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Corte transversal de médula espinal rodeada por la piamadre, se diferencia la sustancia gris y la sustancia blanca

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Tejido fundamental: tejido conjuntivo.
En este caso se observa el tejido conjuntivo especializado óseo, en el que se puede identificar el periostio, que es tejido conjuntivo denso irregular, el hueso compacto, y el hueso trabecular. En este último se aprecian también las trabéculas óseas, que tiene los osteocitos y los osteoblastos.

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Los discos intervertebrales que contienen cartílago fibroso en el anillo fibroso son los que se encuentran afectados en la herniación

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Como se ve los discos intervertebrales y las vertebras en histología

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Tejido conectivo denso irregular de la duramadre y ligamentos dentados

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9 Médula espinal vista desde atrás y raíces nerviosas

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9 Médula espinal vista desde atrás y raíces nerviosas

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El tejido nervioso termina en el 🤬 medular, del cual parte un poco de tejido conectivo muy laxo y fino, que se llama filum terminal

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Podemos encontrar en la columna vertebral ligamentos que ayudan a su estabilidad, como los ligamentos amarillos, los cuales estan conformados por una gran catidad de fibras elasticas del tejido conjuntivo, ubicados entre dos vertebras cada uno

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Tejido óseo:
Conformado por los osteocitos que se encuentran dentro del hueso compacto. Se encuentra rodeado por una capa denominada periostio (tejido conectivo denso irregular) donde se ubican las células llamadas osteoblastos.

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Los discos intervertebrales que se encuentran entre las vértebras adyacentes de la columna contienen cartílago fibroso.

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Imagen de lámina de disco intervertebral tomada en el laboratorio 

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Imagen de lámina de disco intervertebral tomada en el laboratorio 

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Existen 3 tipos de cartílago: el hialino, el elástico y el fibroso
Sus funciones y características se explican en este video

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Osteoblasto visto bajo microscopio electrónico.

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Alrededor de la columna se pueden encontrar varios músculos 

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Alrededor de la columna se pueden encontrar varios músculos 

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El tejido muscular es parte de los tejidos fundamentales: por la columna encontramos músculos estriados esqueléticos.

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Este tipo de tejido muscular es el que encontramos en los músculos que se fijan a la columna vertebral y la estabilizan. En este link encontramos una clase organizada sobre este tema.

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Author: Julie Doll BSc, MSc • Reviewer: Uruj Zehra MBBS, MPhil, PhD
Last reviewed: October 04, 2021
Reading time: 16 minutes

Skeletal muscle is an excitable, contractile tissue responsible for maintaining posture and moving the orbits, together with the appendicular and axial skeletons. It attaches to bones and the orbits through tendons. Excitable tissue responds to stimuli through electrical signals. Contractile tissue is able to generate tension of force.

Skeletal muscle tissue is also extensible and elastic. Extensible tissue can be stretched and elastic tissue is able to return to its original shape following distortion.

This article will discuss the histology of the skeletal muscle.

Key facts about the skeletal muscle

Function | Maintainins posture and enables movement

Cellular structure

Sarcolemma - cellular membrane
Terminal cisterna - extension of sarcolemma that stores calcium
T-tubules - invaginations of sarcolemma that transfer action potentials to the inside of the muscle cell
Sarcoplasm - cytoplasm
Sarcomplasmic reticulum - modified endoplasmic reticulum
Actin, myosin - contractile elements
Sarcomere - functional unit (made of actin and myosin)
Accessory proteins - titin, tropomodulin, alpha-actinin, desmin, nebulin, dystrophin, myomesin

Types of fibers (cells)

Type I - use aerobic metabolysm to function; they appear red because of the high amount of myoglobin; they are slow-twitch and resestant to fatigue
Type IIa - get energy from oxidative glicolysis; have high amount of glycogen, birhgter than type I, they are fast-twitch and resistant to fatigue
Type IIb - get energy from anaerobic glicolysis, appear pink, fast-twitch and prone to fatigue

Tissue sheats

Endomysium - around single muscle fiber
Perimysium - around multiple muscle fibers -> arranges them in fascicles
Epimysium - around entire muscle

Neuromuscular junction | Place on the sarcolemma where motor fiber synapses with muscle in order to deliver contraction command; Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
Clinical relations | Muscular dystrophy, actin aggregate myopathy, myotubular myopathies

