescents' Homework Performance in Mathematics and Science: Personal Factors and Teaching Practices. Journal of Educational Psychology. Advance online publication.

OECD (2014). Does Homework Perpetuate Inequities in Education? PISA in Focus, No. 46, OECD Publishing, Paris.

Patall, E. A., Cooper, H., & Robinson, J. C. (2008). Parent involvement in homework: A research synthesis. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 1039-1101.

Van Voorhis, F. L. (2003). Interactive homework in middle school: Effects on family involvement and science achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 96(6), 323-338.

Walker, J. M., Hoover-Dempsey, K. V., Whetsel, D. R., & Green, C. L. (2004). Parental involvement in homework: A review of current research and its implications for teachers, after school program staff, and parent leaders. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Family Research Project.

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Research Trends: Why Homework Should Be Balanced

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Homework: effective learning tool or waste of time? Since the average high school student spends almost seven hours each week doing homework, it's surprising that there's no clear answer. Homework is generally recognized as an effective way to reinforce what students learn in class, but claims that it may cause more harm than good, especially for younger students, are common.

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A balanced examination of homework research and its impact on student learning, written in accessible language for young readers.

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Fortunately, research is available to help parents, teachers and school administrators do just that. In recent years, neuroscientists, cognitive scientists and educational psychologists have made a series of remarkable discoveries about how the human brain learns. They have founded a new discipline, known as Mind, Brain and Education, that is devoted to understanding and improving the ways in which children absorb, retain and apply knowledge.

Educators have begun to implement these methods in classrooms around the country and have enjoyed measured success. A collaboration between psychologists at Washington University in St. Louis and teachers at nearby Columbia Middle School, for example, lifted seventh- and eighth-grade students' science and social studies test scores by 13 to 25 percent.

But the innovations have not yet been applied to homework. Mind, Brain and Education methods may seem unfamiliar and even counterintuitive, but they are simple to understand and easy to carry out. And after-school assignments are ripe for the kind of improvements the new science offers.

"Spaced repetition" is one example of the kind of evidence-based techniques that researchers have found have a positive impact on learning. Here's how it works: instead of concentrating the study of information in single blocks, as many homework assignments currently do - reading about, say, the Civil War one evening and Reconstruction the next - learners encounter the same material in briefer sessions spread over a longer period of time. With this approach, students are re-exposed to information about the Civil War and Reconstruction throughout the semester.

It sounds unassuming, but spaced repetition produces impressive results. Eighth-grade history students who relied on a spaced approach to learning had nearly double the retention rate of students who studied the same material in a consolidated unit, reported researchers from the University of California-San Diego in 2007. The reason the method works so well goes back to the brain: when we first acquire memories, they are volatile, subject to change or likely to disappear. Exposing ourselves to information repeatedly over time fixes it more permanently in our minds, by strengthening the representation of the information that is embedded in our neural networks.

A second learning technique, known as "retrieval practice," employs a familiar tool - the test - in a new way: not to assess what students know, but to reinforce it. We often conceive of memory as something like a storage tank and a test as a kind of dipstick that measures how much information we've put in there. But that's not actually how the brain works. Every time we pull up a memory, we make it stronger and more lasting, so that testing doesn't just measure, it changes learning. Simply reading over material to be learned, or even taking notes and making outlines, as many homework assignments require, doesn't have this effect.

According to one experiment, language learners who employed the retrieval practice strategy to study vocabulary words remembered 80 percent of the words they studied, while learners who used conventional study methods remembered only about a third of them. Students who used retrieval practice to learn science retained about 50 percent more of the material than students who studied in traditional ways, reported researchers from Purdue University earlier this year. Students - and parents - may groan at the prospect of more tests, but the self-quizzing involved in retrieval practice need not provoke any anxiety. It's simply an effective way to focus less on the input of knowledge (passively reading over textbooks and notes) and more on its output (calling up that same information from one's own brain).

Another common misconception about how we learn holds that if information feels easy to absorb, we've learned it well. In fact, the opposite is true. When we work hard to understand information, we recall it better; the extra effort signals the brain that this knowledge is worth keeping. This phenomenon, known as cognitive disfluency, promotes learning so effectively that psychologists have devised all manner of "desirable difficulties" to introduce into the learning process: for example, sprinkling a passage with punctuation mistakes, deliberately leaving out letters, shrinking font size until it's tiny or wiggling a document while it's being copied so that words come out blurry.

Teachers are unlikely to start sending students home with smudged or error-filled worksheets, but there is another kind of desirable difficulty - called interleaving - that can readily be applied to homework. An interleaved assignment mixes up different kinds of situations or problems to be practiced, instead of grouping them by type. When students can't tell in advance what kind of knowledge or problem-solving strategy will be required to answer a question, their brains have to work harder to come up with the solution, and the result is that students learn the material more thoroughly.

Researchers at California Polytechnic State University conducted a study of interleaving in sports that illustrates why the tactic is so effective. When baseball players practiced hitting, interleaving different kinds of pitches improved their performance on a later test in which the batters did not know the type of pitch in advance (as would be the case, of course, in a real game).

Interleaving produces the same sort of improvement in academic learning. A study published last year in the journal Applied Cognitive Psychology asked fourth-graders to work on solving four types of math problems and then to take a test evaluating how well they had learned. The scores of those whose practice problems were mixed up were more than double the scores of those students who had practiced one kind of problem at a time.

The application of such research-based strategies to homework is a yet-untapped opportunity to raise student achievement. Science has shown us how to turn homework into a potent catalyst for learning. Our assignment now is to make it happen.

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Opinion | Quality Homework: A Smart Idea

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Fortunately, research is available to help parents, teachers and school administrators do just that. In recent years, neuroscientists, cognitive scientists and educational psychologists have made a series of remarkable discoveries about how the human brain learns.

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The Homework Debate: How Homework Benefits Students

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The Homework Debate: How Homework Benefits Students

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An article discussing the positive aspects of homework and its role in student development.

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Homework has always been a point of contention among students, parents, and educators. While some students may consider it a burden, there are several reasons why homework exists and why it is a must for academic success.

In this ultimate guide to homework, we will explore the benefits of homework, the right amount of time to spend on assignments, valuable tips and strategies to overcome difficulties, and where to find homework help.

Whether you are a student looking for ways to improve your homework routine or a parent seeking guidance about how to help your child, this guide can help!

If you're looking for a particular subject, click to jump to a section.

1. Why homework?

2. Benefits of homework

3. The right amount of time spent on homework

4. Finding homework motivation

5. Managing homework anxiety

6. Effective homework planning

7. Understanding homework assignments

8. Breaking down homework assignments

9. Overcoming homework difficulties

10. Getting homework help

The Big Question-Why Homework?

As long as there has been school, there has been homework. And when there's homework, there are teachers, parents, administrators, education experts, politicians, and students with strong opinions about the value of homework.

Homework often raises the question of its purpose and relevance. But there are several reasons why homework is assigned.:

1. Revisit Concepts: Homework allows students to review and reinforce what they have learned in class, helping them retain information better and longer.

2. Prepare for Upcoming Classes: Completing homework tasks prepares students for future lessons, enabling them to participate and engage in classroom discussions.

3. Build Persistence and Determination: By working on problems at home, students develop key skills such as persistence, problem-solving, and determination.

4. Develop Useful Habits: Regular homework practice helps students develop discipline, time management skills, and a strong work ethic essential for academic success and beyond.

5. Avoid Negative Consequences: Neglecting homework can result in negative consequences such as low grades, missed opportunities, and disciplinary actions.

Homework plays a key role in education and should not be overlooked by parents or students.

Benefits of Homework

Contrary to popular belief, homework provides several benefits that contribute to a student's academic progress and general development. Here are five key homework benefits:

1. Enhanced Learning: Homework allows students to dive deeper into the subject matter and conduct additional research beyond the classroom. This helps to create a deeper understanding of the topic.

2. Time Management Skills: With many assignments and deadlines to meet, homework teaches students how to manage their time and prioritize tasks.

3. Independent Work: Homework creates independence and self-reliance. Students are responsible for completing their assignments without relying on peers or teachers.

4. Communication Skills: Writing essays and other assignments improves students' communication skills. This helps them articulate their thoughts and express their opinions effectively.

5. Resource Utilization: Homework encourages students to explore various resources beyond the internet, such as books, magazines, and journals. This helps to foster a broader understanding of the subject.

What's the Right Amount of Time to Spend on Homework?

Determining the appropriate time allocation for homework is essential to balance academic commitments and personal well-being.

The Toronto District School Board offers a simple guideline to help determine how much homework is appropriate at each grade level. Following the guideline of 10 minutes per grade level, each grade should have this amount of homework:

30 minutes in Grade 3

40 minutes in Grade 4

50 minutes in Grade 5

60 minutes in Grade 6

70 minutes in Grade 7

80 minutes in Grade 8

While these time frames provide a rough estimate, it is essential to consider individual circumstances and adjust accordingly.

Ultimate List of Homework Help

Finding Homework Motivation

Even if your student loves school, homework can sometimes be a downer. Motivation is crucial to completing homework effectively. Maintaining Motivation is not always the easiest.

Here are some strategies to keep motivation on track:

1. Make a Plan: Create a plan to get homework completed. Make a list of everything your student needs to do and give specific timeframes in which it should be done.

2. Use the Reward System: Set rewards for your student, such as enjoying a favourite treat or engaging in an activity they want once they've completed their tasks.

3. Set Long-Term Goals: Set goals for each semester or academic year, and reward your students with something significant once goals are met.

4. Stay Organized: Use a planner and ensure that your student writes down all their upcoming assignments, tests and events so you can keep track of everything in one place.

5. Be Positive: The key is to approach homework with a positive attitude. Show your student that this is an opportunity to learn and grow instead of a chore that has to be completed.

Staying motivated is the key to homework success.

Getting Help With Homework Anxiety

Homework anxiety can be a massive hurdle for many students. Homework anxiety can cause stress for students and delay the completion of their homework. Recognizing the signs of homework anxiety is crucial in order to address the issue.

Factors such as being overly anxious or striving for perfection can contribute to homework anxiety. But various solutions can help reduce anxiety and help with homework:

Set Time Limits: Devoting a specific time slot for homework can provide a sense of structure and ease anxiety. This helps with improved time management and can be especially beneficial if your student struggles to start or complete tasks.

