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What is a cochlear implant?

A cochlear implant is a small, complex electronic device that can help to provide a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard-of-hearing. The implant consists of an external portion that sits behind the ear and a second portion that is surgically placed under the skin (see figure). An implant has the following parts:

A microphone, which picks up sound from the environment.

A speech processor, which selects and arranges sounds picked up by the microphone.

A transmitter and receiver/stimulator, which receive signals from the speech processor and convert them into electric impulses.

An electrode array, which is a group of electrodes that collects the impulses from the stimulator and sends them to different regions of the auditory nerve.

An implant does not restore normal hearing. Instead, it can give a deaf person a useful representation of sounds in the environment and help him or her to understand speech.

How does a cochlear implant work?

A cochlear implant is very different from a hearing aid. Hearing aids amplify sounds so they may be detected by damaged ears. Cochlear implants bypass damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve. Signals generated by the implant are sent by way of the auditory nerve to the brain, which recognizes the signals as sound. Hearing through a cochlear implant is different from normal hearing and takes time to learn or relearn. However, it allows many people to recognize warning signals, understand other sounds in the environment, and understand speech in person or over the telephone.

Who gets cochlear implants?

Children and adults who are deaf or severely hard-of-hearing can be fitted for cochlear implants. As of December 2019, approximately 736,900 registered devices have been implanted worldwide. In the United States, roughly 118,100 devices have been implanted in adults and 65,000 in children. (Estimates provided by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA], as reported by cochlear implant manufacturers approved for the U.S. market.)

The FDA first approved cochlear implants in the mid-1980s to treat hearing loss in adults. Since 2000, cochlear implants have been FDA-approved for use in eligible children beginning at 12 months of age. For young children who are deaf or severely hard-of-hearing, using a cochlear implant while they are young exposes them to sounds during an optimal period to develop speech and language skills. Research has shown that when these children receive a cochlear implant followed by intensive therapy before they are 18 months old, they are better able to hear, comprehend sound and music, and speak than their peers who receive implants when they are older. Studies have also shown that eligible children who receive a cochlear implant before 18 months of age can develop language skills at a rate comparable to children with normal hearing, and many succeed in mainstream classrooms.

Some adults who have lost all or most of their hearing later in life can also benefit from cochlear implants. They learn to associate the signals from the implant with sounds they remember, including speech, without requiring any visual cues such as those provided by lipreading or sign language.

How does someone receive a cochlear implant?

Use of a cochlear implant requires both a surgical procedure and significant therapy to learn or relearn the sense of hearing. Not everyone performs at the same level with this device. The decision to receive an implant should involve discussions with medical specialists, including an experienced cochlear-implant surgeon. The process can be expensive. For example, a person's health insurance may cover the expense, but not always. Some individuals may choose not to have a cochlear implant for a variety of personal reasons. Surgical implantations are almost always safe, although complications are a risk factor, just as with any kind of surgery. An additional consideration is learning to interpret the sounds created by an implant. This process takes time and practice. Speech-language pathologists and audiologists are frequently involved in this learning process. Prior to implantation, all of these factors need to be considered.

What does the future hold for cochlear implants?

The NIDCD supports research to enhance the benefits of cochlear implants. Scientists are exploring whether using a shortened electrode array, inserted into a portion of the cochlea, for example, can help individuals whose hearing loss is limited to the higher frequencies while preserving their hearing of lower frequencies. Researchers also are looking at the potential benefits of pairing a cochlear implant in one ear with either another cochlear implant or a hearing aid in the other ear.

Where can I find additional information about cochlear implants?

The NIDCD maintains a directory of organizations that provide information on the normal and disordered processes of hearing, balance, taste, smell, voice, speech, and language.

Use the following keywords to help you find organizations that can answer questions and provide information on cochlear implants:

For more information, contact us at:

NIDCD Information Clearinghouse
1 Communication Avenue
Bethesda, MD 20892-3456
Toll-free voice: (800) 241-1044
Toll-free TTY: (800) 241-1055
Email: nidcdinfo@nidcd.nih.gov

NIH Publication No. 00-4798
February 2016
Statistics updated March 2021

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A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that can provide a sense of sound to people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. Learn more about how they work.

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Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing in the School Setting

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Information about working with students who are deaf or hard or hearing in a school setting, including ASHA Practice Policy documents, journal and ASHA Leader articles, and related links.

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Overview

Over 5% of the world's population - or 430 million people - require rehabilitation to address their disabling hearing loss (432 million adults and 34 million children). It is estimated that by 2050 over 700 million people - or 1 in every 10 people - will have disabling hearing loss.

'Disabling' hearing loss refers to hearing loss greater than 35 decibels (dB) in the better hearing ear. Nearly 80% of people with disabling hearing loss live in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence of hearing loss increases with age, among those older than 60 years, over 25% are affected by disabling hearing loss.

Hearing loss and deafness

A person who is not able to hear as well as someone with normal hearing - hearing thresholds of 20 dB or better in both ears - is said to have hearing loss. Hearing loss may be mild, moderate, severe, or profound. It can affect one ear or both ears and leads to difficulty in hearing conversational speech or loud sounds.

'Hard of hearing' refers to people with hearing loss ranging from mild to severe. People who are hard of hearing usually communicate through spoken language and can benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive devices as well as captioning.

'Deaf' people mostly have profound hearing loss, which implies very little or no hearing. They often use sign language for communication.

Causes of hearing loss and deafness

Although these factors can be encountered at different periods across the life span, individuals are most susceptible to their effects during critical periods in life.

Prenatal period

genetic factors including hereditary and non-hereditary hearing loss

intrauterine infections - such as rubella and cytomegalovirus infection.

Perinatal period

birth asphyxia (a lack of oxygen at the time of birth

hyperbilirubinemia (severe jaundice in the neonatal period)

low-birth weight

other perinatal morbidities and their management.

Childhood and adolescence

chronic ear infections (chronic suppurative otitis media)

collection of fluid in the ear (chronic nonsuppurativeotitis media)

meningitis and other infections.

Adulthood and older age

chronic diseases

smoking

otosclerosis

age-related sensorineural degeneration

sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Factors across the life span

cerumen impaction (impacted ear wax)

trauma to the ear or head

loud noise/loud sounds

ototoxic medicines

work related ototoxic chemicals

nutritional deficiencies

viral infections and other ear conditions

delayed onset or progressive genetic hearing loss.