Contents

1. Terminology

2. Skeletal muscle fibers

1. Structure

2. Types

3. Sarcomeres

4. Sarcoplasmic structures

5. Accessory proteins

6. Neuromuscular junction

7. Contraction

8. Control of the skeletal muscle contraction

1. Golgi tendon organs

2. Muscle spindle fibers

9. Clinical correlations

1. Muscular dystrophy

2. Actin aggregate myopathy

3. Myotubular (centronuclear) myopathies

10. Sources

+ Show all

Terminology

Special terms are used to describe structures associated with skeletal muscle tissue. Muscle tissue terms often begin with myo-, mys-, or sarco-. The cytoplasm of a muscle cells is referred to as sarcoplasm. The plasma membrane is called the sarcolemma and the endoplasmic reticulum is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A muscle fiber may also be referred to as a myofiber.

Individually, skeletal muscles cells are referred to as muscle fibers. The length of a skeletal muscle fiber varies by location. In the anterior thigh, a muscle fiber may be a meter long. In contrast, muscle fibers making up the stapedius, a small muscle of the inner ear, are only a few millimeters in length. Myofibrils are rod shaped subunits of muscle cells. The actin and myosin filaments making up the myofibrils are organized into sarcomeres. Under a microscope, sarcomeres give skeletal muscle a striated appearance.

Skeletal muscle tissue develops through the fusion of individual myoblasts, or early muscle cells. This fusion results in a characteristic multinucleated structure. Because the cells are fused and multinucleated, they form a structural syncytium. Nuclei of skeletal muscle tissue are oval-shaped and located at the periphery of the cell. They are accompanied by satellite cells between the external lamina and sarcolemma. Satellite cells are precursors to skeletal muscle cells and are responsible for the ability of muscle tissue to regenerate. They have a small amount of cytoplasm and because of their locations can sometimes be mistaken for skeletal muscle cell nuclei.

Skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal muscle in section. Stain:H&E. Medium magnification.

Structure

Skeletal muscle tissue is made up of a collection of muscle fibers wrapped in connective tissue sheaths. There are three types of connective tissue sheaths named for their location. Endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers. It is made up of a delicate layer of reticular fibers and permits only small-diameter nerve fibers and capillaries, thus acting as a site of metabolic exchange.

Perimysium is a slightly thicker layer of connective tissue consisting mainly of type I and III collagen and surrounds a group of fibers. This fiber group is referred to as a fascicle or bundle. Fascicles are the functional units of skeletal muscle tissue.

The perimysium contains slightly larger blood vessels and nerve fibers than those traveling through endomysium.

Epimysium surrounds the entire collection of fascicles making up an individual muscle. This dense connective tissue made up of mainly type I collagen contains the neurovascular supply to the muscle.

Learn more about the skeletal muscle tissue with the study unit below, then take our fully customizable quiz to solidify your knowledge!

Types

There are three types of skeletal muscle fibers: Type I, Type IIa, and Type IIb.

Type I muscle fibers, also called slow oxidative fibers, are specialized for aerobic activity. They are small, contain a high amount of myoglobin, and appear red in fresh tissue. A muscle twitch is a single contraction of a muscle. Type I fibers make up slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant motor units. Muscles of the deep back responsible for maintaining posture are mostly made up of Type I slow oxidative fibers.

Type IIa muscle fibers are also known as fast oxidative glycolytic fibers. These fibers appear slightly lighter than Type I in fresh tissues. They contain many mitochondria and have a higher myoglobin content than type IIb fibers. Unlike Type I fibers, Type IIa fibers have high amounts of glycogen. Because of this they are capable of anaerobic glycolysis and make up fast-twitch, fatigue resistant motor units. Type IIa fibers are more fatigue resistant than Type IIb fibers and are used in movements that require high sustained power. Many athletes have high amounts of these fibers, especially competitive swimmers.

Type IIb muscle fibers are also referred to as fast glycolytic fibers. They are large fibers and appear light pink in fresh tissues. Type IIb fibers contain fewer mitochondria and a lower amount of myoglobin. Although they contain a low level of oxidative enzymes, they show high anaerobic enzyme activity and contain a high amount of glycogen. Type IIb fibers are more prone to fatigue than Type I and Type IIa fibers and make fast-twitch, fatigue prone motor units. Type IIb fibers have the fastest rate of ATPase activity and are found in muscles used for short, rapid bursts of contraction such as the gastrocnemius, a muscle in the leg that is used in jumping.