Take Breaks: Incorporating regular breaks into your student's study routine can help with homework anxiety. During the breaks, engage in activities like brisk walks, coffee breaks, or listening to music to shift your student's focus away from assignments and recharge their mind.

Seek Support: If self-help strategies aren't working, consider speaking to a professional. Therapists and counsellors are trained to help individuals overcome anxiety. In times like these, seeking therapy can be a valuable resource for guidance and support.

Remember, you don't have to face homework anxiety alone. You can effectively manage and overcome homework anxiety at home by implementing these strategies and seeking appropriate help.
If you or someone you know is struggling with mental health and wellness, you can find help and resources here.

Effective Homework Help Planning and Scheduling

When homework is piling up, it can feel overwhelming. Students must manage their time efficiently to stay on track and not get left behind. With a good schedule and proper planning, students won't have to worry about missing homework assignments or not having enough time to finish them. Plus, it's surprisingly easy to put a homework plan together.

Follow these straightforward steps to get started:

1. Assess the Workload: Before diving into the tasks, take a moment to check the entire workload for the day or week. This assessment will give you a clear understanding of what needs to be accomplished.

2. Set Priorities: Determine which assignments can be completed quickly and which need in-depth research and analysis. Consider each task's deadlines to establish priorities.

3. Create a Plan: With a clear understanding of the tasks and their order of importance, develop a final plan and establish a routine for success. Be prepared to make adjustments along the way. Don't forget to consider the satisfaction of checking completed tasks off a list-it can work wonders for motivation!

4. Choose a Homework Space: Choosing a specific time and place to complete homework is essential. Many people underestimate the value of their study environment on their success. Find a clean desk, gather all the necessary materials, and create a focused study space.

By implementing these strategies, you can effectively plan and schedule your child's homework, maximizing their productivity and creating a conducive environment for successful studying.
See how Oxford Learning can help with assignments and homework.
Mastering Assignment Understanding

Understanding what the homework assignments are asking for is crucial. If your child is taking the wrong turn at the beginning can hinder their progress and prevent them from correctly completing their homework assignment. Similarly, you need to be more accurate with homework instructions to ensure your student's grades.

There's a helpful trick to unravelling assignment requirements. When reading the task with your child, pay close attention to the following keywords; they act as clues to what your student needs to do.

Here's a cheat sheet on how to find keywords:

Name, Define, or Arrange: These words show that your student should get the necessary information and present it clearly and organized.

Explain or Summarize: When encountering these words, your child's task is to convey the information in their own words, providing a concise yet comprehensive understanding of the topic.

Apply or Illustrate: Your student should use their knowledge to solve a problem or show how a concept can be implemented.

Analyze, Contrast, or Examine: These keywords prompt your child to delve deeper, comparing various elements and exploring their connections. It requires a thorough examination and critical assessment.

Evaluate or Predict: Here, your child is expected to draw conclusions based on their knowledge, critically analyze the information, and make informed judgments or predictions.

Provide Examples: This entails finding supporting evidence to substantiate your student's conclusions and using relevant examples to reinforce their points.

By focusing on these keywords, students will understand the assignment better and start working with a clear understanding of what is required. These tips help students meet the assignment expectations and get the best grades possible.

Breaking Down Homework Assignments

When students are faced with an overwhelming amount of work, it's crucial to have a strategy to tackle it and minimize stress. Rather than hoping for the task to shrink magically, take proactive steps to break it into manageable parts.

Here's a practical approach to overcoming daunting homework assignments:

1. Create an Assignment List: Take a sheet of paper and write down all the tasks to complete, along with the deadlines. This list will serve as a visual representation of their workload.

2. Differentiate Between Easy and Hard Tasks: Assess each assignment and determine which ones are easier to do, need more effort, or pose a more significant challenge. Start with the more manageable tasks to build momentum and boost motivation.

3. Divide and Conquer: Break homework into smaller, manageable parts. Identify any sub-tasks or components that need to be completed for more manageable tasks. For the more challenging assignments, determine if they can be further divided into smaller steps or stages. This approach will make the workload appear less daunting and allow students to focus on one task at a time.

4. Take Well-Deserved Breaks: Take a break after completing a session or task. By beginning to work on assignments early enough, there will be time for rest and rejuvenation. These pauses are beneficial for maintaining productivity and contribute to a positive mood.

Adopting this systematic approach allows students to navigate assignments effectively without feeling overwhelmed. Breaking assignments down into manageable parts helps to maintain focus, build momentum, and experience a sense of accomplishment. Learn more on how to break down homework assignments.

Remember, with proper planning and perseverance, even the most challenging tasks can be conquered.

Overcoming Homework Difficulties

Difficulty with homework is a common challenge for many students. Finding effective ways to overcome these difficulties is crucial, whether it's a lack of motivation or specific obstacles.

Here are some common problems students encounter and strategies to address them:

Problem: Rushing through homework

Solution: When assignments feel tedious or repetitive, rushing through them is easy. However, this approach often leads to subpar work.

To combat this, try the following:

Mix Up the Order: Instead of completing tasks in the same sequence every time, change the order. This variation makes the process less monotonous and helps maintain focus.

Break it Down: If a lengthy assignment feels overwhelming, break it into smaller, manageable parts. By tackling one section at a time, you can maintain productivity and avoid the temptation to rush.

Problem: Not able to do homework alone

Solution: Some students need help with home independently and require external support or company.

To address this issue:

Join a Study Group: Collaborating with peers working on homework assignments can provide the necessary motivation and companionship. Study groups allow for discussions, sharing of ideas, and clarifying doubts, enhancing the overall understanding of the material.

Find a Tutor: Tutoring can significantly help students when they are having difficulty studying or doing homework alone. A tutor can solely be there as support for your child when they need help, and they can also help foster and develop your child's homework and study habits.

Problem: Failing to retain information

Solution: Memorization can be challenging for some students, but effective strategies can significantly enhance retention.

Consider the following approaches:

Use Varied Presentation Methods: Instead of relying solely on large chunks of text, explore alternative ways to present and organize information. Experiment with mind maps, tables, graphs, or visual aids that help illustrate concept relationships and connections. This multisensory approach can improve comprehension and aid memory recall.

Practice Active Learning Techniques: Instead of passively reading or reviewing material, engage in active learning strategies. This can include summarizing key points in their own words, teaching the concepts to someone else, or creating flashcards for self-quizzing. These methods encourage active engagement with the material and enhance retention.

Getting Help with Homework

When all the tips and tricks are being used, and homework still seems like an uphill battle, it's time to turn to the experts.

Here are a few avenues to explore for homework assistance:

Reach Out to Your Child's Teacher: Their teacher should be your first point of contact when seeking guidance for your child's homework. Don't hesitate to ask for advice or clarification. Approaching the teacher with questions is an essential step in getting involved in your child's academic success.

Find a Study Group or Study Buddy: Being part of a study group or having a study buddy allows your child to ask questions and engage in discussions with fellow students. Explaining concepts to others and hearing their perspectives can deepen your students' understanding and will enable them to explore alternative memorization techniques.

Consider Getting a Tutor: A private tutor can offer personalized assistance tailored to your child's specific needs. Invest in the support of a tutor to gain valuable insights and additional guidance.

Remember, seeking help is not a sign of weakness but a smart and proactive approach to overcoming challenges. With the proper support and guidance, your child will gain confidence, enhance their understanding, and succeed in their homework.

Consult with a professional tutor to get homework help.

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Homework Help: Everything You Need to Know - Oxford Learning

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Want to know what the best tools, tips, and techniques are for helping with homework? Here's what you need to know about homework help!

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The Homework Debate: Is It Helpful or Harmful?

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The Homework Debate: Is It Helpful or Harmful?

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A video segment featuring interviews with teachers, students, and education experts discussing their views on homework.

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Above The Noise
Season 3 Episode 14 | 6m 20s

It's not hard to find a high school student who is stressed about homework. Many are stressed to the max--juggling extracurricular activities, jobs, and family responsibilities. Students in the PBS NewsHour Student Reporting Labs program at YouthBeat in Oakland, California are asking what's a fair amount of homework for high school students?

Aired: 05/17/19

Rating: NR

From:

Problems Playing Video? Report a Problem |

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Above The Noise | Homework in High School: How Much Is Too Much? | Season 3 | Episode 14 | PBS

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Finding time for homework can be tough, is there too much homework?

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An interview with education researcher John Hattie discussing his findings about homework's effectiveness.

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"Homework in primary school has an effect of around zero", says Professor John Hattie. But what does really work in education, schools and classrooms around the world? Every week Sarah Montague interviews the people whose ideas are challenging the future of education, like Sugata Mitra, Sir Ken Robinson and the headmaster of Eton College Tony Little. In August John Hattie, Professor of Education at the University of Melbourne, was her guest at BBC Radio 4. You can listen to the whole interview with John Hattie following this link (28 mins). Here are some quick takeaways. If you want to read further about what works best in education you can order the books Visible Learning and Visible Learning for Teachers.

John Hattie about class size

"Well, the first thing is, reducing class size does enhance achievement. However, the magnitude of that effect is tiny. It's about a hundred and fifth out of a hundred and thirty odd different effects out there and it's just one of those enigmas and the only question to ask is why is that effect so small? Because it is small. And the reason, we've found out, that it's so small is because teachers don't change how they teach when they go from a class of thirty to fifteen and perhaps it's not surprising."

John Hattie about public vs private schools

"Here in England, if you take out the prior differences from going to a private school where they tend to get parents who choose, as oppose to them sent to the local school, they tend to get a brighter student, you take that out, there's not much difference. In many places the government school would be better. So, it's kind of ironic, in the last twenty years where we've pushed this notion that parents have choice, so they can choose the school that may not be in the best interest of their student."

John Hattie about homework

"Homework in primary school has an effect of around zero. In high school it's larger. (...) Which is why we need to get it right. Not why we need to get rid of it. It's one of those lower hanging fruit that we should be looking in our primary schools to say, "Is it really making a difference?" If you try and get rid of homework in primary schools many parents judge the quality of the school by the presence of homework. So, don't get rid of it. Treat the zero as saying, "It's probably not making much of a difference but let's improve it". Certainly I think we get over obsessed with homework. Five to ten minutes has the same effect of one hour to two hours. The worst thing you can do with homework is give kids projects. The best thing you can do is to reinforce something you've already learnt."