The impact of unaddressed hearing loss

When unaddressed, hearing loss impacts many aspects of life at individual level:

communication and speech

cognition

education and employment: In developing countries, children with hearing loss and deafness often do not receive schooling. Adults with hearing loss also have a much higher unemployment rate. Among those who are employed, a higher percentage of people with hearing loss are in the lower grades of employment compared with the general workforce.

social isolation, loneliness and stigma

impact on society and economy

effects on years lived with disability (YDLs) and disability adjusted life years (DALYs).

WHO estimates that unaddressed hearing loss poses an annual global cost of US$ 980 billion. This includes health sector costs (excluding the cost of hearing devices), costs of educational support, loss of productivity, and societal costs. Of these costs, 57% are attributed to low- and middle-income countries.

Prevention

Many of the causes that lead to hearing loss can be avoided through public health strategies and clinical interventions implemented across the life course.

Prevention of hearing loss is essential throughout the life course, from prenatal and perinatal periods to older age. In children, nearly 60% of hearing loss is due to avoidable causes that can be prevented through implementation of public health measures. Likewise, most common causes of hearing loss in adults, such as exposure to loud sounds and ototoxic medicines, are preventable.

Effective strategies for reducing hearing loss at different stages of the life course include:

immunization;

good maternal and childcare practices;

genetic counselling;

identification and management of common ear conditions;

occupational hearing conservation programmes for noise and chemical exposure;

safe listening strategies for the reduction of exposure to loud sounds in recreational settings; and

rational use of medicines to prevent ototoxic hearing loss.

Identification and management

Early identification of hearing loss and ear diseases is key to effective management.

This requires systematic screening for detection of hearing loss and related ear diseases in those who are most at risk. This includes:

newborn babies and infants

pre-school and school-age children

people exposed to noise or chemicals at work

people receiving ototoxic medicines

older adults.

Hearing assessment and ear examination can be conducted in clinical and community settings. Tools such as the WHO "hearWHO" app and other technology-based solutions make it possible to screen for ear diseases and hearing loss with limited training and resources.

Once hearing loss is identified, it is essential that it is addressed as early as possible and in an appropriate manner, to mitigate any adverse impact.

Measures available to rehabilitate people with hearing loss include:

the use of hearing technologies, such as hearing aids, cochlear implants and middle ear implants;

the use of sign language and other means of sensory substitution,such as speech reading, use of print on palm or Tadoma, signed communication; and

rehabilitative therapy to enhance perceptive skills and develop communication and linguistic abilities.

The use of hearing assistive technology, and services such as frequency modulation and loop systems, alerting devices, telecommunication devices,captioning services and sign language interpretation, can further improve access to communication and education for people with hearing loss.

WHO response

WHO's work on ear and hearing care is to promote integrated people-centred ear and hearing care (IPC-EHHC).

WHO's work is guided by the recommendations of the WHO World report on hearing (2021) and the World Health Assembly resolution on prevention of deafness and hearing loss.

WHO's work includes:

guiding, assisting and supporting Member States to increase awareness on EHC issues;

facilitating data generation and dissemination of ear and hearing care related data and information;

providing technical resources and guidance to facilitate planning and health systems capacity building for ear and hearing care;

supporting heath workforce training in ear and hearing care;

promoting safe listening to reduce the risk of recreational noise-induced hearing loss through the WHO Make Listening Safe initiative;

observing and promoting World Hearing Day as an annual advocacy event;

building partnerships to develop strong hearing care programmes, including initiatives for affordable hearing aids, cochlear implants and services; and

advocating for ear and hearing care through the World Hearing Forum.

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Deafness and hearing loss fact sheet from WHO: providing key facts and information on causes, impact, prevention, identification, management and WHO response.

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"Some people don't even want to try to communicate with a deaf person and seem afraid to talk to us or ask questions. We are just regular people too. Don't be afraid. Talk to me! I love talking to people."

- Treshelle Marie Edmond, Glee, House, Master of None

Lawyers Haben Girma and Claudia Gordon, actor Nyle DiMarco, Academy Award winning actress Marlee Matlin, The Silent Child's Maisie Sly and filmmakers Delbert Whetter and Jevon Whetter also are deaf.

Deafness is defined as a hearing loss that prevents a person from understanding speech through the ear. People who are hard of hearing have a more mild or moderate hearing loss that may or may not be corrected with amplification. A person who is deaf may also have speech difficulties. A 2011 study led by Johns Hopkins researchers which used the World Health Organization's definition for hearing loss (i.e. the inability to hear sounds of 25 decibels or less in the speech frequencies) found that nearly a fifth of all Americans, or about 30 million people, have hearing loss in both ears, and that 48 million Americans have hearing loss in at least one ear.

To get the person's attention, touch the person lightly, wave your hand or use some other physical sign. If an interpreter is being used, speak directly to the person who is deaf rather than to the interpreter. If the person is lip-reading, look directly at the person, speak slowly and clearly, but do not exaggerate your lip movements and especially do not shout. Speak expressively because the person will use your facial expressions, gestures and body movements to help understand what you are saying. Keep your hands and any other objects away from your mouth when speaking. If you are still having trouble communicating, feel free to use written notes.

Deaf and Hard of Hearing persons often have different preferences as to mode of communications. Some may wish to communicate via e-mail and/or text/SMS. Social media also has become a popular means of informal communication. Others may wish to communicate through a "relay interpreter," often referred to as a "relay operator" or "communications assistant." It is important to ask the individual what the preferred mode of communication is.

In early years, people who are deaf and hard of hearing would communicate through telecommunications devices known as TTYs or TDDs, either between two users of such devices or between a user and a relay operator. Although there remain numerous references to such devices in many contemporary resource guides, it is important to note that they are generally no longer in widespread use.

Today, many telephone communications take place through a video-based relay service ("Video Relay Services") or a text-based relay services. These services differ only with respect to the user experience of the deaf or hard of hearing caller. The user experience of the hearing caller will remain in the same manner as with any other telephone call. The relay call will be conducted by the communications assistant ("CA") voicing everything to you that the Relay User types or signs, and by the CA signing or typing to the Relay User everything that you voice.

