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Monroe Doctrine

What was it?

In the year 1823, President James Monroe thought it was time to detail America’s geopolitical stance on the world. This meant that he was outlining America's place in the world and conflicts. ON December 2, 1823, he said in a statement many things that would set a precedent for many years to come. It was very important in terms of governmental documents.

Importance

The document said that America would not get involved in conflicts within the boundaries of Europe. It also stated that no ‘European powers’ could settle in North America, justifying American control of the continent. This was important because it stopped Great Britain and others from trying to invade America. It was also important because it foreshadowed that SPain would lose its hold on land in the Americas. This was one of the reasons for making the statement in the first place, being afraid of countries gaining land in America via helping Spain regain a portion of the land.

Public Policy ad Conclusion

The public did not know how to respond to this message. We can infer that the government told people that Europe could no longer settle in America, meaning the land located in the west would be free for them to develop. This led to an increase in western migration, which is shown in the data graphs that year. In conclusion, the Monroe Doctrine was a very important document that helped future leaders decide what the best course of action would be.

Missouri Compromise

What was it?

In 1820, the country was looking to add multiple states from the Louisiana Purchase. However, one major dispute occurred when a person thought to ask if one of the future states, Missouri, would be a free or slave state. Congress was already divided unevenly, with 105 to 81 members in the House of Representatives. However, in the Senate, it was even, with 11 slave states and 11 free states. With an increase of a free state, then Congress would be even more divided. One man, Henry Clay, feared a split from the union due to this. He proposed a plan called the Missouri Compromise.

Importance

The plan stated that a line would be drawn at the 36 parallel. Anything above the imaginary line would be a free state and anything below it would be a slave state. This allowed Missouri to join as a slave state, while allowing the new state of Maine to join as a free state. This would ensure an equal balance in Congress. This agreement will be important for a short time because it would only be a temporary solution to a much bigger problem. It only delayed the inevitable.

Slave vs. Free, Future Problems and Conclusion

The compromise did not solve thi for a very long time. Many people, from the North and South, traveled into the west. Together, they brought ideas of slavery and antislavery with them. This led to multiple arguments, leading to Sectionalism, having a strong sense of pride for a specific group or area. Eventually, this led to the Civil War, which had many intense battles, with many people dying on either side of the war. This would be later redied, and the argument would grow to a close in 1865. In conclusion, the Missouri Compromise was a bad temporary fix to a problem that the bloodiest war in American history, the Civil War, showed it could not be solved peacefully.

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Definition

Before I explain the effects of Nationalism vs Sectionalism, I feel it would be better to define them first. To explain, nationalism is when a person or group of people have a strong sense of pride for their country. This could be described like in the aftermath of 9/11. Everyone was willing to help anyone, with people uniting after a great tragedy. Sectionalism is the polar opposite. It describes a person or group of people who have pride for a small section of a big party, like a state in the 50 states of the US. This could be described during 2020. Many people on the coast were either with or against Covid restrictions. The main leaders were California vs Florida. Many backup these 2 states instead of thinking of the national good.

What caused Nationalism vs. Sectionalism?

One main cause of Nationalism was the War of 1812. Most people in the US did not like how Britain was interfering with their trade, and hated them for it. Therefore, they wanted the United States to win the war. This is an example of nationalism. Then once the war was over, that spirit of nationalism continued. It was then diffused more than a decade later, when rising issues about slavery kept appearing in the federal government.

Effects of Nationalism vs Sectionalism

As mentioned, there was a decade before the spirit of nationalism was erased. This decade lasted from 1815 to 1825, and it was called the “Era of Good Feelings.” It sparked a strong desire to do helpful things for the country, so it led to many people to become more self-sufficient in manufacturing. They saw this as a way to lower federal taxes for paying people to manufacture their goods. This period also led to an increase in the desire to learn and create new technology. It was in this time when railroads were invented, as well as more advanced weaponry. This period ended, as also stated above. Many things, like the Missouri Compromise among them, caused that. Slavery already unpopular in the north, and many people thought the compromise to be controversial. This all led to the Civil War, which ended in 1865.

