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via NASA astronaut Rick Mastracchio: "NASA converted this suit case to an ISS food warmer. This is how we 'cook' on ISS."

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Jul 8, 2013 - “NASA converted this suit case to an ISS food warmer. This is how we 'cook' on ISS.”

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(Image credit: Christian Lüthen for Bake in Space)

A team of engineers and scientists may have just found a way for astronauts to enjoy fresh bread in space.

Currently, astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) rely on tortillas as their "bread" because they have a long "shelf life" and don't produce crumbs. But now, a team of engineers and scientists in Germany is developing an oven that works in microgravity, as well as space-grade dough that's suitable for baking bread in orbit, so that astronauts may one day be able to bake and enjoy fresh bread on the job.

Germany-based startup Bake In Space also plans to develop a made-in-space sourdough brand based on yeast cultivated at the International Space Station.

According to Sebastian Marcu, founder and CEO of Bake In Space, the idea came from his friend, spacecraft engineer Neil Jaschinski, who had been struggling to find bread that he enjoyed in the Netherlands, where he works.

"Bread is a big topic in Germany," Marcu told Space.com. "We have 3,200 variations of bread, with a bakery pretty much on every street corner. In the Netherlands, most Germans would complain about the quality of bread." [ Space Food Evolution: How Astronaut Chow Has Changed (Photos)]

(Image credit: Christian Lüthen for Bake in Space)

Jaschinski have overcome the lack of good bread by learning to bake his own at home. However, he and Marcu realized that their fellow German, ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst - who is slated to command the ISS in the second half of 2018 - would have no choice but to survive his six months in space on NASA-approved tortillas.

"I have heard from several former German astronauts that they really missed bread" while in space, Marcu said. "Everything on the space station has to have [a] long shelf-life. And fresh produce, freshly baked products - that's something they really miss."

Former German astronaut Gerhard Thiele has joined the project as well.

'We need to take care of the human beings that we are sending [to space], of their wellbeing, and food, as well as the environment, is an essential part of this," commented Thiele, who spent 11 days in space in 2000 aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-99

"To have something fresh, whether it is bread or whether it is vegetables, it would be wonderful."

Bread has been a staple in human diet for thousands of years but replicating the art of bread making in orbital conditions presents multiple challenges. Microgravity, Marcu said, is only one of them.

"We have to comply with a whole set of safety regulations that we have on the space station," Marcu said. "We have to make sure that none of the surfaces [of the oven] becomes hotter than 45 degrees Celsius [113 degrees Fahrenheit]. This means that we cannot preheat the oven; we cannot open the oven in the middle of operation."

On Earth, bread needs to be baked at a temperature of about 400 degrees F (200 degrees C). Once it's done, the bakers remove it from the heated oven. But that would not be possible in space. Processes such as thermal convection, which helps to mix up air on Earth, don't work in space. If a bubble of air that hot were to escape from the oven in orbit, it could stay floating inside the station for quite a while, posing a serious health risk to the astronauts,Marcu said.

Marcu said the team has found a way to overcome this challenge.

"We basically put the baking product, the dough, inside the cold oven and start heating it up," he said. "Once it's almost done, we start cooling it down. But at that time, any product will start to get dry, and that's why we need to design the oven so that some water is added during the baking process."

The oven also needs to be able to operate with only 270 watts of power - about one-tenth the power used by conventional ovens on Earth. Marcu said the team hopes to have a prototype ready by the end of this year. [ The International Space Station: Inside and Out (Infographic)]

Mastering the process of baking is only one step toward making the space-grade bread. Crumbs could damage the station's equipment, or astronauts could accidently inhale them. Marcu said he hopes the combination of the new baking process and a carefully designed dough will solve the problem.

There are further challenges when it comes to the dough, Marcu added. While the ultimate goal is to make bread in space from scratch, he said, the engineers will launch a premade bread product to the space station as a first step. But as with all space food, this bread product will have to have an extremely long shelf life and survive without a fridge or a freezer.

"At the moment, we are testing out different dough recipes, doing longevity storage tests, keeping them at ambient temperature and making sure that nothing grows inside that is not wanted that could contaminate the space station," Marcu said.

Separately, Bake In Space will send a yeast culture to the space station that the astronauts will use to create sourdough, which will be delivered back to Earth to establish a line of made-in-space bread.

Sourdough is a traditional type of bread dough that people used before the industrialization of bread making. It uses naturally occurring yeast and bacteria that ferment the dough and provide it with its typical mildly sour taste.

"Sourdough basically takes up the bacteria from its near vicinity and the person that has his hands in the bread, and that's how the special taste of the bread is developed," Marcu said. [ Can You Keep Kosher or Halal in Space?]

"Wherever you are on Earth, sourdough has a unique taste, whether it's created in San Francisco or India," he added. "It will be interesting to see what the flavor will be when we cultivate it in space."

Marcu said the made-in-space bread could be one small way to improve the quality of life in space before space tourism and deep-space exploration fully take off. Although the diversity of space food has improved greatly, it can still be rather dull compared Earth-based fare.

"On Earth, bread has always been a symbol of quality of life," Marcu said. "Bread always stands for friendship and well-being, and that's what drives our project. If we want to go further into space, we need to create quality of life, and that's why bread is really a stepping stone for human exploration of space."

Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, video producer and health blogger. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech national TV station. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's degree in Journalism from Prague's Charles University.