There is no cost to use these services, nor is there a special telephone number. If given a telephone number by a deaf or hard of hearing individual that utilizes a relay service, you need only to call that number. The relay interpreter/operator will automatically facilitate the telephone call for you.

If you are unfamiliar with Relay, ask the operator to explain how Relay works. When the CA says, "Go Ahead," that means it is your turn to respond. Speak slowly and directly to the deaf/hard of hearing caller, not to the CA. When you are finished speaking, say, "Go Ahead" to signal that it is the other persons turn to talk.

Some people who are deaf would not like to be called hearing impaired due to the negativity of the word impaired. Say "person who is deaf" or "person who is hard of hearing." If someone is both deaf and blind, the term is deafblind. Never say deaf and dumb. Many people in the Deaf community prefer use of a lowercase "d" to refer to audiological status and the use of a capital "D" when referring to the culture and community of Deaf people.

When hiring a sign language interpreter through a service, do so as early as possible. Two weeks is recommended. Be sure to confirm that the sign language interpreter is certified and experienced, and let the interpreter know it is for an entertainment industry event. Interpreting in the theatre, television or film industry requires more than just knowledge of sign language. It takes knowledge of the industry as well as the performing arts. A certified interpreter is someone who has met a minimum of hours of training on a regular basis, and abides by a code of professional conduct. This is important to ensure that your communications, and the conduct of the interpreter(s), meet the appropriate quality, ethical and professional standards. The Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) maintains a searchable directory of interpreters and their certification status.

Hiring an interpreter for a person who is Deafblind may require a specially trained, qualified interpreter, who is available through interpreting agencies. When hiring an interpreter for a person who is Deafblind, disclose the appropriate circumstances and requirements and confirm that the interpreter will be certified.

Certified Deaf Interpreters (CDI) are deaf professionals that have specialized training and/or experience in bridging the language and cultural gaps that sometimes exist between Deaf/Hard of Hearing and hearing parties. They possess native or near-native fluency in American Sign Language and may be recommended for circumstances where language difficulties or cultural differences occur, for instance, in highly traumatic emergency or medical situations, legal proceedings and technically complex assignments. CDI's work alongside ASL interpreters as a team and can play an instrumental role in ensuring that communications on set are efficient and effective.

A list of interpreters is available in Appendix A.

National organizations for people who are deaf or hard of hearing:

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Deafness is defined as a hearing loss that prevents a person from understanding speech through the ear. People who are hard of hearing have a more mild or moderate hearing loss that may or may not be corrected with amplification.

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As for the headline - which was changed - calling a group "the hearing impaired" suggests that the hearing disability defines the person. Many of those with hearing loss agree that it's fine to describe a person as having a hearing impairment but not to use "the hearing impaired" to describe a category of people. For the same reason, many people with diabetes don't want to be called "diabetics."

The emails we received from those unhappy with the headline touched on this and other points.

The AARP fact checker for my column, who was born with hearing loss, pointed out that the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines "impaired" as "being in a less than perfect or whole condition: as disabled or functionally defective."

"Contrary to the definition, I believe that I am both whole and unable to hear," she wrote in an email.

Several AARP readers with hearing loss had similar comments: "If I tell people that I am hearing impaired, they think something is wrong with me. However, if I tell people I am deaf, they say nothing is wrong with me except that I can't hear," wrote one.

But others saw it differently. "I don't see why someone would object to the phrase, 'hearing impaired,' because that is what it is," one reader emailed. "If they want to hide their disability, then why should they feel any entitlement to better services?"

On the other hand, many hearing-health professionals blithely and frequently use the term "hearing impaired." And people with vision loss routinely use the term "vision impaired." Go figure.

So what exactly do we call ourselves?

People with hearing loss

The only term that seems to be accepted by everyone is "people with hearing loss." There are two problems with that phrase: It's cumbersome and it has no easy singular. I don't think many people would say, "I am a person with hearing loss." You might say, "I have a hearing loss," or, as I often do, "I have a hearing impairment."

However, a number of national organizations have chosen to shift away from using hearing loss altogether in favor of more positive language. The Hearing Association of New Zealand began as the League for Hard of Hearing. Better Hearing Australia avoids any suggestion of disability. Britain's Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID), founded in 1911, changed its name 100 years later to Action on Hearing Loss.

Hard of hearing

Several hearing associations, including the Canadian Hard of Hearing Association (CHHA) and the International Federation of Hard of Hearing People (IFHOH), use this term. The Hearing Loss Association of America was originally called Self Help for Hard of Hearing People, or SHHH. These days "hard of hearing" sounds old-fashioned.

Deaf

I often use this in casual conversation, but not in my writing, because in fact I am profoundly deaf in one ear and have limited hearing in the other. As I said in my book, Shouting Won't Help, the term "deaf" is politically incorrect for someone like me, but I still like to use it. It's blunt and sassy. It's a way to talk back to my hearing loss.

Having disabilities, but not disabled

"People with disabilities" is the preferred term because it refers to people as people, not as their disability. But even some advocacy organizations use "disabled." The newspaper Able describes itself as a newspaper "positively for, by and about the Disabled." Disabled American Veterans has held onto its name despite the turn in fashion. But consider that the act that protects people with disabilities is called the Americans With Disabilities Act, not the Disabled Americans Act.

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Deaf? Disabled? What To Call Those With Hearing Loss

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As for the headline - which was changed - calling a group "the hearing impaired" suggests that the hearing disability defines the person. Many of those with hearing loss agree that it's fine to describe a person as having a hearing impairment but not to use "the hearing impaired" to describe a category of people.

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Famous Deaf Individuals in Art, Education, Leadership, Entertainment

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Famous Deaf Individuals in Art, Education, Leadership, Entertainment

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Read articles about a wide variety of deaf and hearing people:

Louis Frisino
Deaf painter of realistic-looking animal portraits.

Douglas Tilden
Sometimes referred to as the "Michelangelo of the West," Tilden won international fame for many public sculptures, including "The Baseball Player" and "The Tired Boxer."

Julia Brace
Born in 1807, Brace is the first deafblind person to receive an education in America.

Laura Bridgman
Bridgman was the first deafblind person to communicate using finger spelling and the written word.