Conclusion

So, to conclude, the feelings of Nationalism and Sectionalism could be seen as good things for the country. Nationalism influenced new technologies, while Sectionalism indirectly ended slavery. So, I believe that they were both good for the country, even though it brought on many hardships following the Civil War.

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Causes of the War

In the 1810s and onward, a lot of tension was arising between the United States and England again. This great strain of tension eventually ignited into the War of 1812. There were 4 main reasons for the war. The first took place overseas, on American Trading ships. For the most part, the Barbary piracy had ended in America, but there were still some problems. The British began to interfere with American trade, boarding their ships. They would begin to impress Americans to join the British navy, due to needing more men to fight in the war with Napoleon. They also made multiple laws, stating that the US ships arriving in the British harbor had to pay a large tax in order to be able to sell their goods in other parts of Europe.

There were other main problems that caused American outrage. One other reason was that the British had begun to arm Native Americans with guns and ammunition. Many people saw this as an act of war, thinking the British might lead them to war against the US. A third reason was that the Southerners wanted Florida, which was owned by Spain, who was Britain's ally at the time. Americans believed that Spain was deliberately withholding negotiations to acquire that land, per Great Britain's request. One last resend was because people known as War Hawks wanted to expel Britain from North America. War Hawks were people who enqueued the war, and they hated anyone who opposed the war. So, they wanted them expelled to stop them from further interfering with America.

American Resistance

There were people in America that did not want to go to war. The federalists did not want to go to war, due to trading purposes. They wanted America to come to a peaceful agreement with Great Britain. Then, they reasoned, commerce could continue as normal without England and the Barbary Pirates interfering. This was met with angry responses, and many of the Federalists were shunned.

The Star-Spangled Banner

One interesting fact that came from the war revolved around one of the battles that took place in the war. After the British had taken Washington D. C. they continued north, to Baltimore. There US forces kept control of the city, and eventually outlasted the British forces. There an attorney watching the battle observed the fort from a distance. He recorded that as the bombs of the British burst over the fort. He also recorded how the American flag was still flying the next morning. This information inspired the attorney, Francis Scott Key, to write a poem named “The Star-Spangled Banner” that would eventually become the national anthem.

Treaty of Ghent, Battle of New Orleans, Andrew Jackson, Conclusion

After 3 years of fighting on land and at sea, The US and Great Britain sent representatives to sign a new peace treaty. This new treaty did almost nothing but officially end the war. It did not change any borders or new rights or laws. Some good things that came out of the new treaty was the newfound patriotism and nationalism in the US. It also brought the end to the Federalist political party, in addition to destroying Native American resistance However, after the treaty was made, one final battle raged. Future-President Andrew Jackson and his men at New Orleans held off hundreds of British troops, killing many of them. In turn, He only lost about 70-80 men. This gained him the status of a war hero, making him famous for his actions and strategy to win the battle. He used this new fame to eventually fill his candidacy for the office of president in 1828. So, in conclusion, the War of 1812 did nothing to help gain land for either country and it helped strengthen the resolve of the country.

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Piracy and tribute

Before the United States was formed, there were many other things happening in the world. One such item was the Barbary Pirates. They were pirates who had been into piracy for many decades, and were centered in Northern Africa. They claimed that they had the right to rob and steal from any nation’s ships, including in the Americas. To stop their actions, many countries paid tribute to them, in order for them to leave that country's ships alone. This was great for the pirates, who gained large amounts of money from many nations. When a country did not pay tribute, or not offer to pay, the pirates attacked that specific nation's ships. Most of the time, they would steal supplies from them. Occasionally, they would take the ship as well. In addition, they might take the crew to sell as slaves.

Impact on American Trade

When the US was created, the Barbary Pirates started to prey on commerce ships that belonged to the US. This was because the US had lost its naval protection when they broke away from Britain. The ships were always being robbed, and the nation could not do anything about it at first. When the government did recognize the pirates, American commerce and trading with other countries had gone down a great amount. It can be inferred that it went down even more, with traders afraid of being pirated. This would have resulted in a decrease in international trade with the US.