John Hattie about streaming

"It doesn't make a difference."
Sarah Montague: "But bright kids aren't held back by less bright and less bright not suffering?"
"No. No difference at all. No. Teachers think it's easier for them and it may be but in terms of the effects of students, no. Now you've got to remember that a lot of students gain a tremendous amount of their learning from their other students in the class and variability is the way that you get more of that kind of learning from other students."

Listen to the whole interview with John Hattie at BBC Radio 4. If you want to read further you can order the books Visible Learning and Visible Learning for Teachers.

BBC Radio 4: The Educators.
Sarah Montague interviews the people
whose ideas are challenging
the future of education.
Episode 2:John Hattie
Duration: 28 minutes
First broadcast: 20 August 2014
Presenter: Sarah Montague
Producer: Joel Moors.

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"Homework in primary school has an effect of zero" (J. Hattie)

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Homework in primary school has an effect of around zero. Which is why we need to get it right. Not why we need to get rid of it. John Hattie BBC interview.

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Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement?

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Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement?

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A simplified version of a research review examining homework's effects on student achievement across different grade levels.

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Harris Cooper, Jorgianne Civey Robinson, Erika A. Patall

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Homework: A Helpful or Harmful Practice?

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Homework: A Helpful or Harmful Practice?

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A research brief that summarizes key findings about homework's impact on learning and student well-being.

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School Me, Please is the advice column where early career educators can come for individualized guidance from seasoned educators who have a passion for mentoring. Have a problem or question for one of our experts to address on the blog? Send it to us via email at SchoolMePlease@nea.org.

My students are always complaining about the amount of homework I assign. Before, I just wrote those complaints off, but I've been seeing a lot of debate about how useful homework really is. How much is too much?
- Always Assigning

Dear Always Assigning,

How much homework is too much is an age-old question, and there's been a constantly shifting debate on this for as long as I've been teaching. Research tells us that homework has benefits, especially in middle and high school. However, some districts and teachers are abandoning homework altogether. At the end of the day, it's about what works best for you and your students, but here's some insight that might help you make a decision.

First ensure your assignments are in line with school and district policy. I'd also ask your colleagues that teach similar grades and subjects. After these initial asks, start to consider factors like age, as elementary students are much different than high schoolers. Many districts follow the guideline of 10 minutes per grade level. This is a good rule of thumb and can be modified for specific students or subjects that need more or less time for assignments. This can also be helpful to gauge if you are providing too much (or too little) homework. Consider surveying your students on how much time is needed nightly to complete what you assign, then compare to the guideline number to see if you are on the right track.

Now think about your personal philosophy regarding homework. I tend to subscribe to the belief that homework is a reinforcement of skills already learned, and should be completed without the assistance of a teacher or adult. Homework, in this view, is a way of forming habits to set them up for success later in their education by teaching responsibility, time management, and how to complete a task. This is more common with elementary/primary teachers, as we see importance in children playing and being active after school and spending time with family members, in addition to their homework. In older students the benefit and purpose of homework is more academic.

It is important to consider individual learners as well as the environment in which they are doing their homework. Parents can be an important resource in assessing the student's needs for homework since they have insights into how students work at home. When I'm struggling to create a personal plan for a student's homework assignments, I always try and reach out to their parents to collaborate.

In reflecting on how much homework is appropriate, consider how much time is it taking your students, their age, what your purpose and goals are, and the type of assignment. Also, consider all learners and their ability and support working without a teacher. Looking at all these factors will help you determine if in fact you are asking too much in regards to time spent on homework.

By Lori Celiz , California

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School Me, Please is the advice column where early career educators can come for individualized guidance from seasoned educators who have a passion for mentoring. Have a problem or question for one of our experts to address on the blog? Send it to us via email at SchoolMePlease@nea.org.

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The Homework Debate: What Do Students Think?

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The Homework Debate: What Do Students Think?

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An article written for students that shares perspectives from other kids about homework, including survey results from students across the country.

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Let's face it: Not many students love doing homework. But like it or not, homework is part of life for most kids in the U.S. A recent survey showed that students in kindergarten through eighth grade spend an average of nearly five hours per week doing homework.

Some school officials argue that homework is important because it helps students remember what they learn in the classroom. Others point out that it helps kids develop good study habits. Also, some parents say homework helps them determine whether or not their kids are falling behind.

But many schools are rethinking homework. Some have cut down on the amount they give each week, and others no longer allow weekend assignments. Some have eliminated homework entirely. Why? Many parents and teachers worry that homework overload causes kids to be stressed. Plus, some studies have shown that homework doesn't actually help students perform better on tests.

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What's your opinion? Go online to cast your vote in this debate.

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A kid-friendly article presenting arguments both for and against homework, featuring quotes from students, teachers, and parents.

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In July 2017, families in Marion County, Florida, got some surprising news. "Traditional homework as we know it will disappear, at least for elementary students," Heidi Maier said in a voice message to parents. Maier is the school superintendent. "Instead, we want students reading," she said.

More than 20,000 students attend the county's 31 elementary schools. Dara Mehr is one of them. She is in the fifth grade. Last year, Dara had two or three hours of homework a night. "I would have 12 math questions and six or seven pages of work to do for reading," she told TIME for Kids.

Now Dara's only homework is to read for 30 minutes. She and her younger sister, Neveah, enjoy having more time for other activities. But their mom, Kayla Mehr, misses last year's homework. "Sometimes, getting the kids to sit down and read for 30 minutes is a challenge," she says.

A number of schools around the country are trying out a no-homework policy × policy boost × boost JOHN MOORE/GETTY IMAGES an established rule or procedure (noun) Students needed a pass to use the bathroom, according to the new school policy. . School leaders say the new policy is based on research. Studies have shown that homework does not TAY REES-GETTY IMAGES to increase or raise (verb) The store hoped to boost sales during the holidays. grades or test scores in elementary school.

Paula Fass is a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She says there has been disagreement over homework "ever since schooling became a requirement."

Support for homework has gone up and down through the years (see "Homework History"). "In the 1900s, a lot of parents thought that homework just occupied children's time [when] they could be doing chores," says Fass. Today, many still question the role that homework should have in kids' lives. (For more on the pros and cons of homework, see "Do Kids Need Homework?")

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Finding a Balance

Harris Cooper is a professor at Duke University. He has reviewed more than 50 studies on homework. In his view, homework has a positive effect on learning. "The effect gets larger as kids move through the grades. But even in the early grades, homework has a positive effect on simple skills," he says.

The National Education Association and the National PTA suggest that students get 10 minutes of homework per grade. Cooper supports this policy. It is known as the "10-minutes rule."

But he warns that not all homework is helpful. "If there's too much of it or if it's too difficult, it can lead to frustration," he says. "And that's not a good thing."

Last year, Kelly Elementary School in Holyoke, Massachusetts, did away with homework. Jackie Glasheen was the principal. She told ABC News she wanted kids to have more family time. "We want them to engage × engage GETTY IMAGES to establish a connection with someone or something (verb) The politician worked hard to engage with local voters. with their families, talk about their school days, and go to bed," she said.

This year, the school has a new principal, Isamar Vargas. The students have homework once again. But they receive only one assignment per day. "We want to build responsibility and structure," says Vargas. "But we don't want to take away the important time that children have with their families or practicing sports."

Kelly Elementary won't be the only school to experiment with its policies. "This is part of a long history of conflict over homework," says Fass, the Berkeley professor. "And that can be expected to continue."

Homework History

Attitudes toward homework have changed throughout U.S. history. In the future, do you think support for homework will rise or fall?

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Early 1900s: A number of school districts pass anti-homework rules. The goal? To cut down on students' having to memorize information, known as rote learning.

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1957: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, a satellite. The space race is on. Homework in science and math increases.

1966: The National Education Association suggests "limited amounts" of homework in upper elementary school.

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1983: President Ronald Reagan's Education Department says schools need to improve. There is pressure to get tough.

1990s: Global competition is on the rise. Support for homework in the U.S. is strong. Students get more homework than they had in the past.
Assessment: Click for a printable quiz. Teacher subscribers can find the answer key in this week's Teacher's Guide.

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In July 2017, families in Marion County, Florida, got some surprising news. "Traditional homework as we know it will disappear, at least for elementary students," Heidi Maier said in a voice message to parents. Maier is the school superintendent. "Instead,...

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An interactive article helping students understand different perspectives on homework through real-life examples and simple statistics.

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For over 25 years, we've been creating beautifully crafted nonfiction products for kids. With our team of talented writers, award-winning designers and artists, and subject experts from leading institutions, we set out to build our most ambitious product to date: Kids Discover Online.

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Does homework still have value? A Johns Hopkins education expert weighs in

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After decades of research, School of Education Professor Joyce L. Epstein remains certain that homework is essential—but the quality of homework matters

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Kiddle is a safe search engine, offering a safe web, image, and video search. Results are vetted by editors.

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Random Fun Facts

Clothes dried outside smell better because of a process called photolysis (sunlight breaks down compounds that cause odor).

A lions feed once every 3 to 4 days.

Cows can walk up stairs but not down them..

It is illegal in the United Kingdom to handle salmon in suspicious circumstances..

The Grand Canyon can hold around 900 trillion footballs.

A dragonfly can fly at 40kph (25mph).

Glaciers and ice sheets hold about 69 percent of the worlds freshwater..

The Eiffel Tower is repainted every 7 years.

Kangaroos can not walk backwards..

Shakespeare invented the words 'assassination' and 'bump'.

view more cool facts

Keep Safe Online by Taking The "KidzSearch Safety Pledge"

1.) I will never give out any personal information that can identify me online unless my parents say it is okay. Things like passwords, links to social media sites, cell phone or home number, current location, full name, credit card number, social security number, school name, and home address must never be given out. Other things, like your birthday or age are okay in certain cases, but it is best to keep that private.

2.) I will never post any personal information about another person unless my parents approve it. This includes giving passwords to your friend.