Laurent Clerc
Often called "The Apostle of the Deaf in America," this French-born deaf teacher co-founded the first school for the deaf in America.

Dr. Richard Orin Cornett
In 1966, Dr.Cornett's invented cued speech, a visual communication system for deaf children, to help the deaf improve reading comprehension and speed.

Charles-Michel de l'Épée
This French Catholic priest founded the first school for deaf people in the mid 1700s.

Andrew Foster
The first African-American to graduate from Gallaudet College, Foster went on to establish 32 schools for the deaf in 13 African countries.

I. King Jordan
The first deaf president of Gallaudet University.

Entertainment

Antoinette Abbamonte
A professional actress, writer, and producer, Abbamonte is an advocate for fellow members in the deaf community in Hollywood and beyond.

Michelle Banks
Michelle Banks is an award-winning, African-American deaf performer who founded Onyx Theatre Company in New York City-the first deaf theater company in the United States for people of color.

Sean Berdy
Sean Berdy is an American actor, writer, and director best known for playing Emmett on the popular ABC Family show, "Switched at Birth."

Linda Bove
A deaf theater actress who played Linda the Librarian on the PBS children's series Sesame Street.

Amy Ecklund
Ecklund is a deaf actress who received a cochlear implant.

Lou Ferrigno

A bodybuilder and actor with hearing loss.

Phyllis Frelich
One of the most respected deaf actresses.

C.J. Jones
A longtime actor and comedian.

Anthony Natale
In my opinion, he is one of the best deaf actors around today.

Howie Seago
Another top deaf actor.

Christy Smith
An episode of "Survivor" included this deaf contestant.

Shoshannah Stern
Deaf actress.

Terrylene
Deaf actress.

Heather Whitestone McCallum
She was the first -- and maybe the only -- deaf Miss America.

Leadership

Kelby Brick
Profile of deaf leader Kelby Brick.

Laura C. Redden Searing
She was perhaps the first deaf woman journalist.

Organizations

Juliette Low
The founder of the Girl Scouts of America.

Rocky Stone
Founder of Self Help for Hard of Hearing People (SHHH) which is now Hearing Loss Association of America.

Shelley Beattie
A successful deaf bodybuilder.

James "Deaf" Burke
He was a boxer in the 19th century.

Dummy Hoy
A deaf baseball player who has yet to make it into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Curtis Pride
A retired professional baseball player who is deaf.

Kenny Walker
For awhile, he was a professional deaf football player.

Sudden Deafness

Rush Limbaugh
Rush Limbaugh experienced sudden deafness.

Technology

Vinton Cerf
The "father of the Internet" happens to be hard of hearing.

Thomas Edison
This historic inventor had a hearing loss.

Erastus Smith
The only deaf man known to have an entire county named after him.

Connie Briscoe
It isn't often that I get the chance to interview an author as well known as Connie Briscoe, a deaf African American.

Raymond Luczak
Luczak is a contemporary deaf writer. He has written poems, plays, and novels.

Stevie Platt
Platt is a contemporary novelist who includes deaf characters in his stories.

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List of Famous and Historic Deaf (and Hearing) People

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Read articles about a wide variety of deaf and hearing people: Louis Frisino Deaf painter of realistic-looking animal portraits. Douglas Tilden Sometimes referred to as the "Michelangelo of the West," Tilden won international fame for many public sculptures, including "The Baseball Player" and "The Tired Boxer."

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Jessica Kellgren-Fozard (Deaf & Queer YouTuber)

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Jessica Kellgren-Fozard (Deaf & Queer YouTuber)

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"lesbian youtubers" deaf "disabled youtuber" lesbian "deaf youtubers" "lesbian couple youtubers" "vintage hair tutorials" "vintage make up tutorial" "family ...

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Adding vintage lesbian fabulousness to a life with disabilities and chronic illnesses, aided by my beautiful wife Claudia, our son Rupert and our adorable pups. I make fun, uplifting and educational content that should help you get through tough times and not feel alone.

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Book List for Teens and Young Adults by Age

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Book List for Teens and Young Adults by Age

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"The more that you read, the more you know. The more that you learn, the more places you go," Dr. Seuss once famously said. He was right. Children of families who read together have closer relationships with their parents, do better academically, develop better communication and logical thinking skills, and are more focused and disciplined.

Children's books about hearing loss are a
great way to help your child understand
diversity and inclusion.

Not only that, but reading relevant stories is a great way to teach children about diversity, understanding and inclusion. Why not keep a few books on hearing loss and hearing aids in the house so your kids-regardless of whether they have normal hearing or hearing loss -can learn to celebrate the differences in others?

Ages 4-8

Reading to your children at this age is one of the best things you can do to prepare them for academic excellence. Here are a few picks for preschoolers and young readers:
Bessie Needs Hearing Aids
Jenna Harmke

17-year-old Jenna Harmke wrote this book based on her own experiences. Bessie the bunny is excited to start her first day of preschool, only to come home deflated after realizing she can't hear hew new schoolmates. After a trip to the audiologist, Bessie gets hearing aids and preschool becomes the fun place it's meant to be. A great read for younger kids with hearing loss.

Ada Bassett Litchfield

Though this book was originally published more than four decades ago, it still makes our short list. Your child will enjoy reading how a young girl's hearing loss was detected and treated with the help of a hearing aid. Those with normal hearing will learn about hearing loss, those with hearing loss will identify with the primary character. Just keep in mind that today's hearing aids look quite different than the body style aid featured in this classic.
I Have a Sister, My Sister is Deaf
Jeanne Whitehouse Peterson

Read along as a sister affectionately describes her younger, deaf sister as someone who likes to run and jump and play, just like everyone else. Part of the Reading Rainbow Book series.

Kate Gaynor

Author Kate Gaynor uses Ben's birthday party to illustrate the challenges of hearing loss, but also the ways in which we are all the same. A good book to help teach concepts of understanding and inclusion.
Dad and Me in the Morning
Patricia Lakin

Parents and children will enjoy this sweet read, describing the very special relationship a dad has with his deaf son and how they find ways to communicate with each other. A great introduction to American Sign Language (ASL) and Deaf culture, this book is a good read for children of all hearing abilities.