Early American Response

The Continental Congress set aside a budget of $80,000 to help pay the tribute. They sent Thomas Jeferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams to try and negotiate a deal. Of the four Barbary States- Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis- Morocco was the first to sign a peace treaty with the US. In order for Morocco to stop preying on the USA's ships, the US paid a one-time fee of $20,000. After that, Morocco did not rob any other ships that belonged to the US.

Thomas Jefferson Response

When Thomas Jefferson became the 3rd president of the United States, she stated that there would be no more tributes made by the US to the Barbary States. George Washington asked Congress to build a better navy to protect commerce ships when he was president. Jefferson used this idea, and waited until 6 warships were completed. He then sent them to protect the commerce ships in the Mediterranean Sea. Although he gave no explicit permission, many of the ship captains thought this meant that they could counter-attack the pirates if necessary.

Naval Actions and Treaties

So, when the actions unfolded, most of the Barbary States were very angry. One, called Tripoli, decided to declare war on the US and they stole a warship named Philadelphia in 1804. This was a major blow to the US, because as stated, they only had 6 ships. So, in response, a sea captain took his boat and a small raid party to try and rescue the sailors who were prisoners. Their main goal was not achieved, but the rid group set the captured warship on fire, preventing the Pirates from using it. This action was hailed as the “most bold and daring act” by people. This action led to the pirates signing a peace treaty stating that the pirates should not demand tribute anymore. The US then paid $60,000 to get their sailors back from Tripoli. So, in the end, they also made treaties with Algiers and Tunis. From both states, they got compensation for the US losses of land and money.

Aftermath, Legacy, and Conclusion

Officially, the Barbary Pirates' rain of terror against Americans ended in 1816. The United States had gone to war with most of the Barbary States, winning each of them. It led to the making of many treaties, and the US gaining many valuable resources again. The Wars set the precedent that Congress could use military power without a declaration of war. It also showed that Congress could give the President powers to use the military. So, in conclusion, the Barbary Pirates was a bad time for the US, but there arose many good outcomes because of them

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President Jefferson had the objective to have the recently acquired claimed land explored in effect of his cause he asked his private secretary meriwether lewis to go on an expedition to  explore the recently acquired claimed land. Lewis brought his mate Clark and an African American named York with him. Clark was Lewis's friend and colleague. Lewis and Clark were well educated, they also had experience with native americans. They made a crew of 32 men. By 1804 they left for louisiana, they encountered many native but one of them was sacagawea who was the daughter of a shoshone chief. Sacagawea joined the expedition when she was only 16 years old, she helped a lot including saving the crew a couple times. The crew eventually made it to the pacific ocean and came back with the life changing news, such as there being no water passage through the country.

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The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal between the United States and France in 1803, where the U.S. bought a huge amount of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. This doubled the size of the United States and gave the country control over important trade routes, including the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans.

There were political pros and cons to the Louisiana Purchase. A big pro was that it gave the U.S. more land for farming and settlement, which many people believed was important for the country's growth and independence. It also strengthened the economy by providing new resources and trade opportunities. However, one con was that some people thought it was unconstitutional. The Constitution didn’t specifically say the president could buy land, so critics thought Jefferson might be overstepping his authority. Others worried it would be too hard to govern such a large amount of new land.

Thomas Jefferson decided to go through with the Louisiana Purchase because he believed it was necessary for the future of the U.S. Even though he was unsure if it was constitutional, he thought it was more important to secure the land for farming and trade. He also wanted to prevent other countries, like France or Spain, from taking control of the territory.

The future impacts of the Louisiana Purchase were mostly good but came with some challenges. On the positive side, it helped the U.S. grow into a stronger, more powerful nation. It allowed for westward expansion, which led to new states and opportunities for people. However, it also caused problems, like conflicts with Native American tribes who were already living on the land. It also increased tensions over slavery because people debated whether the new territories would allow slavery or not.