Want to test your knowledge of muscle tissue? Try our tissue quizzes and free labeling worksheets!

Sarcomeres

The sarcomere is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle cell. Each sarcomere is about 2.5 micrometers in length. It is made up of multiple myosin and actin filaments oriented in parallel. The actin and myosin filaments overlap in certain places creating several bands and zones. A Z disc forms the boundary of the sarcomere on either side. Thin actin filaments project in either direction off of a Z disc but do not cross the entire length of the sarcomere. They are almost 8 nm in diameter and have tightly bound regulatory proteins called troponin and tropomyosin.

Z lines (histological slide)

The center of the sarcomere lacks actin filaments and is referred to as the H zone. An M line runs down the middle of the H zone perpendicular to the filaments. Thick myosin filaments are found between the actin filaments. Their diameter is approximately 15 nm with a globular head region consisting of heavy and light chain. This head has an ATPase activity and ability to bind and move along actin filament. They are not connected to the Z discs but do traverse the H zone.

The sarcomere is broken up into three bands. The A band is in the middle and corresponds to the myosin filaments together with the thin filaments overlapping on both ends. There are two I bands on either side of the A band and represent the area in which only actin filaments are present.

Sarcoplasmic structures

Sarcolemma - cell plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Sarcoplasmic reticulum - modified endoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum resembles a piece of lace that surrounds the myofibril. It is made up of a network of tubules with a reservoir at either end. This reservoir is referred to as the terminal cisterna.

Terminal cisterna - enlarged regions on either end of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The terminal cisternae sequester calcium to be used in the contraction cycle. There is a terminal cisterna on either side of a t-tubule. All together they are called a triad.

T-tubules - also called transverse tubules. The t-tubules are pits along the surface of the muscle cells. Their walls are continuous with the sarcolemma, meaning the internal surface of the t-tubule is exposed to the extracellular matrix. The t-tubules are responsible for moving action potentials to the inner region of the muscle cell.

Sarcolemma (histological slide)

Accessory proteins

The thick and thin filaments in the myofibrils are supported by accessory proteins. These proteins maintain the speed and alignment of filaments during the contraction cycle. Some of them are described below.

Titin is a large, elastic protein the anchors thick filaments to Z lines to prevent excessive stretching of the myofibril

Tropomodulin acts like an actin cap. It attaches to the free end of an actin filament to maintain its length.

α-Actinin is a short, rod-shaped protein that arranges thin filaments into parallel bundles and anchors them to the Z line

Desmin is an intermediate filament that forms a lattice surrounding the sarcomere near the Z lines to attach them to each other and the plasma membrane.

Nebulin is a thin, elongated protein running parallel to thin filaments. It assists α-Actinin in binding the thin filaments to the Z line and is thought to be important during the development of muscle tissue.

Dystrophin is thought to link actin filaments to the external lamina of the muscle cell

Myomesin anchors thick filaments to the M line.

Neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction, abbreviated NMJ,  is the location at which a motor nerve ending makes a synapse with a muscle cell. Motor neurons release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction. The acetylcholine molecules traverse the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the muscle fiber membrane. This results in depolarization and subsequent contraction of the muscle cell.

Learn more about the motor unit with the study unit below! After thatt, check what you've learned with our fully customizable quiz below!

Contraction

The mechanism for muscle contraction is referred to as the sliding filament theory. In this process, actin and myosin filaments slide past each other shortening the sarcomere. The sliding filament mechanism requires the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules and the binding and release of myosin heads on actin filaments.

Following excitation by a motor nerve ending, ATP binds to myosin, decreasing the affinity of actin to myosin. Myosin releases actin.

Myosin hydrolyses ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate molecule. This provides energy needed for the myosin head to rotate  to a 90° angle and reattach to  a new actin.

Power stroke - When the muscle is not contracting, the myosin binding site is partially blocked by a troponin molecule. During contraction calcium binds to troponin, decreasing its affinity to the myosin binding site and uncovering it so that myosin binds more tightly and releases a phosphate. The release of phosphate causes the myosin head to swing toward the M line and the attached actin filament slides with it.

At the end of the power stroke, myosin releases the ADP molecule. The head returns to its original position and is ready to begin the cycle again.

Control of the skeletal muscle contraction

Two main proprioceptors influence the strength and duration of muscle contraction: Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindle fibers. Golgi tendon organs relay information about the force of contraction. Muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length.