Gary Clemente

This interactive book, written from a young child's perspective, describes the journey from hearing loss to hearing aid. Readers and/or listeners can interact by answering multiple-choice questions, as well as learning about benefits to wearing hearing aids and how to take care of them.

Ages 9-12

Don't think you're off the hook once your child begins reading on their own. Even older children benefit from being read to. That's because children read at a different level than they listen and can learn important life lessons from books that they may not be willing to hear if you tell them. And, much like when they were younger, reading to kids at this age increases their vocabulary, their sense of security and belonging, and improves your relationship. Here are a couple of titles you may enjoy reading together:

Nancy Butts

Older readers will enjoy this book about a deaf girl named Miranda, who must learn to trust a new friend after her cousin, Timothy, is lost at sea. Author Nancy Butts weaves suspense and intrigue into the story when the two share a mysterious dream about Timothy.
Jessi's Secret Language
Ann Matthews Martin

When Jessi begins to learn sign language from Matt, a young boy for whom she babysits, she becomes determined to introduce sign language to other interested children in the community. The book is #16 of The Babysitter's Club series.

Stephen J. and Jodi Michelle Cutler

After 10-year old Jordan is injured in an accident, he finds it difficult to return to his favorite sport of baseball. Fortunately, he meets Luca at summer camp, a deaf boy who wears a cochlear implant and inspires Jordan with a "nothing is impossible" attitude. Find out how they rally together in the biggest game of Jordan's life.

Read how Addy, who has worn hearing aids for most of her life, discovers a hidden talent that teaches her she is not defined by her hearing loss.

Teens

The practice of reading together as a family really pays off once children enter their teen years. At this age, reading improves vocabulary and writing skills, helps teens navigate complex life issues, broadens their imagination and increases the likelihood of academic success.

Lois L. R. Hodge

Biney is 13 and has hearing loss, but that doesn't stop her from helping a friend in crisis. The challenge helps her prove to everyone, including herself, just how grown up she really is.
Hearing Our Way Magazine
This magazine is for kids and teens with hearing loss, and gives them an opportunity to connect with others experiencing the same issues and challenges. Includes resources for parents and teachers, too.

Hearing help

We hope a few of these entertaining, inspiring and thought-provoking stories make their way into your home. And, if you are concerned about the hearing of your child or anyone else in your family, reach out to a qualified hearing care professional, like the ones listed in our consumer-reviewed directory, for a thorough evaluation and care plan.

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Children's books about hearing loss: Our picks

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"The more that you read, the more you know. The more that you learn, the more places you go," Dr. Seuss once famously said. He was right. Children of families who read together have closer relationships with their parents, do better academically, develop better communication and logical thinking skills, and are more focused and disciplined.

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Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services PDF

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Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services PDF

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The resources below are meant to assist the Deaf and Hard of Hearing community in New York City.

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The Deaf Access Program (DAP) was created in 1980 to ensure that California's public programs are adapted to meet the communication needs of deaf and hard of hearing children, adults, and families so they may receive the public benefits and services to which they are entitled and achieve economic independence to fully participate in mainstream society.

Service Delivery and Locations

Services are provided by eight contracted private non-profit charitable corporations with several outreach offices. For the DAP provider nearest you, click here for a copy of the DAP map, DAP Headquarters Contact List and Sign Language Interpreter Service Information.

Communication Services: Provides qualified sign language interpreters to meet the needs of a client or agency. Also includes providing emergency 24-hour, 7-day a week sign language services to meet medical, legal, or civil emergencies. In addition, provides translation of documents for deaf clients with low language skills;

Advocacy Services: Provides assistance in crisis situations by intervening to ensure all public services - including social, health, and safety services are available to the deaf and hard of hearing population. Also includes intervention to protect deaf children's communication rights;

Job Development and Placement: Assists deaf clients in obtaining employment related services;

Information and Referral: Directs clients to appropriate organizations and programs for social and health care needs. Answers questions about deafness and hearing loss;

Counseling: Provides intervention in crisis situations, such as spousal, child or adult abuse. Also teaches clients how to effectively cope with deafness or hearing loss;

Independent Living Skills Instruction: Assists deaf clients in acquiring skills to live independent of public institutions and programs; and

Community Education: Increases public awareness and understanding of deaf and hard of hearing people's needs. Also, addresses health and safety issues related to deafness.

Program Oversight

The California Department of Social Services' Office of Deaf Access is responsible for administering and monitoring the DAP Program.

Highlights

Services are available statewide via 8 regional non-profit organizations.

$5.2 million in services are paid annually.

The DAP has no eligibility requirements other than a demonstrated need for services.

The DAP is a program "of, by and for" deaf and hard of hearing people.

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The Deaf Access Program (DAP) was created in 1980 to ensure that California's public programs are adapted to meet the communication needs of deaf and hard of hearing children, adults, and families so they may receive the public benefits and services to which they are entitled and achieve economic independence to fully participate in mainstream society.

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International Federation of Hard of Hearing People (IFHOH)

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International Federation of Hard of Hearing People (IFHOH)

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IFHOH - International Federation of Hard of Hearing People

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News, Press Releases, Events, Position Papers, IFHOH Journal, Frequently Asked Questions, Organization, Federation, Hearing Aids, Hearing Loss, Hard of Hearing

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Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center at Gallaudet University

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Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center at Gallaudet University

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Our Demonstration Schools

Our tuition-free, accredited four-year high school for deaf and hard of hearing students from the United States and its territories.

Our tuition-free, accredited day school for deaf and hard of hearing students from birth through grade 8. Students come from the Washington, DC metropolitan area.

There are no events scheduled at this time/

This site was supported by federal funding. Publication of this material shall not imply approval or acceptance by the U.S. Department of Education of the findings, conclusions, or recommendations herein. Gallaudet University is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, religion, age, hearing status, disability, covered veteran status, marital status, personal appearance, sexual orientation, family responsibilities, matriculation, political affiliation, source of income, place of business or residence, pregnancy, childbirth, or any other unlawful basis.

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laurent clerc national deaf education center

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Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center

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Our Demonstration Schools Our tuition-free, accredited four-year high school for deaf and hard of hearing students from the United States and its territories. Our tuition-free, accredited day school for deaf and hard of hearing students from birth through grade 8. Students come from the Washington, DC metropolitan area.

