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sikhism

a- Founded by Guru Nanak, c. 1500, Punjab, India.

b- 23 million

c- Prayer and meditation on God's name, services at temple (gurdwara), turban and five Ks. Balance work, worship, and charity. No monasticism or asceticism.

d- Reincarnation until resolve karma and merge with God.

e- Adi Granth (Sri Guru Granth Sahib)

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shinto

a- indigenous religion of Japan

b- 3-4 million

c- Worship and offerings to kami at shrines and at home. Purification rituals.

d- Death is bad and impure. Some humans become kami after death.

e- Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters); Nihon-gi (Chronicles of Japan)

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judaism

a- The religion of Abraham (c. 1800 BCE) and the Hebrews, especially after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

b- 14 million

c- Circumcision at birth, bar/bat mitzvah at adulthood, observing Sabbath, wearing tallit and tefilin, prayer services

d- Not emphasized; views vary: no afterlife, shadowy existence, World to Come (similar to heaven), Gehenna (similar to hell), reincarnation

e- Hebrew Bible (Tanakh); Talmud

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buddhism

a- Based on teachings of Siddharta Gautama (the Buddha) in c. 520 BC, NE India.

b- 500 million

c- Meditation, mantras, devotion to deities (in some sects), mandalas (Tibetan)

d- Rebirth or nirvana. Nirvana is seen simply as the cessation of suffering by some and as a heavenly paradise by others.

e- Tripitaka (Pali Canon); Mahayana sutras like the Lotus Sutra; others.

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hinduism

a- Indigenous religion of India as developed to present day. Earliest forms (Vedic religion) date to 1500 BCE or earlier; major developments 1st-9th centuries CE.

b- 1 billion

c- Yoga, meditation, worship (puja), devotion to a god or goddess, pilgrimage to holy cities, live according to one's dharma (purpose/ role).

d- Reincarnation until gain enlightenment.

e- Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, etc.

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Islam

a- Based on teachings of the Prophet Muhammad; founded 622 CE in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

b- 1.6 billion

c- Five Pillars: Faith, Prayer, Alms, Pilgrimage, Fasting. Mosque services on Fridays. Ablutions before prayer. No alcohol or pork. Holidays related to the pilgrimage and fast of Ramadan.

d- eternal Paradise or eternal Hell

e- Qur'an (sacred text); Hadith (tradition)

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christianity

a- Life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (born c. 4 BCE), a Jew from Palestine under Roman rule

b- 2.2 billion

c- Prayer, Bible study, baptism, Eucharist (Communion), church on Sundays, numerous holidays.

d- resurrection of body and soul; eternal heaven or hell (most denominations); temporary purgatory (Catholicism)

e- Bible (Hebrew Bible + New Testament)

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rastafarianism

a- Founded by Marcus Garvey in the slums of Jamaica in the 1920s and 30s

b- 1 million

c- Abstinence from most or all meat, artificial foods, and alcohol. Use of marijuana in religious rituals and for medicine. Wearing of dreadlocks.

d- Some Rastas will experience "everliving" (physical immortality). Heaven is a return to Eden, which is in Africa.

e- holy piby