Golgi tendon organs

Golgi tendon organs are receptors found at the junction between myofibrils and tendons. The receptor endings of a Golgi tendon organ are intertwined with the collagenous fibers of the tendon. When the muscle in contracted, the tendon is stretched and the receptors are compressed in a web of connective tissue. The pressure initiates an action potential in the nerve ending and sends a signal through the central nervous system. The role of the Golgi tendon organ is to prevent muscles from over-contracting.

Muscle spindle fibers

Muscle spindles detect change in muscle length, position, and velocity. Muscle spindle fibers are long, thin encapsulated fibers aligned in parallel to myofibrils. They are also called intrafusal muscle fibers, while extrafusal fibers are are present outside the spindle capsule. The ends of the intrafusal muscle fibers are attached to myofibrils so that when the muscle is stretched, the muscle spindle fibers stretch as well. Stretching the spindle causes it to depolarize and relay that information through the spinal cord.

Review and solidify what you've learned about the skeletal muscle with our quiz below!﻿

Clinical correlations

Muscular dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy is an umbrella term for a series of disorders involving mutations in DNA coding for dystrophin proteins. The damaged dystrophin results in the breakdown and weakening of muscle tissue. Some examples include Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Although there is a genetic link, the disorders have a wide range of phenotypic presentations and require many tests to determine a correct diagnosis.

Actin aggregate myopathy

Actin aggregate myopathy, also called actin accumulation myopathy is a disorder in which actin filaments accumulate in skeletal muscle fibers. This causes severe muscle weakness and decreased muscle tone. Individuals with actin aggregate myopathy often do not survive past infancy because the diaphragm, the main muscle used in respiration, can not function. Individuals who survive tend to have poor posture and fine motor skills and difficulty walking.

Myotubular (centronuclear) myopathies

Myotubular myopathy, a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the dynamin protein, is characterized by large, central nuclei. The nuclei are surrounded by an area densely packed with mitochondria but lacking myofibrils. The resulting muscle fibers tend to be small and round in shape.Patients with myotubular myopathy often present with paralysis of extraocular muscles.

Sources

All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Kenhub does not provide medical advice. You can learn more about our content creation and review standards by reading our content quality guidelines.

References:

D. U. Silverthorn: Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 5th edition, Pearson (2010) p. 407-418

G. Karpati: Disorders of Voluntary Muscle, 8th edition, Cambridge University Press (2010) p. 1-7, 230-236, 290, 293

J. Nolte: The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy, 6th edition, Mosby Elsevier (2009), p.178

M. H. Ross: Histology: A Text and Atlas, 6th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2011), p. 311-322, 327

Actin-Accumulation Myopathy, NIH US Library of Medicine: Genetic Home Reference

Illustrator:

Structure and organisation of skeletal muscle - Paul Kim

Skeletal muscle histology: want to learn more about it?

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This article describes the histology of skeletal muscle, focusing on structure, types, contraction and clinical points. Learn this topic now at Kenhub!

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En el conducto central de la médula espinal se pueden encontrar células ependimarias

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Cartílago fibroso, las fibras de colágeno se ven de color verde. Hay pocos fibroblastos de núcleos alargados, los condrocitos de núcleo redondeado son más abundantes

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La médula espinal está rodeada por tres capas de tejido, la piamadre, la aracnoides y la duramadre.

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Epitelial
Muscular
Nervioso
Conectivo

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Tejidos: concepto y clasificación  (Resumen) (Histología De Ross 7a Edición)

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Endotelio que recubre vasos sanguíneos que irrigan y drenan la médula espinal

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El disco intervertebral contiene cartílago fibroso

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NEUROANATOMÍA | Configuración Interna y Externa | Médula espinal

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Osteoblasto

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Motoneuronas del asta anterior de la médula espinal

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Motoneuronas del asta anterior de la médula espinal

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En el tejido nervioso de la médula espinal se puede encontrar sustancia blanca y sustancia gris. En la sustancia gris se pueden observar las motoneuronas del asta anterior.

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Hueso esponjoso

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Órgano: médula ósea
Tejido: hematopoyético

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>Fibras colágenos tipo I
>Combinación entre cartílago hialino y tejido conjuntivo denso modelado
>No presenta pericondrio
>Sus células principales son condrocitos y fibroblastos
>Se puede encontrar en discos intervertebrales

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Tipos de cartílago y su localización:
Cartílago hialino: nariz, tráquea, laringe, bronquios...
Cartílago elástico: pabellón auricular, trompa de Eustaquio,  epiglotis...
Cartílago fibroso: discos intervertebrales, discos articulares, sínfisis púbica...