3.) I will never post any pictures or videos of myself or others without getting approval from my parents.

4.) I will never sign up for any online service without first checking with my parents or a person I trust.

5.) I will never ever meet in person with someone I met online. If your parents say it is okay, have them go with you and meet in a public place.

6.) I will immediately tell my parents about anything that made me feel uncomfortable while online.

7.) I will never download or install any computer software or apps without checking with a trusted adult.

8.) I will talk with my parents about how much time I can spend online and what websites or tools I can use. I will not allow the internet to interfere with doing homework or house chores, exercising/sports, or other important activities.

9.) I will be very careful texting or playing online games while outside to avoid possibly hurting myself or others. I will make sure to stay focused on what is around me, such as looking out for cars or bikes, or wandering into unfamiliar areas.

10.) I will always be polite and respectful of others and never post anything hurtful online, or do or say anything that I would not want to be said about myself.

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A search engine for students that emphasizes high quality resources evaluated and approved by educators, librarians and research experts.

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Exploring the Distinct Types of Learning with Examples for the Classroom

In our educational system today, teachers are well aware of the fact that individual students respond to specific types of learning. However, the challenge to be effective still remains for teachers who stand in front of a large classroom of diverse children. Most of these classes are too large to offer much individual instruction catered for each student.

It wasn't long ago when learning challenges such as autism, dyslexia, ADHD, and a myriad of other learning disabilities went undiagnosed or even considered. But even with added resources and understanding, individual teachers are expected to provide quality education on a multiple of subjects to a relatively mass audience.

Since every child is unique, we believe that if distinct types of learning are employed throughout school year, fewer children will be left behind. Teachers may notice that some children who were struggling have responded to a specific method. At the very least, changing things up from day to day will offer variety and make school more engaging for everyone.

The Distinct Types of Learning Styles

The predominate learning styles is laid out in the VARK system ( Visual | Auditory | Reading (and Writing) | K inesthetic). Let dig into these types first.

Visual Learning

A learning style in which information is best processed when presented visually. Individuals with a preference for visual learning often learn more effectively through images, charts, graphs, diagrams, and other visual aids. They may find it easier to understand and remember information when a visual format is used.

Examples of Visual Learning:

Mind Maps: Visual representations of information, concepts, or ideas, often created around a central theme or topic. They use branches, colors, and keywords to organize and illustrate relationships between different pieces of information. Similarly, flowcharts visually show the workflow from beginning to end of a process.

Infographics: Visual representations of data or information designed to present complex information quickly and clearly. They often use a combination of text, images, and icons to convey information in an easily digestible format. Visual learners benefit from infographics as they provide a visually engaging way to grasp and remember information.

Auditory Learning

A learning style in which individuals prefer to absorb information through listening. People with a strong auditory learning preference may learn more effectively through spoken words, discussions, and other auditory stimuli. They often benefit from explanations, lectures, and group discussions.

Examples of Auditory Learning:

Lectures and Oral Presentations: Auditory learners excel in environments where information is delivered verbally, such as lectures or oral presentations. They are likely to remember and understand concepts better when they hear them explained rather than reading them. Engaging speakers and dynamic presentations can be particularly effective for auditory learners.

Podcasts and Audiobooks: Auditory learners may find podcasts and audiobooks to be valuable tools for acquiring new information. Listening to spoken content allows them to absorb information through their sense of hearing. This form of learning is flexible, as it can be done while commuting, exercising, or performing other activities, making it convenient for auditory learners.

Reading/Writing

The Reading/Writing learning style in the VARK model refers to individuals who prefer to process information through written words. Learners with this preference often excel when they can read and write about a topic to understand and remember it effectively. They may prefer textbooks, written instructions, and notetaking as primary methods of learning.

Examples of the Reading and Writing learning style:

Text-Based Materials: Individuals with a preference for reading/writing often benefit from traditional text-based materials such as books, articles, and written instructions. They may find it easier to grasp information when presented in written form, allowing them to analyze and comprehend details through reading.

Note Taking and Summarizing: Reading/Writing learners often engage in notetaking as a strategy to reinforce their understanding of information. They may jot down key points, create outlines, or write summaries to process and remember what they've learned. This process of translating information into written form helps solidify their comprehension.

Kinesthetic Learning

Also known as tactile learning, the kinesthetic learning style where individuals prefer a hands-on approach to learning. Kinesthetic learners process information best through physical activities, movement, and direct manipulation of objects. They often learn by doing and benefit from actively engaging with the material.

Examples of Kinesthetic Learning:

Experiential Learning Activities: Kinesthetic learners thrive in activities that involve direct experiences and physical interactions. This can include science experiments, simulations, role-playing exercises, or field trips. By actively participating in these experiences, kinesthetic learners can better understand and retain information.

Hands-On Projects: Kinesthetic learners often excel in projects that require physical manipulation or construction. This could involve building models, conducting experiments, or creating something tangible related to the subject matter. For example, in a science class, kinesthetic learners might understand concepts better by physically assembling a model of a cell or conducting hands-on experiments to explore scientific principles.

Exploring Additional Learning Styles

A teacher need feel bound to teach according to one specific system of learning. Likewise, there are other additional factors to look at that can inhibit or strengthen their ability to learn. Beyond the primary types of learning, taking into account the styles of learning below can greatly enhance student engagement. Some of these relate to a child's personality type while others have more to do with a particular aptitude.

Social Learners (Linguistic)

Social learners thrive on interaction and collaboration with others as a primary means of acquiring and processing information. These individuals are most effective when they can engage in discussions, work in groups, and share ideas with peers. Social learning is often characterized by a preference for interpersonal communication and learning through social cues.

Example of Group Discussions and Collaborative Projects:

Social learners excel in group settings where they can actively participate in discussions and collaborative projects. For instance, in a classroom setting, a social learner might perform exceptionally well during group study sessions, where ideas are exchanged, different perspectives are considered, and the collective knowledge of the group is harnessed to deepen understanding. This collaborative approach helps social learners reinforce their learning through social interaction.

Solitary Learners

Also known as intrapersonal learners, solitary learners, prefer to work independently and often find solitary environments conducive to their learning process. These individuals are self-reflective and tend to be more introspective, thriving in settings where they can focus on individual tasks without external distractions.

Example of Independent Study and Self-Paced Learning:

Solitary learners are likely to excel in situations where they can study independently, such as through self-paced courses, individual research projects, or personal reading. For example, a solitary learner might prefer to read textbooks, conduct research alone, or work through course materials independently. This allows them to concentrate and learn effectively in a quieter and more self-directed environment.

Logical Learners (Analytical)

Also referred to as analytical learners, logical learners are individuals who excel in environments that require reasoning, analysis, and systematic thinking. They thrive when they can understand the underlying principles and relationships governing a subject. Logical learners prefer structure and logic in their learning materials.

Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking Exercises:

Logical learners often excel in activities that involve problem-solving and critical thinking. For instance, in a STEM program they may perform well when presented with complex problems that require a logical and systematic approach to find solutions. Engaging in activities that challenge their analytical skills, such as puzzles, simulations, or experiments with a clear cause-and-effect relationship, can be particularly effective for logical learners.

Nature Learners

While learning styles like visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and others focus on sensory preferences, the concept of "nature learners" doesn't have a widely recognized definition in traditional educational psychology. However, if you're referring to individuals who have a strong affinity for learning in natural environments or through nature-related activities, I can provide an example:

Outdoor Education and Environmental Exploration:

Individuals who thrive as nature learners may benefit from educational experiences that take place outdoors. This could involve field trips to natural settings, environmental studies, or activities like gardening. For instance, a nature learner might better understand ecological concepts by actively participating in projects that involve observing and interacting with the natural world. This hands-on experience in nature enhances their learning process and allows them to connect theoretical knowledge with real-world observations.

Project-Based Learning

Project-Based Learning (PBL) is an instructional approach that can engage a variety of students regardless of their dominate learning style. PBL centers around students taking part in complex, real-world projects to deepen their understanding of a subject. Instead of traditional classroom methods, this method of learning emphasizes hands-on, collaborative, and inquiry-based learning.

Project-based learning is not just utilized in schools. It is a universal concept that any team can use in any organization.

Here is a video that explains Project-Based Learning in a non-school setting:

For students, class members typically work on projects in groups that require critical thinking, problem-solving, and the application of knowledge and skills. This frees up teachers to roam the classroom and provide individual attention where needed.

Benefits and Examples of Project-Based Learning:

Real-World Projects: Involve students in working on authentic, real-world projects that connect academic content to practical applications.

Inquiry and Investigation: Have students engage in inquiry and investigation. Encourage the asking of questions and exploring topics in-depth to develop a deeper understanding.

Hands-On Activities: Emphasize hands-on, experiential learning, and allow students to actively participate in the learning process on a set project or exercise.

Collaboration: Put students to work in collaborative groups on a project. This promotes teamwork, communication, and interpersonal skills.

Critical Thinking: Encourage critical thinking and problem-solving by having students analyze information, make decisions, and solve complex problems.

Autonomy and Ownership: Provide students with a sense of autonomy and ownership over their learning. Teamwork on a task will give them greater sense of responsibility for their education.

Reflection: Include opportunities for students to reflect on their learning process, identify challenges, and consider how to improve their work.

Presentations and Exhibitions: Have students work together with the end goal being the presentation or exhibitions of their projects to an audience. The presentation could 50% of their mark to promote communication skills as a team.

Continuous Learning: Check in with group projects to assist with students who are encountering challenges. Encourage them revise their work to refine their understanding throughout the project.

Summing Up the Distinct Types of Learning

All the elements explored here have hopefully served to collectively contribute to the effectiveness of teaching students to be the best they can be. Just as 'one shoe does not fit all', that does not mean kids shouldn't be exposed to various learning styles. At the very least, variety is the spice of life and will help hold a student's attention throughout the school year. Furthermore, in a classroom setting, employing various learning styles ensure all students are given equal opportunity to learn in a way that suits them.

Additionally, a pre-existing strength in one area does not mean a child cannot effectively expand their horizons and benefit from several types of methods. Children will face a myriad of challenges in their lifetime. Exposure to classroom lectures, individual teaching, and group settings will equipment them to better respond and develop live long learning in their relationships, career, and whatever they set their minds too.

