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Jem's definition of courage is associated with violence and masculinity, but it contrasts greatly with Atticus's idea of courage, which is to persist during times of difficulty. Jem could only see what Mrs. Dubose was like from an outside perspective, so he originally thought of her as nothing but a mean, old hag. However, when Atticus reveals that she was actually a very brave woman who was fighting a morphine addiction until the very end, he suddenly realizes that he acted somewhat cruelly by destroying Mrs. Dubose's camellias. Jem realizes that she could not help the way she behaves, and this event further emphasizes earlier lessons about prejudging other people.

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"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It's when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what" (Lee 149)

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In this novel, mockingbirds have symbolic meaning. Miss Maudie explains that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird because they do nothing but make music for others to enjoy. As a result, mockingbirds symbolically represent innocence. Since the title of the novel is 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' readers can expect future injustice towards innocent beings.

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"Mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up people's gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts our for us. That's why it's a sin to kill a mockingbird" (Lee 119)

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Based on the way Atticus talks about the case of Tom Robinson, it is obvious that he has a strong sense of justice and that he sticks to his morals. Rather than allowing for Tom to be convicted simply because he is black, he believes that Tom has a right to a fair trial, and if he were to deny that, he would never be able to forgive himself. Although the town is certainly prejudiced in more ways than one, Atticus is different because he listens to his own personal beliefs over what other people think. He obviously has a strong sense of dignity associated with the case, and he expects his children to uphold their family's dignity as well.

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"Scout, simply by the nature of the work, every lawyer gets at least one case in his lifetime that affects him personally. This one’s mine, I guess. You might hear some ugly talk about it at school, but do one thing for me if you will: you just hold your head high and keep those fists down.’" (Lee 101)

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Scout learns that Boo Radley put a blanket around her during the fire at Miss Maudie's house because it was cold outside. After learning this, the children realize that Boo Radley is their friend, despite never actually talking to them in person. The children are starting to realize that Boo is actually a kind and compassionate person, contrary to what the rest of Maycomb believes.

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"Someday, maybe, Scout can thank him for covering her up.' 'Thank who?,' I asked. 'Boo Radley. You were so busy looking at the fire you didn't know it when he put the blanket around you" (Lee 96)

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Jem and Scout pass by an old tree near the Radley place on their trips to and from school, and recently, they have started to notice that someone was leaving gifts inside its knot-hole. At first, they think that it is someone's hiding place, but when they find two miniature sculptures that look like themselves, they realize that someone is purposely leaving them gifts. Readers have reason to believe that it might be Boo Radley who is responsible for these gifts, and he is trying to develop a friendship with the children. However, one day, Nathan Radley fills the hole with cement and lies that it was because the tree was sick. The cement in the knot-hole gives readers a little insight into Boo's family, and it seems like they are trying to prevent him from forming relationships with other people, which shows how tragic Boo Radley's social life is.

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"'Mr. Radley, ah--did you put cement in that hole in that tree yonder?' 'Yes,' he said. 'I filled it up.' 'Why'd you do it sir?' 'Tree's dying. You plug 'em with cement when they're sick. You ought to know that, Jem'" (Lee 83)

"'Is that tree dyin'?' 'Why no, son, I don't think so. Look at the leaves , they're a;; green and full, no brown patches anywhere--' 'It ain't even sick?' 'That tree's as healthy as you are Jem. Why?'" (Lee 84)

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This quote shows that Jem and Scout associate being a girl with being a coward. This is a very typical gender stereotype, which is completely untrue. However, the fact that they both believe this shows that they are affected by the prejudice of the townspeople. The fact that Scout believes Boo Radley is a monster also demonstrates that she believes the gossip in her neighbourhood, without giving it much critical thought.

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"'Scout, I'm tellin' you for the last time, shut your trap or go home--I declare to the Lord you're getting more like a girl everday!' With that, I had no option but to join them" (Lee 69)

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Scout is too young to understand, but Mrs. Maudie is explaining how people often use religion to justify their actions, even if they are morally wrong. She even suggests that people who twist scripture for their own justification are actually less religious than people who are considered 'unholy' and sinful, such as drunks. She explains that although Mr. Radley is a 'devout Christian,' he behaves immorally towards Boo Radley. Her perspective of Boo is clearly different from the rest of the townspeople, and she describes him as a nice boy, who has become a victim of his controlling father and the prejudice that exists towards him by the rest of the neighbourhood. She does not fear Boo Radley; she is sympathetic. As a result, readers also feel pathos for him.

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"sometimes the the Bible in the hand of one man is worse than a whiskey bottle in the hand of--oh, of your father" (Lee 60)

"that is a sad house. I remember Arthur Radley when he was a boy. He always spoke nicely to me, no matter what folks said he did. Spoke nicely as he knew how" (Lee 61)

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There is still a lot of mystery associated with the Radley house and Boo Radley, and based on the descriptions that Scout gives the reader, it is clear that she is afraid of the rumors that people
spread about the Radleys. In fact, her fear is so present in the way that she talks about them that it may persuade readers into thinking that there really is something sinister about them, despite being
no definite proof to back this up. As a result, when she uncomfortably reveals that someone was laughing from inside of the Radley house, it sets an unsettling, eerie tone on the novel.

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"I had heard another sound, so low i could not have heard it from the sidewalk. Someone in the house was laughing" (Lee 54)

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After a difficult day at school Scout is frustrated because despite her good-intentions, she was humiliated by her teacher in front of the rest of the class. As a result, she wants to quit, like Burris Ewell did, but the truth is that she cannot because her circumstances are significantly different
from the Ewells. However, this all strikes Scout as being unfair, and she struggles to understand why other people are given certain privileges when they seemingly do not
deserve it. As a result, Atticus offers her--and readers--valuable advice for understanding people: he suggests that we cannot judge others until we put ourselves into their
shoes because everyone lives out hidden experiences that other people may never know or understand.

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"if you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you'll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view" (Lee 39)

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This quote shows that Scout is still very young, which may be surprising to readers because as mentioned in the previous chapter, she already knows how to read. This informs
readers that she is actually more intelligent than she might realize. Additionally, most people dread their first day of school, but she is surprisingly rather comfortable with the concept.
This further emphasizes the point from earlier that Maycomb is a very close society, where all the townspeople know each other one way or another.

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"I was miserable without him until I realized that I would be starting to school in a week. I never looked forward more to anything in my life" (Lee 20)

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In addition to the child protagonists, Jem, Scout, and Dill, readers are also introduced to their odd neighbour who goes by the name Boo Radley. Much of what is known of him is shrouded in mystery, so
the townspeople spread scary rumors about him, so they can offer some sort of explanation as to why he never comes out of his house. In fact, people are actually afraid of him, and this includes the 
children, who are convinced that he is a monster. Boo Radley sparks the fascination of the children and a childlike curiosity in the reader, which draws them in. This is especially true after Atticus
makes an interesting comment about Boo Radley, which implies that there is more to Boo Radley than what they see from the outside. Furthermore, because the story is told from a child's perspective,
 readers may feel a sense of nostalgia for their own childhood as well.

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"Nobody knew what form of intimidation Mr. Radley employed to keep Boo out of sight, but Jem figured that Mr. Radley kept him chained to the bed most of the time. Atticus said no, it wasn't that sort
of thing, that there were other ways of making people into ghosts" (Lee 14)