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)

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An official website of the United States government

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The National Association of the Deaf (NAD) is the nation's premier civil rights organization of, by and for deaf and hard of hearing individuals in the United States of America. Established in 1880, the NAD was shaped by deaf leaders who believed in the right of the American deaf community to use sign language, to congregate on issues important to them, and to have its interests represented at the national level. These beliefs remain true to this day, with American Sign Language as a core value. The advocacy scope of the NAD is broad, covering a lifetime and impacting future generations in the areas of early intervention, education, employment, health care, technology, telecommunications, youth leadership, and more - improving the lives of millions of deaf and hard of hearing Americans. The NAD also carries out its federal advocacy work through coalition efforts with specialized national deaf and hard of hearing organizations, as well as coalitions representing national cross-disability organizations. On the international front, the NAD represents the United States of America to the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD), an international human rights organization. Individual and organizational membership makes it possible for the NAD to ensure that the collective interests of the American deaf and hard of hearing community are seen and represented among our nation's policy makers and opinion leaders at the federal level. The NAD is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization supported by the generosity of individual and organizational donors, including corporations and foundations.

Find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram!

Mission

The mission of the National Association of the Deaf is to preserve, protect and promote the civil, human and linguistic rights of Deaf, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, Hard of Hearing, and Late-Deafened people in the United States of America.

Vision

The vision of the NAD is that the language, culture, and heritage of Deaf, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, and Hard of Hearing, and Late-Deafened Americans will be acknowledged and respected in the pursuit of life, liberty, and equality.

Values

The National Association of the Deaf embraces core, legal, and community values, as follows:
Core Values

Language. We value the acquisition, usage, and preservation of American Sign Language.

Culture. We value the right of Deaf, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, and Hard of Hearing, and Late-Deafened Americans to share similar beliefs, sense of belonging, and experiences as a signing community.

Legal Values

Civil Rights. We believe in equality, dignity, and justice for all Deaf, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, and Hard of Hearing, and Late-Deafened Americans.

Human Rights. We believe that acquisition and use of American Sign Language is an essential human right.

Linguistic Rights. We believe that American Sign Language must be preserved, protected, and promoted.

Community Values

Diversity. We value Deaf, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, and Hard of Hearing, and Late-Deafened Americans with diverse perspectives, experiences, and abilities. We are committed to the elimination of audism, linguicism, racism, and other forms of discrimination.

People. We value advocates and allies as the builders of the American Deaf, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, and Hard of Hearing, and Late-Deafened community.

Diversity Statement

The National Association of the Deaf embraces equity, diversity and inclusiveness as core values in achieving its mission. The NAD believes that diversity encompasses a wide range of abilities and perspectives which also requires providing the accessible tools that are of the best fit to each individual.*

The NAD is committed to building and maintaining an equitable and inclusive environment where differences of opinions, beliefs, and values are respected, valued, listened to, and discussed widely. Through inclusiveness, the NAD is committed to continuously strive for active participation, and elevate individuals that reflect the diversity of the deaf community (including Deaf, DeafBlind, DeafDisabled, Hard of Hearing and Late-Deafened) in the United States. The NAD also acknowledges that equity plays an important role in achieving inclusiveness.

The NAD pledges to enhance its policies and practices so that these adhere to the highest standards of equity, diversity and inclusiveness, and to work closely with its state and organizational affiliates to further this commitment.

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The National Association of the Deaf (NAD) is the nation's premier civil rights organization of, by and for deaf and hard of hearing individuals in the United States of America.

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- Middle ear implants, cochlear implants, bone conduction devices
- Product lines: Vibrant soundbridge system, synchrony EAS system, bonebridge system,

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MED-EL | Cochlear Implants for Hearing Loss

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Cochlear implants and hearing solutions from MED-EL-helping children and adults with hearing loss.

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- "Global leader in implantable hearing solutions" (see website)
- Pediatric Options available
- Product lines: The Cochlear Nucleus System, Cochlear Osia System, Cochlear Baha System

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At Cochlear we always start with people in mind, thinking about their needs. Learn more about our mission and story.

Watch now

As the global leader in implantable hearing solutions, we have provided more than 600,000 implantable devices - more than any other company - helping people of all ages to hear and connect with life's opportunities.

Our mission

We help people hear and be heard.

We empower people to connect with others and live a full life.

We help transform the way people understand and treat hearing loss.

We innovate and bring to market a range of implantable hearing solutions that deliver a lifetime of hearing outcomes.

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Cochlear™ is a global leader in implantable hearing solutions, helping people of all ages to lead full and active lives. Learn more about us.

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- One of the top 3 companies that construct hearing instrument technology
- Part of the Sonova Group: "world leader in cochlear implant systems"
- Devices: Naida Cl for adults / Sky Cl for children and Autosense OS 3.0
- Some devices incorporate Phonak technology

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- Pediatric options available
- Use for all degrees of hearing loss
- Product lines: Oticon OPN, Oticon Xceed, Oticon Ruby, Oticon CROS (single-sided deafness)
- Hearing aid accessories available

https://www.oticon.com/solutions

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Hearing aids and accessories for any hearing loss | Oticon

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Oticon hearing aids are as unique as you are. Explore our range of devices for mild, moderate, severe and profound hearing loss, in various colors and styles.

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- Useful for any degree of hearing loss
- Main types include: behind the ear (BTE), receiver in the canal (RIC), in the ear (ITE),
- Product lines: Audeo, Bolero, Virto, Lyric

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Your hearing care professional will recommend a model of hearing aid that best suits your hearing loss.

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- HAT Devices are highly important for students who may miss the speech signal (eg. emergent bilinguals, students with hearing loss, students with disabilities)
- HAT Devices improve the speech signal received by reducing the signal to ratio (SNR) and adjusting for room reverberation and classroom noise

Pictured: How teachers should wear their HAT transmitter (left; incorrect and right; correct)

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Hearing Aid Microphones - Roger | Phonak

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Roger is an intelligent wireless technology that transmits speech directly to hearing aids and cochlear implants, helping to overcome distance and noise.