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Disco intervertebral, formados por cartílago fibroso
https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/ency/esp_imagepages/19469.htm

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Resúmenes

La columna vertebral está compuesta de 26 huesos que brindan soporte axial al tronco y suministran protección a la médula espinal que corre a través de su cavidad central. Entre cada vértebra se encuentra un disco intervertebral. Los discos están llenos de una sustancia gelatinosa, llamada núcleo pulposo, que suministra amortiguación a la columna espinal. El anillo fibroso es un anillo cartilaginoso que rodea el núcleo pulposo y que lo mantiene intacto cuando se aplican fuerzas a la columna espinal. Los discos intervertebrales permiten la flexibilidad de la columna y actúan como amortiguadores durante las actividades diarias tales como caminar, correr y saltar.

Versión en inglés revisada por: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Traducción y localización realizada por: DrTango, Inc.

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La columna vertebral está compuesta de 26 huesos que brindan soporte axial al tronco y suministran protección a la médula espinal que corre a través de su cavidad central. Entre cada vértebra se encuentra

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Tejido Óseo: fotomicrografía electrónica del hueso trabecular en el cuerpo vertebral

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Tejido Conjuntivo (Especializado)

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En la médula espinal se encuentran astas anteriores (ubicados hacia la comisura media anterior) que poseen neuronas motoras. También se encuentran las astas posteriores donde se encuentran las neuronas sensitivas.

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Tejido conjuntivo óseo de las vértebras 

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Tejido conjuntivo óseo de las vértebras 

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Encontramos estas células en el asta anterior de la médula espinal.

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Los discos intervertebrales poseen tejido conjuntivo especializado óseo
https://www.histologyguide.com/slideview/MH-040-intervertebral-disk/05-slide-1.html

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Podemos encontrar estas células en el conducto central de la médula espinal.

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En la columna vertebral encontramos cartílago fibroso en los discos intervertebrales

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Cartílago Hialino
Cartílago  Elastico
Cartílago fibroso

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Cartílago Hialino: Se encuentra en la tráquea
Cartílago Elástico: Se encuentra en la Epiglotis y en las orejas.
Cartílago Fibroso: Se encuentra en los discos intervertebrales y sínfisis del pubis.

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Tipo de Colágeno: II
-Tiene una matriz amorfa y homogénea
-Provee una superficie con baja fricción
-Se encarga de la lubricación de articulaciones sinoviales y disminuye la fuerza aplicada al hueso
-Aspecto Vidrioso
-Posee un Pericondrio

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En los discos intervertebrales se encuentra cartílago fibroso,que es una combinación de tejido conjuntivo denso modelado y cartílago hialino.

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En los discos intervertebrales se encuentra cartílago fibroso,que es una combinación de tejido conjuntivo denso modelado y cartílago hialino.

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Los tres tipos de cartílago son hialiano, elástico y fibroso
El cartílago hialino se puede encontrar en la tráquea. El elástico está en la epiglotis y el fibroso en los discos intervertebrales

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Tejido conjuntivo: tejido conjuntivo denso irregular en el periostio

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Existen tres tipos de cartilago:
Cartilago Hialino
Cartilago Elastico
Cartilago Fibroso

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Corte de disco intervertebral (hematoxilina-eosina). Los discos intervertebrales se componen de un anillo fibroso de cartílago fibroso y un núcleo pulposo.

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En la columna vertebral podemos encontrar el tejido nervioso de la médula espinal, encontrada desde la base del cráneo hasta el centro de la espalda.
https://histologyguide.com/slideview/MH-047-spinal-cord/06-slide-1.html

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Los discos intervertebrales están formados por láminas concéntricas de cartílago fibroso y un núcleo pulposo. 

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Los discos intervertebrales están formados por láminas concéntricas de cartílago fibroso y un núcleo pulposo. 

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Cartílago hialino

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Aquí se puede observar como se pueden identificar los 3 tipos de cartílagos bajo un microscopio. 

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Cartílago Hialino: Molde para el esqueleto del feto
Cartílago Elástico: Se puede encontrar en el pabellón auricular y la epiglotis
Cartílago Fibroso: Se puede encontrar en discos intervertebrales

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Tejido Conjuntivo

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