Kid-Approved Ear Care: The Ultimate Guide to Keeping Little Ears in Top Shape

When it comes to the health of our family members, especially the youngest ones among us, there is nothing more important than making sure their ears are in top shape. As parents, no matter how great a job we do try to keep our kids safe and healthy, little ears can sometimes be easily forgotten about...until something goes wrong.

The good news is that ear care for your children doesn't have to be complicated or time-consuming; with a few simple tips and tricks, you can quickly learn the best ways to make sure your kid's ears stay nice and clean without being overly invasive!

Through this ultimate guide on kid-approved ear care practices, you'll find out everything you need to know when it comes to keeping those cute little lobes healthy - from prevention methods and education on infections down to different home remedies if any issues arise. So, let's get started now - after all - your child's safety should always come first!

Choosing the Right Hearing Aid

Choosing the right hearing aid for your child is a decision that can greatly affect their quality of life. It's important to consider a few factors when making this decision, such as the type and severity of their hearing loss, the child's age, and lifestyle, as well as personal preferences. A consultation with an audiologist can greatly assist in finding the best hearing aid options available. From traditional behind-the-ear models to discrete in-the-ear styles, the cost of hearing aids varies, and there are a variety of hearing aids available that can accommodate your child's unique needs and ensure they can communicate effectively in any setting. By taking the time to research and test different models, you can make an informed decision and provide your child with the best-fit hearing aid.

Identifying an Ear Infection

Ear infections can be extremely uncomfortable and painful. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of infection and age of the individual. However, some common signs include ear pain, fever, drainage from the ear, difficulty hearing, and irritability in children. If you or a loved one experiences any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical help.

Ignoring the symptoms can lead to more serious complications, such as hearing loss or ruptured eardrum. Your healthcare provider can examine your ears and determine the cause of the infection. Treatment may include antibiotics or other medications to alleviate symptoms and prevent the infection from worsening. Remember, early detection and treatment are key when it comes to ear infections.

Create an Ear Care Routine for Kids

Proper hygiene is essential for maintaining good health, and ear care is a crucial part of it that we tend to overlook. Children, in particular, need to have a regular ear care routine to prevent infections or wax build-up. However, as parents, we understand that convincing your little ones to clean their ears can be challenging. So, we have put together some tips to make ear cleaning a regular part of your child's grooming routine. By incorporating these simple practices, you can help your young ones form healthy habits that will benefit them in the long run. So, let's dive in and make ear care easier for both you and your child!

Treating Common Ear Problems

Our ears are essential for experiencing the sounds of the world around us, but even the smallest ear problems can be a major annoyance. Fortunately, many common ear issues can be treated easily with at-home remedies. If you're dealing with minor infections, wax build-up, or other common ear ailments, there are plenty of natural solutions that can help relieve discomfort and promote healing.

From oil drops to warm compresses, explore some of the top home remedies for treating common ear problems. With a little bit of knowledge and a few simple ingredients, you can keep your ears healthy and hearing clearly.

Best Practices for Maintaining Healthy Ears

As parents, we want our children to be healthy in all aspects of their lives, and one area that can sometimes be overlooked is the health of their ears. It's important to establish good habits early on so that little ears stay clean and healthy. One key practice is to avoid sticking anything smaller than your elbow into your child's ear! This can push earwax further into the ear canal, potentially causing damage or hearing loss.

Instead, gently clean the outer ear with a washcloth and avoid using cotton swabs. Additionally, be mindful of noise levels in your child's environment as excessive noise can damage hearing. By following these best practices and establishing healthy habits, we can help keep little ears in tip-top shape!

Prepping Kids for a Professional Cleaning Visit

Whether it's a routine check-up or for a specific concern, getting your child's ears checked at the doctor's office can be a nerve-racking experience for both kids and parents. As a parent, it's important to make sure your child feels comfortable and prepared for the visit. One way to ease their worries is by explaining the process beforehand and answering any questions they may have.

Consider practicing at home by using a toy doctor's kit to give your child a sense of what to expect. Also, be sure to bring along some distractions like a book or a favorite toy to keep them occupied during the exam. Remember, the more informed and at ease your child feels, the smoother and more successful the visit will be.

With all this information, it's clear that there's a lot more to ear care and health than many families realize. This is why it's so important for parents and guardians to be informed about best practices when it comes to ear care - understanding warning signs, proper maintenance tips, professional visits, and the right hearing aid if needed. Implementing a consistent ear-cleaning routine can go a long way in helping keep your child's hearing safe.

Ear health is something that should not be taken lightly, and you must be prepared with proper knowledge and resources. Hearing impairments can also lead to issues with speech and your child's overall education. \ If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to reach out to a professional - they can help you determine the best course of action for keeping your little one safe and healthy. So, what are you waiting for? Get informed today so that your children can have healthy ears tomorrow!

Why Keeping Games Consoles Secure Should be a Priority

The rise in video games cannot be understated. What was once a public novelty has now evolved into a quintessential part of most homes, with children and teenagers firmly accustomed to the idea of playing video games. Unlike age ratings like for films and content, there is no official or recommended age for using games consoles

With online gaming becoming vastly popular, it's never been more important for parents to decide if their child can safely use one. This guide is here to explain why ensuring your child's gaming system should always be secure, and why overlooking that aspect could present some serious concerns.

Gaming and Consoles are Mainstays of 2024

Recent surveys show that most children aged 7 to 18 (68%) own a games console, with a further 9% having access to one, which is quite telling of the situation many parents and educators find themselves in. At least 53% of US households report owning at least one gaming console, with 26% claiming a 'next-generation' model. Not only are video games and consoles firmly ingrained in how kids interact with each other and form social connections, but they also shape their experiences.

As our culture has grown increasingly digitally connected in recent years, it's no surprise that video gaming consoles have become 'must-haves' for today's youth. With many kids in elementary school playing video games semi-regularly, it's become a solid necessity to not feel isolated from their peers.

Multiplayer capabilities and a host of new releases making the rounds each year also make consoles highly coveted. Not only that, but the advancements in tech also make gaming more enticing, with keen gamers seeking new consoles and exclusive games to immerse themselves in. Therefore, it's fair to say that consoles and gaming are here to stay, so parents and caretakers must ensure safe usage, rather than restrict access.

Security Concerns of Video Gaming

Amid all the discourse surrounding video games and their influence on children's behavior, it cannot be denied that they can, if moderated and monitored appropriately, can have educational and social benefits. However, one thing that remains constant is the level of risk that lies with such proficient online gaming. Consoles introduce risks, ranging from interconnectivity with strangers in online, often 'lawless' chatrooms and forums, to a plethora of other cyber security risks and privacy breaches.

Providers and network administrators have their part to play in ensuring the robustness of their infrastructure. They can use mechanisms like vulnerability patching and penetration testing for weaknesses, although each user has to exercise vigilance. Console developers, meanwhile, are often tasked with rigorously securing networks and infrastructure, yet bad actors can still slip through the cracks. Sony recently suffered a series of hacks and security breaches which compromised user data, thus emphasizing the need for bolstering defenses.

Risks and Threats Associated with Gaming Devices

Games consoles introduce a range of potential cyber risks which can be concerning for parents. These include but are not limited to the following:

Personal data collection - Like all internet-connected devices, consoles and games can collect and transmit large amounts of user data. From usernames and passwords to usage data and communications, this information needs safeguarding with precision to prevent it from being used fraudulently or maliciously.

Device takeovers - Unwarranted hacks can give attackers full control over the console and any other connected devices. Remote hackers can compromise a device and expose users to unauthorized or inappropriate content.

Account takeovers - Attackers with stolen login credentials can access user accounts, steal personal information, make fraudulent purchases with saved payment cards, exploit associated email accounts, and much more.

Communication platforms - Instant messaging, and voice chat features can expose vulnerable children to bullying and harassment. If not supervised, kids can become victims of exploitative cyberbullying and social engineering attacks.

Malware risks - Viruses, spyware, and other malware can 'brick' games and consoles or render them inaccessible. These can often materialize innocuously without arousing suspicion from users.

Network risks - Gaming on public Wi-Fi networks - or those with poor, weak network security - leaves consoles vulnerable to eavesdropping and MitM (man-in-the-middle) cyber attacks.

This year alone we have seen the aforementioned attacks on the PlayStation Network, as well as a large-scale data leak on the Xbox servers. As these are two of the industry's most recognizable brands, it only proves that as consoles grow in popularity, they can become more appealing targets for cybercriminals. Therefore, personal safety and security is essential.

Securing Gaming Devices and Accounts

While there are undoubtedly risks when using gaming consoles, they are, fundamentally, no different than those that exist when using the Internet. This type of technology is increasingly available and beneficial, so the steps that parents can take to minimize threats bear many similarities to moderating children's Internet usage and access.

As a baseline level, consider implementing these controls to keep your kids safer when using online game consoles.

Use Strong Passwords and MFA

Establishing strong, unique passwords - using undecipherable, random strings of letters, numbers, symbols and capitalizations - will make initial barriers harder to break. Avoid using birthdays, pet names, or other easy-to-guess information in passwords.

Keep this data safe and bolster it by allowing multi-factor authentication (MFA) to validate login attempts. It might seem overly protective, but this will prevent usernames and passwords from being compromised.

Limit Personal Info

When setting up accounts, make sure that only essential information is provided. Consider leaving phone numbers, locations, school names, and other identifiable information fields blank, and restricting the access that third-party applications have to this data. Consider also masking real names on user profiles to avoid being targeted or identified.

Monitor Friends and Chats

If your child interacts with friends online, there's a good chance that, over time, they may encounter mutual friends and broaden their friendship circle online. However, listen carefully to what they say. Take a fervent interest in what they talk about and the interactions they mention in conversation.

If they seem 'off' or dissociate, it could indicate that they are interacting with someone anonymous who is worrying or stressing them. Cyberbullies and predators lurk in gaming comms channels, so pay close attention. If necessary, step in and enable parental controls and enhance privacy settings.

Patch Networks and Consoles

Ensure your home Wi-Fi uses modern WPA2 or WPA3 encryption protocols and a long, complicated pre-shared key (password). If relevant, consider installing a separate VPN to offer more robust, controlled connections.