Overall, the Louisiana Purchase was a turning point in U.S. history, giving the country room to grow while also creating new challenges for the future.

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Federalist: the federalist party was led by alexander hamilton, alexander hamilton grew up poor and worked his way up by being a personal secretary . he became wealthy as a states man. He often enjoyed debates and reciting speeches. He believed in the elite and wealthy. He often used a lot of his time to prove his place in the upper class. He believed that humans were selfish and required law and order. He believed that the best people to run the government were the rich,wellborn and those at the top.he believed in strong national government and loosely following the constitution. He believed that manufacturing and trade would bring the best economy . He supported the national bank because he created it.

Republicans:  The republicans were led by thomas jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was a wealthy Virginian farmer. Thomas Jefferson wore what was considered everyday attire; he also did not speak in the same way of his colleagues and peers; instead he spoke like the common man. Thomas Jefferson was considered a man of the people. Thomas Jefferson was considered an agrarian. Thomas Jefferson was bad at speaking towards crowds but good at writing. Thomas Jefferson said “ all informed citizens could make good decisions”. He believed that the common man should be part of the government. He also believed that local and state control is the best form of government. He wanted a strong state government and strict following of the constitution. He thought that agriculture was the best economy, he did not like the national bank.

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DR opinion: Democratic-Republicans thought they were saving the nation from monarchy and oppression. They argued, again and again, that the Alien and Sedition Acts supported by the Federalists violated the Bill of Rights.

Federalist opinions: The Federalists thought that the nation was about to be ruined by radicals—people who take extreme political positions. They remembered the violence of the French Revolution, in which radicals executed thousands in the name of liberty

Electoral outcome dilemma:

According to the Constitution, the House of Representatives had to choose between Burr and Jefferson. Hamilton did not like Jefferson, but he believed that Jefferson would do more for the good of the nation than Burr.

Federalist divisions:

Hamilton’s friend James A. Bayard persuaded several Federalists not to vote for Burr. This made Burr hold a grudge against hamilton.

Jefferson leadership:

Jefferson didn’t want the country to be like what the federalist envisioned and wanted less taxes on the local goods from his state virginia

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Hamilton's economic plan:

Hamilton’s plan was to first establish taxes for the purpose of gaining money for the government. A nation bank to establish a system in which the government can have funds.

Then to establish more taxes on whiskey. Then become patrons to business owners and rich men. The taxes on whiskey made many people angry and they even threatened the tax collector. Washington sent the army to shut down the rebellion and show the firm grip the government has. The first taxes Hamilton established and the national bank were only agreed upon when the capitol was moved to the southern states.

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Washington's precedents-

Some precedents Washington set were, having a cabinet( group of advisors to the president ), a president should try their absolute best to serve their nation. He also set the precedent that the president should be addressed as president instead of your highness. He set the precedent that you can only serve two terms. He also made it so that presidents must give a state of the union address in person.

Washington’s cabinet-

The cabinet is a group of advisors that help the president make decisions. President Washington brought who he thought were the brightest and wisest people he knew and assigned them different things to look after and to advise him. This cabinet was later made up of the heads of each executive department.

Washington’s presidency-

Washington did a lot of important tasks that helped us rise together as a nation. The first thing he did as president was realize that he was incharge of setting precedents for the future presidents. He then began molding this new nation into his ideal of a perfect nation.

Washington’s conflicts-

His main conflict was holding the nation together. Some other minor conflicts were, staying neutral and not supporting either the federalist or republican parties, the whiskey rebellion which was a rebellion against the tariff on whiskey and setting rules for future presidents.

Washington’s farewell address-

In 1796 Washington retired.  Washington said that it's important to have morals. He also said national debt is bad and said taxes are necessary. He said political parties are unnecessary.

He said to be careful when interacting with foreign nations and making alliances. He also said

The military should have a necessary  amount of power and no more than that.