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Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It is considered one of the most important works of modernist literature. It was published in 1922.

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Joyce combined several methods to present a variety of matters creating the “collage technique”. Joyce use the interior monologue and there are two levels of narration:

-One external to the character’s mind;

-The other internal with the character’s thoughts flowing freely without any interruption coming from the external world.

The language is rich in images, contrasts, paradoxes, symbols.He use also the slang, nicknames, foreign words, literary quotations and allusions to other texts.

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Many of the characters in Dubliners later appear in minor roles in Joyce's novel Ulysses. The initial stories in the collection are narrated by child protagonists, and as the stories continue, they deal with the lives and concerns of progressively older people. This is in line with Joyce's tripartite division of the collection into childhood, adolescence and maturity.

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The central character of Ulysses is Leopold Bloom and represents the common man. He is an advertising agent who wanders around Dublin remembering the wandering of the protagonist of the Odyssey, Ulysses along the Mediterranean routes.

Stephen Dedalus (considered Joyce's alter ego) is persecuted by guilt for not having performed the acts of Catholic devotion on his mother's deathbed and tormented by the inadequacy of the father figure.

Molly, Bloom's wife, is a voluptuous singer. The woman tells herself in an internal monologue in which she recalls the relationship with her husband and pursues her reveries by planning an afternoon of adultery with her musical director.

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They centre on Joyce's idea of an epiphany: a moment where a character experiences a life-changing self-understanding or illumination, and the idea of paralysis where Joyce felt Irish nationalism stagnated cultural progression, placing Dublin at the heart of this regressive movement.

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Ulysses tells the story of a day in the life of the advertising salesman Leopold Bloom. It is set in Dublin. The story of the novel takes place in one day, June 16, 1904. During this day three main characters: Leopold Bloom, his wife Molly and the young Stephen Dedalus, live a sort of personal Odyssey, they wake up, have various meetings, and they go to sleep eighteen hours later.

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They form a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century.
The stories were written when Irish nationalism was at its peak, and a search for a national identity was raging; at a crossroads of history and culture, Ireland was jolted by various converging ideas and influences.

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Dubliners is a collection of fifteen short stories by James Joyce, first published in 1914.

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James Joyce was the greatest exponent of the modernist novel that was born in the early twentieth century. After the First World War there were major political and social changes. These were years of great turmoil and transformations also from a literary and cultural point of view.

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James Joyce's works reveal the relationship of love and hate that the writer had with his homeland, Ireland.
Joyce set all his novels in Dublin, he described the people, the streets, the houses, the language in a realistic and precise way that he himself declared that if Dublin had been destroyed, they could have rebuilt it thanks to his books.
James elaborates a new concept of human consciousness which he defined as a flow, thus the term stream of consciousness was born and the writers of the time, including Joyce, developed new narrative techniques to represent the spontaneous flow of the innermost thoughts of the characters before they are sorted logically.

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-Novelists had a new role, they mediating between the solid values of the past and the confused present
-Experimented with new methods to portray the individual consciousness (viewpoint shifted from the external world to the character's mind)
-Time is different (subjective and inner)
-Technique of the interior monologue  (verbal expression of phychic phenomenon)
-Novelists centred their attention on the development of the character's mind and on human relationships.

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The American Thomas Stearns Eliot, poet and critic who lived most of his life in Britain (the founder of this movement).  Virginia Woolf, known for having eliminated traditional direct dialogue formulas for the benefit of the flow of consciousness of the characters.
Ernest Hemingway, whose style was characterized by the sobriety and essentiality of languages, known for having written "A Farewell to Arms"

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It was born in England before the Second World War, and replaced the classic Romanticism that had preceded it until the beginning of the twentieth century. The thought on which it was based found much appreciation, and therefore spread rapidly in more continents.

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James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 and dies on 13 January 194. He was an Irish novelist.