Keep firmware updated on the console itself as well as routers and other network devices, applying all new security patches and revisions when prompted.

Disable remote administration capabilities and UPnP on routers, and, where possible, connect consoles to routers using ethernet cables. This stabilizes the connection between the console and the Internet.

Beware of Social Engineering

Kids may instinctively try to keep their gaming activities secret from parents, particularly if they find it to be an immersive escape from daily life. However, it's important to bridge that gap where possible and educate them - not forcefully but, rather, openly - on attempts to manipulate them.

Teach them ways to identify attempts to steal login credentials or sensitive data, and emphasize that divulging this could pose a security risk. Phishing emails, notifications, and links can be dangerous, so they should take time to assess their legitimacy before clicking them.

It will help exponentially if your child feels comfortable maintaining autonomy when using their console but flagging up any suspicions to you with confidence, at which point you can intervene without reprimanding them.

While no gaming console security is foolproof, combining the security steps outlined above will significantly reduce the attack surface. Parents must manage and monitor console usage carefully but not to the point where it becomes disruptive or invasive to their child's enjoyment. Stay alert for new threats and make cyber safety an ongoing conversation with your young gamer(s), as they should feel empowered to enjoy the gaming experience without becoming desensitized to it because of security concerns.

If your kids want to find their own solutions to any challenging parts of the games they are playing, you can support them to navigate the web safely by using Safe Search Kids. Using Safe Search Kids means that you don't have to worry about your kids stumbling upon content that isn't appropriate for them.

15 Heartfelt and Affordable Gifts for Mum-to-Be

Welcoming a new life into the world is exciting, especially for expectant mothers. It's a period filled with anticipation, joy, and, of course, a bit of anxiety. During this time, celebrating a mum-to-be with thoughtful gifts can add a sparkle to her journey.

But here's the thing - these gifts don't have to break the bank. In this guide, we'll explore some heartfelt yet affordable gift ideas, perfect for showing love and support without stretching your wallet.

Why Affordable Gifts Matter for Mum-to-Be

In an age where the cost of living and raising a child is ever-increasing, being budget-conscious is more critical than ever. But let's not confuse affordable with less meaningful. The value of a gift lies in its thoughtfulness, not its price tag. Cheap presents can be practical and emotionally gratifying, offering a way to show care without financial strain. Considering the expenses awaiting new parents, a budget-friendly gift can be a considerate choice.

The Joy of Gifting: What Expectant Moms Appreciate

What do expectant moms cherish the most? It's the thought and love put into a gift. These soon-to-be mothers are embarking on one of life's most beautiful journeys, and a gift that acknowledges their emotional and physical needs during this time can be significant. Whether it offers relaxation, celebrates the upcoming arrival, or makes their day-to-day a bit easier, the sentiment behind the gift truly counts. So, when considering gifts for mum to be, remember that love and care matter most.

Thoughtful and Affordable Gifts for Mum-to-Be

Personalised Gifts

Personalised Baby Name Keychain: More than just a keychain, it's a daily reminder of the new life about to be welcomed. This charming gift can accompany her everywhere as a token of the joyous future.

Customised Photo Frame: Ideal for those first sonogram images or newborn pictures, this frame becomes a cherished family heirloom, capturing a moment in time that's forever precious.

Handmade Greeting Card: Crafted with care, a handmade card can express sentiments that store-bought ones cannot. It's a unique way to convey your excitement and best wishes for her journey into motherhood.

Self-Care and Relaxation

Scented Candles: These candles don't just light up a room; they offer a serene ambience, perfect for moments of reflection and calm amid a busy prenatal period.

Herbal Tea Assortment: Carefully selected for safety and comfort during pregnancy, these teas provide a comforting and warm ritual that can soothe both body and mind.

DIY Bath Salts Kit: A DIY kit isn't just a gift; it's an experience. Mixing her bath salts adds a personal touch to her relaxation routine, making it all the more special.

Practical Baby Essentials

Baby Bibs: These aren't just practical; they come in various fun designs and colours, adding a bit of joy to everyday baby care.

Baby Socks: Keeping those tiny toes warm is crucial, and with an array of cute patterns, they're a delightful addition to any baby's wardrobe.

Baby Washcloths: Gentle on the baby's skin and indispensable during bath time, these washcloths are a must-have for any new parent, blending functionality with comfort.

Books for Parenting and Pregnancy

Pregnancy Journal: This journal offers a space to document thoughts, feelings, and experiences, creating a priceless memoir of her pregnancy journey.

Parenting Advice Book: Packed with practical advice, these books are a great resource, offering reassurance and guidance through the early stages of parenthood.

Children's Bedtime Storybook: It's more than just a book; it's the beginning of many nights of bedtime stories, fostering a love for reading and bonding time between parent and child.

Homemade Treats

Hand-baked Cookies or Muffins: These treats, made from the heart, are a sweet gesture of care and provide a comforting, home-cooked taste that's hard to beat.

Fruit Basket: A basket of fresh, hand-picked fruits looks beautiful and offers a healthy snack full of vitamins and nutrients.

Homemade Pregnancy-safe Face Mask: Using natural ingredients, this face mask is a thoughtful way to encourage her to take some time for herself, ensuring it's safe and soothing for her skin during pregnancy.

Where to Find Budget-Friendly Mum-to-Be Gifts

Image by gpointstudio on Freepik

There are several places where you can find these gems. Online marketplaces often offer personalised items at low costs. Local thrift stores or second-hand shops are treasure troves for unique finds. For crafty people, DIY and crafting stores are your go-to materials to make your gifts. And remember community groups and online forums, where you can often find gently used items perfect for gifting.

Tips for Selecting the Perfect Affordable Gift

When choosing an affordable gift for a mom-to-be, consider her style, needs, and allergies to make it meaningful and suitable. Please pay attention to skincare or edible items to ensure her comfort.

Your relationship with the expectant mother matters. For close bonds, go for customised or sentimental gifts; opt for universally appealing and practical items for more formal relationships. Balancing these factors enhances the gift's value.

Creative Presentation Ideas

The presentation of your gift can elevate its perceived value and show the care you've put into it:

DIY Gift Wrapping: Personalise your gift with handmade wrapping paper or decorate a plain gift box with drawings, stickers, or ribbons. This adds a unique touch and shows the extra effort you've put into the gift.

Gift Baskets: Assemble a themed gift basket with small items. For instance, a self-care basket with herbal teas, scented candles, and a homemade face mask can be charming and helpful.

Handwritten Note: Including a handwritten note with your gift adds a deeply personal touch. It's a chance to express your excitement and well-wishes for her journey into motherhood, making the gift even more memorable.

You're All Set!

Celebrating a mum-to-be with thoughtful, affordable gifts is a beautiful way to share the joy and anticipation of the new arrival. Each gift idea we've explored offers a blend of practicality, sentiment, and care, proving that it's not about how much you spend but the thoughtfulness you put into the gift.

Now, it's your turn to spread the joy. Take these ideas, find the perfect gift that resonates with the expectant mother in your life, and tell her how much she appreciates it. Whether it's a handmade card, a personalised keepsake, or a soothing self-care item, your gift will surely bring a smile and warmth to her heart.

Remember, the best gifts come from the heart, not the wallet. So make a mum-to-be's day special, and enjoy the happiness of giving.

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Safe Search Kids | Filtering Enhanced by Google for Safer Search

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The Kids' Search Engine that ensures Google safe search in school and at home on all devices. We filter the internet and provide educational resources.

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Kidtopia--a Google custom safe search engine for elementary age students

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Kidtopia is a Google custom student safe search engine for preschool and elementary students, indexing only educator approved web sites.

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Homework is school work that students (pupils) are given at school to do at home. Homework is usually given to students by the teachers. It is a practice work which helps students revise on what they've learned that day. Homework also helps students to remember what they learned.

Many students will get more homework and some will get less. This depends on how old they are and what grade/primary/year they are in.

Teachers have many purposes for assigning homework including:

practice

preparation

participation

personal development

parent-child relations

parent-teacher communications

peer interactions

Homework also helps children learn how to be organised, to work at set tasks by themselves, and improve time management and attention skills.

Images for kids

In Spanish: Trabajo escolar para niños

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Should Kids Have Homework? | Frankie Rich | Chester County Middle School

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Should Homework be Banned? | Is Homework Beneficial? | Should students have homework?

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Many teachers and parents believe that homework helps students build study skills and review concepts learned in class. Others see homework as disruptive and unnecessary, leading to burnout and turning kids off to school. Decades of research show that the issue is more nuanced and complex than most people think: Homework is beneficial, but only to a degree. Students in high school gain the most, while younger kids benefit much less.

The National PTA and the National Education Association support the " 10-minute homework guideline "-a nightly 10 minutes of homework per grade level. But many teachers and parents are quick to point out that what matters is the quality of the homework assigned and how well it meets students' needs, not the amount of time spent on it.

The guideline doesn't account for students who may need to spend more-or less-time on assignments. In class, teachers can make adjustments to support struggling students, but at home, an assignment that takes one student 30 minutes to complete may take another twice as much time-often for reasons beyond their control. And homework can widen the achievement gap, putting students from low-income households and students with learning disabilities at a disadvantage.

However, the 10-minute guideline is useful in setting a limit: When kids spend too much time on homework, there are real consequences to consider.

Small Benefits for Elementary Students

As young children begin school, the focus should be on cultivating a love of learning, and assigning too much homework can undermine that goal. And young students often don't have the study skills to benefit fully from homework, so it may be a poor use of time (Cooper, 1989; Cooper et al., 2006; Marzano & Pickering, 2007). A more effective activity may be nightly reading, especially if parents are involved. The benefits of reading are clear: If students aren't proficient readers by the end of third grade, they're less likely to succeed academically and graduate from high school (Fiester, 2013).

For second-grade teacher Jacqueline Fiorentino, the minor benefits of homework did not outweigh the potential drawback of turning young children against school at an early age, so she experimented with dropping mandatory homework. "Something surprising happened: They started doing more work at home," Fiorentino writes. "This inspiring group of 8-year-olds used their newfound free time to explore subjects and topics of interest to them." She encouraged her students to read at home and offered optional homework to extend classroom lessons and help them review material.

