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Fight Flight Freeze – A Guide to Anxiety for Kids

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Describe how a family therapy session could be conducted with a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia

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Describe how a family therapy session could be conducted with a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia

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Evaluate the study by Nakonz and Shik (2009) in terms of reliability and validity.

Luke  is an therapist who specialises in coping strategies. Sharon is about to sit a final examination at work and is worried she will not pass. she is not sleeping and now finds it difficult to concentrate, which is making her even more worried.
Luke has been referred to Sharon and hopes that he can help her cope with managing her stress. Explain one strength and one weakness of Luke using appraisal focusing as a coping strategy to help Sharon.

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3.	In your studies of clinical psychology, you will have learned about either unipolar depression or anorexia nervosa. Explain one strength and one weakness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for your chosen mental health disorder. Chosen disorder 	

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3.	In your studies of clinical psychology, you will have learned about either unipolar depression or anorexia nervosa. Explain one strength and one weakness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for your chosen mental health disorder. Chosen disorder 	

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12.	In your studies of clinical psychology, you will have learned about one of the following mental health disorders: • Anorexia nervosa • Unipolar depression

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12.	In your studies of clinical psychology, you will have learned about one of the following mental health disorders: • Anorexia nervosa • Unipolar depression

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Describe one biological explanation for your chosen mental health disorder

*Nakonz and Shik (2009).

Evaluate the study by Nakonz and Shik (2009) in terms of reliability and validity.
Evaluate the Impact of social support on the ability to cope with stress.

Evaluate whether the Holms and Rahe Stress scale is objective.

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1.
A family therapy session can have the therapist giving relevant information and guidance about SZ to both the patient and family which can help both parties gain a better understanding of the disorder which can lead to less stigmatization and better communication. Each family member can then be given the opportunity to discuss or share their feelings and experiences with how SZ has affected their lives and the SZ patient, in turn, can do the same and express to their family how they can help them in handling the symptoms and issues that comes along with SZ. An example of this would be having an open discussion on coping mechanisms that the family could help with. The key idea is having open communication with each family member.

2.
The aim of the study conducted by Nakonz and Shik was to investigate the hardships and religious coping strategies of Philippine migrant workers in Hong Kong.

The study consisted of a sample of 20 Filipino, who were majority female, but this sample was later narrowed down in the second phase. Later in the study, when interviews were being conducted, the participants were exclusively female workers but had a relatively wide range for ages (mid-twenties to late forties) as well as duration of migration. However, the small sample and sex exclusivity may greatly reduce both the results' validity and generalisability as this sample may not produce results that are applicable to the wider population of Filipino migrant workers of either sex.

The method used included ethnographic methods alongside in-depth interviews that utilised open-ended questions. The nature of these methods would have allowed the results to be more realistic and true to the experience of the migrant workers as it allows the researchers to observe them in real life situations as well as allowing the subjects themselves to give descriptions of their views themselves rather than having an outsider attempt to interpret how they are feeling. However, it should be noted that interviews may suffer from response bias as a result of participants answering in a way that they believe the interviewer would want them to respond. Either way, these methods will still increase the study's reliability.

Overall, the study is both valid and reliable due to its methodology despite the effects of a small sample size as the aim of study itself is quite specific in what it wants to investigate.

3.
Strength - Appraisal-focused coping will help Sharon change the way she thinks about the exam that is causing her stress. This change may include her lowering her expectations and thoughts about the exam which can help reduce the amount of stress it is causing.
Weakness - Appraisal-focus will not help Sharon deal with the actual exam, only with how she thinks about it. So, she may still be stressed later on when the exam is finished if she does not do as well as she wanted.

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Melissa conducted an investigation into the effect of drug treatments on patients with schizophrenia. She wrote up her research paper and submitted it for a peer review. Explain one reason for a peer review of Melissa’s research paper about drug treatments for schizophrenia ?

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4.	Melissa conducted an investigation into the effect of drug treatments on patients with schizophrenia. She wrote up her research paper and submitted it for a peer review. Explain one reason for a peer review of Melissa’s research paper about drug treatments for schizophrenia

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4.	Melissa conducted an investigation into the effect of drug treatments on patients with schizophrenia. She wrote up her research paper and submitted it for a peer review. Explain one reason for a peer review of Melissa’s research paper about drug treatments for schizophrenia

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How does family therapy help patients with schizophrenia?

It will help the patients know that they are not an outcast mainly because, it includes education, stress reduction, and it improves emotional processing and regulating structured problem solving.

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Evaluation of Nakonz & Shik (2009)  in terms of validity & reliability.

Their aim was to investigate the hardships and religious coping strategies of Philippine migrant workers in Hong Kong.

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Strength and weakness of appraisal focus as a coping strategy.

Appraisal focused strategies are directed towards challenging your own assumptions and modifying the way you think.

One strength could be -  that it helps distancing themselves from the problem/challenge and altering the goals and values and identifying the humour in the situation to bring out something positive.

One weakness could be - this might add more to her problem.

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One strength and weakness of using CBT for Anorexia Nervosa.

Cognitive behavioral therapy as a post- hospitalised outpatient intervention for anorexia nervosa is designed to prevent relapse once a patient gain weight in the context of impatient treatment.

Strength - CBT is the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa and for binge eating disorder with the best results been obtained with the new enhanced form of treatment.

Weakness - it is time consuming and it needs your cooperation. Because you need to commit yourself in the process to get the best out of it and attending regular sessions and carrying out extra work between the sessions will be very time consuming.

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A biological explanation for Unipolar depression.