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FM Device: Oticon Phonak FM Product Guide (PDF)

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FM Device: Oticon Phonak FM Product Guide (PDF)

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About Hearing Assistive Technology (HAT): FM and Roger DM

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About Hearing Assistive Technology (HAT): FM and Roger DM

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TYPES
FM (Frequency modulated) systems: no longer the industry standard
Roger DM (Pictured above): industry standard: better microphone and technological devices, wireless, used worldwide

FUNCTION
To support hearing aids in situations where the hearing aid is insufficient, such as dealing with noise in the room and reduced SNR

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- For conductive hearing loss or complete hearing loss in one ear
- Best when one inner ear functions normally
(https://www.healthyhearing.com/help/hearing-aids/bone-anchored)

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Sometimes, hearing aids are not the best option for people with hearing loss, and bone-anchored hearing systems are suggested as a more suitable option. Yet, many people aren't aware of what they are and how they work.

The Ponto System from Oticon Medical,
seen here, is a bone-anchored hearing
system that fits behind the ear.
Photo courtesy Oticon Medical.

Unlike hearing aids, bone-anchored hearing systems are surgically implanted devices. They treat hearing loss through bone conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear-this is in contrast to regular hearing aids, which amplify acoustic sounds that enter the ear canal. For this reason, bone-anchored systems are considered specialty devices for certain hearing loss conditions, which are described below.

Bone-anchored hearing systems, also known as bone-anchored auditory implants, are not to be confused with cochlear implants. While they are also a type of surgically implanted device for hearing loss, the patient indications are different. In other words, they treat different hearing problems. To learn more, see our page on cochlear implants.

Here's what to know:

Why bone-anchored hearing systems?

Bone-anchored hearing systems work best for people who have at least one inner ear that functions normally. They may have conductive hearing loss (their outer or middle ears do not transmit sound correctly) or complete hearing loss in one ear only. Candidacy is best determined by a hearing care professional like an otolaryngologist (ENT).

These types of devices bypass particular problems by sending sound vibration directly to the inner ear through the skull bone. This can be helpful because middle ear and ear canal problems might prevent sound waves and signals from reaching the inner ear. In those cases, standard hearing aids are ineffective.

The most likely candidates for bone-anchored hearing devices are children or adults who have severe outer or middle ear malformations, or those with single-sided deafness.

That's why people who typically get the greatest benefit from bone-anchored hearing systems include those who have severe outer or middle ear malformations and those with single-sided deafness, also known as unilateral hearing loss. This type of hearing solution also may be recommended in extreme cases of chronic ear infections or allergies to traditional hearing aids.

Malformations of the outer or middle ear

Malformations of the ear canal or middle ear, such as narrowing of the ear canal or a malformed or absent pinna (external ear) cause conductive hearing loss. These malformations are often congenital, or present at birth. A bone-anchored hearing solution delivers sound vibrations directly to the inner ear by being in direct contact with the skull bones. EarCommunity.org has a photo gallery of people with these conditions wearing bone-anchored hearing systems.

Single-sided deafness

Single-sided deafness (SSD) is a condition in which a person has lost all hearing in one ear, while having anywhere from normal hearing to profound hearing loss in the other ear. Single-sided deafness makes it difficult to determine which direction sound is coming from (localization) and diminishes the ability to understand speech in noisy environments.

Common causes of SSD include acoustic neuroma (a tumor on the hearing nerve), Meniere's disease or sudden sensorineural hearing loss. If you have single-sided deafness, you can wear a special pair of hearing aids that route sounds from the poorer hearing side to the better hearing side (called a CROS device), but a bone-anchored hearing device may be preferable because it requires the use of only one discreet device.

Additional criteria for wearing a bone-conducted hearing device

Because a bone-anchored hearing device does not block the ear canal, there are other, rarer conditions that might warrant this type of hearing treatment. For example, people with chronic ear infections may have difficulty wearing traditional hearing aids if they experience drainage of fluids from the middle ear into the ear canal. People who have extreme allergies to the materials used to fabricate custom hearing aids and earmolds may also prefer a bone-anchored system.

How does it work?

How sound is transmitted through a
bone-anchored hearing system.
(Photo courtesy Oticon Medical.)

Bone-anchored hearing devices have two parts: a titanium bone implant and an external sound processor. The external microphone and sound processor of the bone-anchored device picks up sounds and converts them into vibrations to the embedded implant. In turn, the implant vibrates the surrounding bone, which sets up sound waves in the inner ear that stimulate the hair cells and result in the firing of the auditory nerve.

What happens during surgery?

During an outpatient surgical procedure, an ear-nose-throat doctor or other surgical specialist places a small titanium implant (3-4 mm) into the mastoid bone behind the ear. The implant may have a small abutment that sticks out through the skin for attaching the external part of the device. Over time, the titanium implant integrates with the bone. The removable microphone and sound processor can then be attached via a built-in magnet or by clipping onto the abutment.

The goal is that all parts fit snugly together, as a snug fit helps hearing implants convey vibrations through the bone more effectively.

The kind of operation you receive will be different depending on which manufacturer's system you choose. For example, Oticon Medical utilizes MIPS (minimally invasive Ponto surgery), which takes an average of 15 minutes to perform and usually only requires local anesthesia. MIPS reduces the likelihood of complications because it doesn't require suturing, which eliminates scarring and fosters rapid healing.

MIPS also reduces the likelihood of complications because it leaves more of the skin, blood vessels, and nerves intact. The operation was designed to create the smallest incision possible, leaving the skin and hair follicles around the new abutment intact. Recovery typically requires only a day or two of rest before you can return to your normal activities. With few exceptions, most candidates for a bone-anchored hearing device can safely undergo MIPS.

If you're considering a bone-anchored device, but first want to get a sense of if this type of device would work well for you, your doctor or audiologist may let you try out traditional bone conduction hearing aids (which don't require an implant or any surgery). Or, they may help you try out simulation devices.

Can you hear right away?

The skull and skin have to heal before the external device can be clipped on or magnetically connected. The time needed for healing is specified differently by each manufacturer, from 3 weeks to 3 months. Once the external device is attached, it can be programmed for the patient's specific hearing loss. Wearing a bone-anchored hearing system would be similar to wearing an acoustic hearing aid at this point-there may be some adjustments needed as the patient gets accustomed to hearing and listening to amplified sounds.

What's it like to have a BAHA or a bone-anchored device?