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Bread's Done! This Company Wants to Help Astronauts Bake in Space

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(Image credit: Christian Lüthen for Bake in Space) A team of engineers and scientists may have just found a way for astronauts to enjoy fresh bread in space. Currently, astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) rely on tortillas as their "bread" because they have a long "shelf life" and don't produce crumbs.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiPQbglR5NU

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Larguísimo pero algunas imagenes interesantes sobre el vacuum, deshidratacion y preparacion antes de ir al espacio

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All you ever wanted to know about space food

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Comidas prohibidas, pan por ejemplo

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Manned spaceflight began in 1961 when the Russian Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin took man's first flight beyond Earth's atmosphere. Humans have, ever since, been exploring space through a variety of missions including the International Space Station, which has housed individual Astronauts and Cosmonauts for periods of up to a year. Nevertheless, life in space would not be possible with the often specialized foods that consumed in orbit and beyond. In a microgravity environment, however, certain foods are impractical.

Here are five foods that NASA Astronauts can't eat in space:
1. Bread
Bread has long been avoided by the space program as it often lacks the structure and shelf life needed to work as space food. Instead, astronauts often use tortillas.
2. Alcohol
Russian space explorers, known as Cosmonauts, have a long tradition of consuming limited quantities of alcohol in space, but NASA astronauts are barred from having a drink in space.
3. Salt and Pepper
Salt, pepper and other granular spices and seasonings can make for a huge mess in microgravity. NASA has, instead, developed liquid alternatives for astronauts to use.
4. Soda
The carbonation in beverages like soda act differently in space than on Earth. As a result the carbon dioxide bubbles remain within the liquid as opposed to being released as a gas for an effervescent pop. This can cause astronauts digestive discomfort and, as a result, Coke and Sprite remain on the ground.
5. Astronaut Ice Cream
Astronaut Ice Cream is one of the most popular souvenirs from science oriented gift shops around the world (It accounts for 7% of total sales in our own Sci Store, where we sell more than 30,000 packages each year), but there is no evidence of it ever having flown in space. Because of the brittle and crumbly nature of the dehydrated ice cream, Astronaut Ice Cream could interfere with sensitive equipment and make for a dusty environment in microgravity.

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Manned spaceflight began in 1961 when the Russian Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin took man's first flight beyond Earth's atmosphere. Humans have, ever since, been exploring space through a variety of missions including the International Space Station, which has housed individual Astronauts and Cosmonauts for periods of up to a year.

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Articulo de la nasa con info sobre condimentos permitidos, sal y pimineta diluida en agua. Packging descartable

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Eating in Space video topic is part of the Day in the Life Aboard the International Space Station.

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Articulo con info pertinente sobre la vida de los astronautas

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Shannon Walker: A Day in the Life on the International Space Station

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What's it like to live on the International Space Station? Find out as astronaut Shannon Walker takes readers through her day!

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Se ve el uso de velcro, y horno?

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Info parecida a la del teorico con mas fotos

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Info parecida a la del teorico con mas fotos

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If you asked the question, "How do astronauts eat in space?" about fifty years ago, the answer would be quite different than it is today. In space travel's early years, astronauts used straws to suck dehydrated, paste-like food out of tubes. Today, astronauts on the space shuttle eat food in much the same way as they do here on Earth.

In a low- gravity environment, food and drinks would simply float away if they weren't handled correctly. To combat this problem, food is carefully contained and drinks are packaged as dehydrated powders. The astronauts add water to beverages through a special tube before drinking.

Foods are either partially or completely dehydrated to prevent them from spoiling. Meats are exposed to radiation before they are put onboard the shuttle to give them a longer shelf life.

Astronauts eat three meals a day (plus periodic snacks), just as they do on Earth. Meals are organized by the order in which astronauts are going to eat them, and stored in locker trays held by a net so they won't float away. When mealtime rolls around, astronauts go into the galley area in the shuttle's middeck. There they add water to freeze-dried foods and dehydrated drinks from a rehydration station that dispenses both hot and cold water. They heat foods in a forced-air convection oven that's kept between 160 and 170 degrees Fahrenheit. It takes about 20 to 30 minutes to rehydrate and heat an average meal.

Astronauts attach their individual food containers to a food tray with fabric fasteners. The tray itself connects either to the wall or to the astronauts' laps. Astronauts open the food packages with scissors and eat with a knife, fork and spoon.

Each shuttle packs enough food to last the length of the mission, and then some. A Safe Haven food system provides every astronaut with an extra three weeks' worth of food -- 2,000 extra calories a day -- just in case the crew encounters an emergency. These foods are typically dehydrated for a longer shelf life.

Astronauts may have plenty of food to eat, but being in space can put a damper on their appetites. Without gravity, food aromas waft away before they make it to the nose. When you can't smell food very well, you can't really taste it, either. And because fluids tend to rise to the top half of astronauts' bodies, the crew members usually have perpetually stuffy noses. Salt, pepper, ketchup, mustard and mayonnaise are available to enhance the flavor of the food, but even then, the condiments are different from their terrestrial counterparts -- salt and pepper have to be suspended in liquid so the particles don't float away.

So astronauts are able to eat fairly normal food with the aid of several contraptions and packaging tricks. But what happens when they spill or a rogue, floating meatball makes contact with their space suits? Go to the next section to find out.

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If you asked the question, "How do astronauts eat in space?" about fifty years ago, the answer would be quite different than it is today. In space travel's early years, astronauts used straws to suck dehydrated, paste-like food out of tubes.

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antecedentes, info y videos

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Historia, tecnicas de adhesion a superficies, investigcaion

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Historia, tecnicas de adhesion a superficies, investigcaion

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https://www.directoalpaladar.com/otros/los-retos-y-las-tecnicas-de-la-comida-espacial

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https://www.cucinare.tv/2018/12/20/comer-en-el-espacio-asi-es-la-dieta-de-un-astronauta/

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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimento_espacial

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https://www.lavanguardia.com/comer/tendencias/20170111/413229224576/alimentacion-espacial-imagenes-astronautas-comida-espacio.html