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A hacking attack that tricks victims into clicking on an unintended link or button, usually disguised as a harmless element.

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The process of encoding data to prevent theft by ensuring the data can only be accessed with a key.

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An acronym that stands for distributed denial of service – a form of cyber attack. This attack aims to make a service such as a website unusable by “flooding” it with malicious traffic or data from multiple sources (often botnets).

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A technique used by hackers to obtain sensitive information. For example, using hand-crafted email messages designed to trick people into divulging personal or confidential data such as passwords and bank account information.

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A type of software application or script that performs tasks on command, allowing an attacker to take complete control remotely of an affected computer. A collection of these infected computers is known as a “botnet” and is controlled by the hacker or “bot-herder”.

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A piece of malware that can replicate itself in order to spread the infection to other connected computers.

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A piece of malware that often allows a hacker to gain remote access to a computer through a “back door”.

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A form of malware that deliberately prevents you from accessing files on your computer – holding your data hostage. It will typically encrypt files and request that a ransom be paid in order to have them decrypted or recovered. For example, WannaCry Ransomware.

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A type of malware aimed to corrupt, erase or modify information on a computer before spreading to others. However, in more recent years, viruses like Stuxnet have caused physical damage.

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means gaining unauthorised access to computer data: to use a computer or other technological device or system in order to gain unauthorised access to data held by another person or organisation