Patient stories

Kevin Hotaling

Kevin Hotaling was born with severe congenital hearing loss on his left side, a condition he treated with hearing aids all the way through high school. In his mid 20s, Kevin Hotaling upgraded to a bone-anchored hearing system. More: What this Millennial wants others to know about his bone-anchored hearing system

Lucy Brown

Lucy Brown is an active pre-teen who dreams of one day becoming an ear, nose and throat doctor as well as a member of the Olympic gymnastics team. Her bone-anchored hearing system lets her hear conversations in noisy situations like gym practice. More: Engaged, assertive and confident: Lucy's bone-anchored hearing story

On the market

Currently, there are two manufacturers with FDA-approved bone-anchored hearing devices: Oticon Medical and Cochlear Americas. Each device brand fits a little differently but they're both placed behind the ear on the mastoid bone. Indications for child wearers may require a soft headband to ensure the device stays in place during active play.

What is a BAHA?

People sometimes refer to any brand of bone-anchored hearing devices as a BAHA (short for "bone-anchored hearing aids"). However, BAHA™ also is the name of a specific brand of bone-anchored hearing aid, made by the Cochlear Americas company. People also may refer to any of the several brands as a "bone-anchored hearing device," or a "bone-anchored hearing system" (BAHS).

What is a Ponto?

Ponto ™ is the brand name of Oticon Medical's bone-anchored processor, and various models have been on the market since 2009. Currently only the Ponto 3 SuperPower and Ponto 4 are available for sale. The 2019 release of Ponto 4 is the smallest available bone-anchored hearing device currently on the market that also offers full wireless capabilities.

The retail price for the Ponto 3 SP is $5,460 and Ponto 4 is $5,495. It should be noted that Ponto devices can be worn on a soft band, which is appropriate for: children under the age of five, wearers who only require temporary hearing assistance or just trying it out, and anyone with physical conditions that preclude implantation (e.g., lack of sufficient skull density).

What kinds of accessories work with bone-anchored hearing aids?

The accessories and apps available for bone-anchored hearing device users are very similar to those used by regular hearing aid wearers, and are often referred to generally as assistive listening devices. They include:

Audio streamers - relay devices worn around the neck or as clips that allow wearers to stream sound from televisions, cellphones, or music players directly into their sound processor.

FM/DM receiver - frequently used by students to tap into a school's FM system and stream a teacher or lecturer's voice directly into the wearer's processor. Very helpful in crowded, noisy, or large, echoing venues like auditoriums.

TV streamers - these can be hooked up to most televisions or computers and allow bone-anchored device wearers to stream the audio wirelessly directly into their BAHA for greater clarity and speech comprehension.

Smartphone apps - depending on how advanced your bone-anchored hearing system is, you might be able to use an app to learn how to use your new BAHS or control your device's volume and other functions right from your cellphone. These apps are typically provided free of charge from Oticon Medical or Cochlear Americas and can be downloaded from the Google Play™ or Apple® App stores. Ask your manufacturer which ones are compatible with your specific device.

How much does a bone-anchored hearing device cost?

While the exact cost of surgery differs depending on the kind of operation to implant the device you have and other criteria, the average cost is between $10,000 and $17,000. In addition, the sound processor price ranges between $5,000 and $8,000 depending on the manufacturer you choose, and the kinds of features included in the specific device.

The good news? Bone-anchored hearing aids and the procedures to implant them are frequently covered by insurance, at least in part. To find out what your insurer will cover, contact them for details. Most manufacturers also offer insurance support staff to assist you with checking your coverage and help you appeal a denial or find other options to afford your bone-anchored hearing system if needed.

Interested in a bone-anchored hearing system?

If you think you may be a candidate for a bone-anchored hearing system and you would like to find out more, contact an ear, nose and throat doctor in your area, or you can search this directory of providers from Oticon Medical.

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Bone-anchored hearing systems: What you need to know

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Sometimes, hearing aids are not the best option for people with hearing loss, and bone-anchored hearing systems are suggested as a more suitable option. Yet, many people aren't aware of what they are and how they work. Unlike hearing aids, bone-anchored hearing systems are surgically implanted devices.

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Speech language pathologists should perform this daily (e.g. Ling 6)

Function: note whether technology is performing as expected, ensuring students to succeed in the classroom

For hearing aid: visual inspection, check battery, check earmold, listening check

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Microphone: one or two may be present; two mics provide directionality

Amplifier: this is programmed by the audiologist to boost the electrical signal

Receiver: transducer which translates electrical signal back to acoustic signal

More: Earhook, earmold, battery, speaker, program button

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- A method to determine a child's hearing across frequencies
- A method to determine effectiveness of cochlear implants

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The Ling 6 Sound Check is one part of a student, patient, or client's daily listening check

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About: http://hear-me-now.org/ling-six-sound-test/

Administration: https://www.audiologypractices.org/the-ling-thing

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What's an Audiogram? For parents or patients

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What's an Audiogram? For parents or patients

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Whats An Audiogram_for parents or patients.JPG

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Audiogram of familiar sounds and speech banana.JPG

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Type of HL: Conductive (Middle ear disorder)
Symptoms: Bursted eardrum; ear buzzing or ear pain, dizziness, HL
Treatment: May heal naturally or require a skin graft

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Type of HL: Conductive (Outer ear disorder)
Symptoms: Closure or absence of outer ear canal; unilateral or bilateral; possible ear infections, and/or HL
Treatment: Speech therapy

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Type of HL: Sensorineural (2nd most common after presbycusis; broken hair cells and temporary or permanent threshold shift)
Symptoms: Possible tinnitus
Treatment:

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Type of Hearing Loss: Sensorineural (leading cause of HL in adults; deterioration of hair cells and vascular structures)
Symptoms: Hearing loss, especially in high frequencies; increased difficulty with speech perception
Treatment: Hearing aids

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ANSD: Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder

# data[].attributes.subject
ANSD: Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder

# data[].attributes.body
Type of Hearing Loss: Sensorineural (connection between auditory nerve and the auditory cortex)
Symptoms: poor speech perception, normal hearing or mild to severe HL (hearing loss)
Treatment: Assistsive listening devices (ALDs) like hearing aids/cochlear implants/ FM (frequency modulation) and speech therapy

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Anatomy of the ear, approximately to scale, with "zoomed" view of the middle and inner ear