Moderate Benefits for Middle School Students

As students mature and develop the study skills necessary to delve deeply into a topic-and to retain what they learn-they also benefit more from homework. Nightly assignments can help prepare them for scholarly work, and research shows that homework can have moderate benefits for middle school students (Cooper et al., 2006). Recent research also shows that online math homework, which can be designed to adapt to students' levels of understanding, can significantly boost test scores (Roschelle et al., 2016).

There are risks to assigning too much, however: A 2015 study found that when middle school students were assigned more than 90 to 100 minutes of daily homework, their math and science test scores began to decline (Fernández-Alonso, Suárez-Álvarez, & Muñiz, 2015). Crossing that upper limit can drain student motivation and focus. The researchers recommend that "homework should present a certain level of challenge or difficulty, without being so challenging that it discourages effort." Teachers should avoid low-effort, repetitive assignments, and assign homework "with the aim of instilling work habits and promoting autonomous, self-directed learning."

In other words, it's the quality of homework that matters, not the quantity. Brian Sztabnik, a veteran middle and high school English teacher, suggests that teachers take a step back and ask themselves these five questions:

How long will it take to complete?

Have all learners been considered?

Will an assignment encourage future success?

Will an assignment place material in a context the classroom cannot?

Does an assignment offer support when a teacher is not there?

More Benefits for High School Students, but Risks as Well

By the time they reach high school, students should be well on their way to becoming independent learners, so homework does provide a boost to learning at this age, as long as it isn't overwhelming (Cooper et al., 2006; Marzano & Pickering, 2007). When students spend too much time on homework-more than two hours each night-it takes up valuable time to rest and spend time with family and friends. A 2013 study found that high school students can experience serious mental and physical health problems, from higher stress levels to sleep deprivation, when assigned too much homework (Galloway, Conner, & Pope, 2013).

Homework in high school should always relate to the lesson and be doable without any assistance, and feedback should be clear and explicit.

Teachers should also keep in mind that not all students have equal opportunities to finish their homework at home, so incomplete homework may not be a true reflection of their learning-it may be more a result of issues they face outside of school. They may be hindered by issues such as lack of a quiet space at home, resources such as a computer or broadband connectivity, or parental support (OECD, 2014). In such cases, giving low homework scores may be unfair.

Since the quantities of time discussed here are totals, teachers in middle and high school should be aware of how much homework other teachers are assigning. It may seem reasonable to assign 30 minutes of daily homework, but across six subjects, that's three hours-far above a reasonable amount even for a high school senior. Psychologist Maurice Elias sees this as a common mistake: Individual teachers create homework policies that in aggregate can overwhelm students. He suggests that teachers work together to develop a school-wide homework policy and make it a key topic of back-to-school night and the first parent-teacher conferences of the school year.

Parents Play a Key Role

Homework can be a powerful tool to help parents become more involved in their child's learning (Walker et al., 2004). It can provide insights into a child's strengths and interests, and can also encourage conversations about a child's life at school. If a parent has positive attitudes toward homework, their children are more likely to share those same values, promoting academic success.

But it's also possible for parents to be overbearing, putting too much emphasis on test scores or grades, which can be disruptive for children (Madjar, Shklar, & Moshe, 2015). Parents should avoid being overly intrusive or controlling-students report feeling less motivated to learn when they don't have enough space and autonomy to do their homework (Orkin, May, & Wolf, 2017; Patall, Cooper, & Robinson, 2008; Silinskas & Kikas, 2017). So while homework can encourage parents to be more involved with their kids, it's important to not make it a source of conflict.

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Decades of research show that homework has some benefits, especially for students in middle and high school-but there are risks to assigning too much.

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What research says about the value of HW

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What research says about the value of HW

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Key Lessons: What Research Says About the Value of Homework

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How much homework is too much? Not enough? Who should get it? These are just a few of the questions that have been debated over the years. While the research produces mixed results, there are some findings that can help inform decisions about homework.

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How much homework students should get has long been a source of debate among parents and educators. In recent years, some districts have even implemented no-homework policies, as students juggle sports, music and other activities after school.

Parents of elementary school students, in particular, have argued that after-school hours should be spent with family or playing outside rather than completing assignments. And there is little research to show that homework improves academic achievement for elementary students.

But some experts say there's value in homework, even for younger students. When done well, it can help students practice core concepts and develop study habits and time management skills. The key to effective homework, they say, is keeping assignments related to classroom learning, and tailoring the amount by age: Many experts suggest no homework for kindergartners, and little to none in first and second grade.

Value of Homework

Homework provides a chance to solidify what is being taught in the classroom that day, week or unit. Practice matters, says Janine Bempechat, clinical professor at Boston University's Wheelock College of Education & Human Development.

"There really is no other domain of human ability where anybody would say you don't need to practice," she adds. "We have children practicing piano and we have children going to sports practice several days a week after school. You name the domain of ability and practice is in there."

Homework is also the place where schools and families most frequently intersect.

"The children are bringing things from the school into the home," says Paula S. Fass, professor emerita of history at the University of California-Berkeley and the author of "The End of American Childhood." "Before the pandemic, (homework) was the only real sense that parents had to what was going on in schools."

Harris Cooper, professor emeritus of psychology and neuroscience at Duke University and author of "The Battle Over Homework," examined more than 60 research studies on homework between 1987 and 2003 and found that - when designed properly - homework can lead to greater student success. Too much, however, is harmful. And homework has a greater positive effect on students in secondary school (grades 7-12) than those in elementary.

"Every child should be doing homework, but the amount and type that they're doing should be appropriate for their developmental level," he says. "For teachers, it's a balancing act. Doing away with homework completely is not in the best interest of children and families. But overburdening families with homework is also not in the child's or a family's best interest."

Negative Homework Assignments

Not all homework for elementary students involves completing a worksheet. Assignments can be fun, says Cooper, like having students visit educational locations, keep statistics on their favorite sports teams, read for pleasure or even help their parents grocery shop. The point is to show students that activities done outside of school can relate to subjects learned in the classroom.

But assignments that are just busy work, that force students to learn new concepts at home, or that are overly time-consuming can be counterproductive, experts say.

Homework that's just busy work.

Effective homework reinforces math, reading, writing or spelling skills, but in a way that's meaningful, experts say. Assignments that look more like busy work - projects or worksheets that don't require teacher feedback and aren't related to topics learned in the classroom - can be frustrating for students and create burdens for families.

"The mental health piece has definitely played a role here over the last couple of years during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the last thing we want to do is frustrate students with busy work or homework that makes no sense," says Dave Steckler, principal of Red Trail Elementary School in Mandan, North Dakota.

Homework on material that kids haven't learned yet.

With the pressure to cover all topics on standardized tests and limited time during the school day, some teachers assign homework that has not yet been taught in the classroom.

Not only does this create stress, but it also causes equity challenges. Some parents speak languages other than English or work several jobs, and they aren't able to help teach their children new concepts.

"It just becomes agony for both parents and the kids to get through this worksheet, and the goal becomes getting to the bottom of (the) worksheet with answers filled in without any understanding of what any of it matters for," says professor Susan R. Goldman, co-director of the Learning Sciences Research Institute at the University of Illinois-Chicago.

Homework that's overly time-consuming.

The standard homework guideline recommended by the National Parent Teacher Association and the National Education Association is the "10-minute rule" - 10 minutes of nightly homework per grade level. A fourth grader, for instance, would receive a total of 40 minutes of homework per night.

But this does not always happen, especially since not every student learns the same. A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Family Therapy found that primary school children actually received three times the recommended amount of homework - and that family stress increased along with the homework load.

Young children can only remain attentive for short periods, so large amounts of homework, especially lengthy projects, can negatively affect students' views on school. Some individual long-term projects - like having to build a replica city, for example - typically become an assignment for parents rather than students, Fass says.

"It's one thing to assign a project like that in which several kids are working on it together," she adds. "In (that) case, the kids do normally work on it. It's another to send it home to the families, where it becomes a burden and doesn't really accomplish very much."

Private vs. Public Schools

Do private schools assign more homework than public schools? There's little research on the issue, but experts say private school parents may be more accepting of homework, seeing it as a sign of academic rigor.

Of course, not all private schools are the same - some focus on college preparation and traditional academics, while others stress alternative approaches to education.

"I think in the academically oriented private schools, there's more support for homework from parents," says Gerald K. LeTendre, chair of educational administration at Pennsylvania State University-University Park. "I don't know if there's any research to show there's more homework, but it's less of a contentious issue."

How to Address Homework Overload

First, assess if the workload takes as long as it appears. Sometimes children may start working on a homework assignment, wander away and come back later, Cooper says.

"Parents don't see it, but they know that their child has started doing their homework four hours ago and still not done it," he adds. "They don't see that there are those four hours where their child was doing lots of other things. So the homework assignment itself actually is not four hours long. It's the way the child is approaching it."

But if homework is becoming stressful or workload is excessive, experts suggest parents first approach the teacher, followed by a school administrator.

"Many times, we can solve a lot of issues by having conversations," Steckler says, including by "sitting down, talking about the amount of homework, and what's appropriate and not appropriate."

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Homework gives elementary students a way to practice concepts, but too much can be harmful, experts say.

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Let me be clear-I do not believe homework in its current forms should exist at the elementary level, and I have deep skepticism of its utility at the middle and high school levels as well. This is more than opinion-it's the product of having studied how people learn, personal experience, and reading research on the topic. (See Alfie Kohn's writings on homework -they offer much to consider.)

We should ask questions like "Whyhomework?" and "What could we ask students to explore at home?" And, "How could home be a place to further explore ideas, histories, and relationships that surface in conversations at school?" Or-here's a radical idea-we could ask students themselves what kind of work at home would feel engaging and meaningful to them.

A conversation about homework also allows us to question the nature of the learning environments in school. If the classroom work is rote, discrete, and shallow-then the thinking that students are doing outside of class might be along the lines of "why are we doing this work?" The teachers I work with are eager for more creative freedom in their classrooms, and perhaps questions about homework might provide opportunities for that.

Brian Gravel, E01, EG04, AG11, is an assistant professor of education in the Tufts School of Arts and Sciences.

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Is Homework Useful for Kids? If So, What Age Should It Start?

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Let me be clear-I do not believe homework in its current forms should exist at the elementary level, and I have deep skepticism of its utility at the middle and high school levels as well. This is more than opinion-it's the product of having studied how people learn, personal experience, and reading research on the topic.

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Key points

Research finds that homework can academically benefit middle and high schoolers, but not elementary students.

There are non-academic benefits to homework, but too much work may interfere with other areas of development.

Research suggests students should be given about 10 minutes of homework per grade level.

Parents can help with homework by encouraging a growth mindset and supporting their child's autonomy.

In recent years, homework has become a very hot topic. Many parents and educators have raised concerns about homework and questioned how effective it is in enhancing students' learning. There are also concerns that students may simply be getting too much homework, which ultimately interferes with quality family time and opportunities for physical activity and play.

Research suggests that these concerns may be valid. For example, one study reported that elementary school students, on average, are assigned three times the recommended amount of homework.

What does the research say? What are the potential risks and benefits of homework, and how much is "too much"?

Academic vs. Non-Academic Benefits

First, research finds that homework is associated with higher scores on academic standardized tests for middle and high school students, but not elementary school students. A recent experimental study in Romania found some benefits for a small amount of writing homework in elementary students but not math homework. Yet, interestingly, this positive impact only occurred when students were given a moderate amount of homework (about 20 minutes on average).

Yet the goal of homework is not simply to improve academic skills. Research finds that homework may have some non-academic benefits, such as building responsibility, time management skills, and task persistence. Homework may also increase parents' involvement in their children's schooling.

Yet too much homework may also have some negative impacts on non-academic skills by reducing opportunities for free play, which is essential for the development of language, cognitive, self-regulation, and social-emotional skills. Homework may also interfere with physical activity; indeed, too much homework is associated with an increased risk of being overweight. As with the research on academic benefits, this research also suggests that homework may be beneficial when it is minimal.

What is the "Right" Amount of Homework?

Research suggests that homework should not exceed 1.5 to 2.5 hours per night for high school students and no more than 1 hour per night for middle school students. Homework for elementary school students should be minimal and assigned with the aim of building self-regulation and independent work skills. Any more than this and homework may no longer have a positive impact.

The National Education Association recommends 10 minutes of homework per grade and there is also some experimental evidence that backs this up.

What Can Parents Do?

Research finds that parental help with homework is beneficial but that it matters more how the parent is helping rather than how often the parent is helping.

So how should parents help with homework (according to the research)?

1. Focus on providing general monitoring, guidance, and encouragement, but allow children to complete their homework as independently as possible. Research shows that allowing children more autonomy in completing homework may benefit their academic skills.

2. Only provide help when your child asks for it and step away whenever possible. Research finds that too much parental involvement or intrusive and controlling involvement with homework is associated with worse academic performance.

3. Help your children to create structure and develop some routines that help your child to independently complete their homework. Research finds that providing this type of structure and responsiveness is related to improved academic skills.

4. Set specific rules around homework. Research finds an association between parents setting rules around homework and academic performance.

5. Help your child to view homework as an opportunity to learn and improve skills. Parents who view homework as a learning opportunity (that is, a "mastery orientation") rather than something that they must get "right" or complete successfully to obtain a higher grade (that is, a "performance orientation") are more likely to have children with the same attitudes.

6. Encourage your child to persist in challenging assignments and emphasize difficult assignments as opportunities to grow. Research finds that this attitude is associated with student success. Research also indicates that more challenging homework is associated with enhanced academic performance.

7. Stay calm and positive during homework. Research shows that mothers' showing positive emotions while helping with homework may improve children's motivation in homework.

8. Praise your child's hard work and effort during homework. This type of praise is likely to increase motivation. In addition, research finds that putting more effort into homework may be associated with enhanced development of conscientiousness in children.

9. Communicate with your child and the teacher about any problems your child has with homework and the teacher's learning goals. Research finds that open communication about homework is associated with increased academic performance.

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Research suggests that homework may be most beneficial when it is minimal.

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A World of Difference | Helping LD Kids Win the Homework Wars | Season 2023 | Episode 3

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LD family discusses homework; Ask the Experts panel; autistic teen car trick photographer.

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Search the complete archive of Education Week, the most trusted resource for K-12 education news and information.

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TedEd: Is homework hurting or helping me?

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TedEd: Is homework hurting or helping me?

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Rahul and Tanya debate the effectiveness of homework and the education system in Singapore.

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Why we need to solve the homework problem

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When is Homework Helpful? | Sara Kutscher | TEDxRiverdaleCountrySchool

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Homework overload | Mikel Garmendia | TEDxPascoCountySchoolsED

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The value of homework is one of education's most heated debates-and one of its most misunderstood.

For some, homework reinforces learning while building study habits. For others, it's unnecessary busywork that fuels stress and disengagement.

Decades of research, however, suggest that the truth lies somewhere beyond these binary distinctions: Homework has increasing value as students climb through the grade levels, and that's especially true in high school, once time-management skills are in place. For younger students, the gains, when they can be spotted at all, are more nuanced-but at any grade level, from elementary to high school, poorly designed tasks or rigid homework policies can create more problems than they solve.

"Homework is a practice full of contradictions, where positive and negative effects coincide," researchers explain in a 2017 study. Purposeful, well-designed assignments can extend classroom lessons while helping students manage their own learning. Daily at-home reading, research shows, can deliver meaningful, long-lasting benefits to literacy.

Balance and teacher discretion is crucial: A growing body of research reveals that excessive homework displaces activities that support healthy development, from sleep and family time to hobbies and friendships, and can significantly increase unhealthy stress levels-all of which can take a toll on student engagement and mental health. Finally, not all students have equal access to the tools needed to complete assignments, especially as more schoolwork shifts online.

Here are six charts that shed light on the ways that homework helps or hinders, bringing a research lens to an admittedly tough conversation.

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The Pros and Cons of Homework (in 6 Charts)

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The case for homework isn't black and white, so we looked far and wide for research to shed a little light on the matter.

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Like all teachers, I've spent many hours correcting homework. Yet there's a debate over whether we should be setting it at all.

I teach both primary and secondary, and regularly find myself drawn into the argument on the reasoning behind it - parents, and sometimes colleagues, question its validity. Parent-teacher interviews can become consumed by how much trouble students have completing assignments. All of which has led me to question the neuroscience behind setting homework. Is it worth it?

Increasingly, there's a divide between those who support the need for homework and those who suggest the time would be better spent with family and developing relationships. The anxiety related to homework is frequently reviewed.

A survey of high-performing high schools by the Stanford Graduate School of Education, for example, found that 56% of students considered homework a primary source of stress. These same students reported that the demands of homework caused sleep deprivation and other health problems, as well as less time for friends, family and extracurricular pursuits.

When students learn in the classroom, they are using their short-term or working memory. This information is continually updated during the class. On leaving the classroom, the information in the working memory is replaced by the topic in the next class.

Adults experience a similar reaction when they walk into a new room and forget why they are there. The new set of sensory information - lighting, odours, temperature - enters their working memory and any pre-existing information is displaced. It's only when the person returns to the same environment that they remember the key information.

But education is about more than memorising facts. Students need to access the information in ways that are relevant to their world, and to transfer knowledge to new situations.

Many of us will have struggled to remember someone's name when we meet them in an unexpected environment (a workmate at the gym, maybe), and we are more likely to remember them again once we've seen them multiple times in different places. Similarly, students must practise their skills in different environments.

Revising the key skills learned in the classroom during homework increases the likelihood of a student remembering and being able to use those skills in a variety of situations in the future, contributing to their overall education.

The link between homework and educational achievement is supported by research: a meta-analysis of studies between 1987 and 2003 found that: "With only rare exceptions, the relationship between the amount of homework students do and their achievement outcomes was found to be positive and statistically significant."

The homework debate is often split along the lines of primary school compared with secondary school. Education researcher Professor John Hattie, who has ranked various influences on student learning and achievement, found that homework in primary schools has a negligible effect (most homework set has little to no impact on a student's overall learning). However, it makes a bigger difference in secondary schools.

His explanation is that students in secondary schools are often given tasks that reinforce key skills learned in the classroom that day, whereas primary students may be asked to complete separate assignments. "The worst thing you can do with homework is give kids projects; the best thing you can do is reinforce something you've already learned," he told the BBC in 2014.

So homework can be effective when it's the right type of homework. In my own practice, the primary students I teach will often be asked to find real-life examples of the concept taught instead of traditional homework tasks, while homework for secondary students consolidates the key concepts covered in the classroom. For secondary in particular, I find a general set of rules useful:

Set work that's relevant. This includes elaborating on information addressed in the class or opportunities for students to explore the key concept in areas of their own interest.

Make sure students can complete the homework. Pitch it to a student's age and skills - anxiety will only limit their cognitive abilities in that topic. A high chance of success will increase the reward stimulation in the brain.

Get parents involved, without the homework being a point of conflict with students. Make it a sharing of information, rather than a battle.

Check the homework with the students afterwards. This offers a chance to review the key concepts and allow the working memory to become part of the long-term memory.

While there is no data on the effectiveness of homework in different subjects, these general rules could be applied equally to languages, mathematics or humanities. And by setting the right type of homework, you'll help to reinforce key concepts in a new environment, allowing the information you teach to be used in a variety of contexts in the future.
Helen Silvester is a writer for npj Science of Learning Community Follow us on Twitter via @GuardianTeach. Join the Guardian Teacher Network for lesson resources, comment and job opportunities, direct to your inbox.

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Like all teachers, I've spent many hours correcting homework. Yet there's a debate over whether we should be setting it at all. I teach both primary and secondary, and regularly find myself drawn into the argument on the reasoning behind it - parents, and sometimes colleagues, question its validity.

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NYT: The Movement to End Homework is Wrong

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NYT: The Movement to End Homework is Wrong

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Opinion | The Movement to End Homework Is Wrong (Published 2022)

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Doing away with it would change the purpose of school itself.

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Group projects often get a bad rap, but from teaching skills like teamwork and conflict resolution, group work is an important part of childhood development.

Boys & Girls Clubs of America

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Why is Group Work Important for Students? 5 Skills Children Develop

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Discover the benefits of group work! Learn how teamwork, communication, and leadership skills developed in group projects prepare students for future success.