Genes are often singled out as one of the causes of depression. When looking at family studies it appears to be a tendency for depression to run in families. These studies suggests that there is a high probability of genetics being one of the components. The closer the genetic relationship the more likely people are to share a diagnosis of depression. In the Twin studies, they say that the monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes and the dizygotic twins share around 50% of the genes.

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Impact of social support on the ability to cope up with stress.

It appears to be that positive social support of high quality can enhance Reliance district help protect against developing trauma related psychopathology and it will also help decrease the functional consequences of trauma induced disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder.

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The Holmes & Rahe Stress Scale.

The sole purpose of the stress scale is to measure the stress load that we carry and what we should do about it. so it is objective as it measures variables and is not subjective & it is unbiased.

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Importance of peer review.

Peer reviewing is important as it  involves subjecting the author's scholarly work & research to the critical observation of other experts in the same field to check the validity and evaluate important aspects such as reliability, generalisation etc before the publication. It helped the publisher decide whether the work should be accepted.

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Description of one feature of schizophrenia.

Hallucinations - these are sensory experiences that appeared to be real but are created in your own mind they can affect all five of your senses.

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• Social support can include friends, family and community, such as religion/church. • Stress is a physiological response to a stressor which can result in the increase of hormones such as cortisol or HPA axis arousal. • Social support can be associated with venting emotions or planning strategies. • The use of social support acts as a buffer to moderate the impact of life events on mental health.AO3 • Nakonz and Shik (2009) found that religious coping strategies helped emotional adjustment to stressful situations. • Fleming et al. (1982) found social support did little to limit the effects of physiological arousal, so it may be limited to stress prevention rather than management. • Carver et al. (1989) found venting of emotions to be a dysfunctional tendency, so seeking social support may lead to negative coping strategies. • Reduction in psychological and behavioural effects of stress was found by Fleming et al. (1982), suggesting social support can aid someone’s ability to cope with some effects of stress.

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• Social support can include friends, family and community, such as religion/church. • Stress is a physiological response to a stressor which can result in the increase of hormones such as cortisol or HPA axis arousal. • Social support can be associated with venting emotions or planning strategies. • The use of social support acts as a buffer to moderate the impact of life events on mental health.AO3 • Nakonz and Shik (2009) found that religious coping strategies helped emotional adjustment to stressful situations. • Fleming et al. (1982) found social support did little to limit the effects of physiological arousal, so it may be limited to stress prevention rather than management. • Carver et al. (1989) found venting of emotions to be a dysfunctional tendency, so seeking social support may lead to negative coping strategies. • Reduction in psychological and behavioural effects of stress was found by Fleming et al. (1982), suggesting social support can aid someone’s ability to cope with some effects of stress.

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Evaluate whether the Holms and Rahe Stress scale is objective. (7)AO1 • The Holmes and Rahe stress scale is a self-report measure that relies on an individual's personal responses. • The scale is used to test stress and can be analysed using predetermined/previously agreed scoring mechanisms. • The self-report scale relies on truthful information being provided by the respondents about their life events. • There are points given based on the severity of life events, such as 100 points for the death of a spouse.AO3 • The use of standardised life event statements reduces researcher bias from the analysis therefore making it more objective. • There is consistency shown by the Holmes and Rahe stress scale as it has been used over time and remains a valid tests of stress, thus not influenced by subjective interpretations. • Social desirability may mean respondents give answers they believe would show them in a better light, therefore this measure of stress may be subjective. • Having a fixed list of life events can exclude daily hassles, such as traffic jams, so it does not measure all factors affecting stress, so is subjective.

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Evaluate whether the Holms and Rahe Stress scale is objective. (7)AO1 • The Holmes and Rahe stress scale is a self-report measure that relies on an individual's personal responses. • The scale is used to test stress and can be analysed using predetermined/previously agreed scoring mechanisms. • The self-report scale relies on truthful information being provided by the respondents about their life events. • There are points given based on the severity of life events, such as 100 points for the death of a spouse.AO3 • The use of standardised life event statements reduces researcher bias from the analysis therefore making it more objective. • There is consistency shown by the Holmes and Rahe stress scale as it has been used over time and remains a valid tests of stress, thus not influenced by subjective interpretations. • Social desirability may mean respondents give answers they believe would show them in a better light, therefore this measure of stress may be subjective. • Having a fixed list of life events can exclude daily hassles, such as traffic jams, so it does not measure all factors affecting stress, so is subjective.

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8.	Nakonz and Shik (2009) found that the participants improved their emotional wellbeing by using religious reframing of problems to give them coping strategies such as patience. • The study by Nakonz and Shik (2009) consisted of a sample of 5 religious groups of female Filipino domestic workers. • Nakonz and Shik (2009) collected information on religious coping by interviewing participants individually and in focus groups. • Nakonz and Shik (2009) conducted an ethnographic study over three months in which they observed the migrant workers during their Sunday religious gatherings. AO3 • Holroyd et al. (2001) support the findings of Nakonz and Shik (2009) making them reliable as they also found that being a member of a religious community improved wellbeing amongst the migrant workers. • As the sample only consisted of limited religious groups that were unique Filipino migrant workers, it is difficult to replicate the study and check the reliability of the findings. • The validity of the individual statements was checked by Nakonz and Shik (2009) by comparing them to the views of the focus groups in respect of religious coping which suggests this may be true for other groups. • The participants were aware the researcher was observing their behaviour which may have led to demand characteristics reducing the validity of the data gathered.

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8.	Nakonz and Shik (2009) found that the participants improved their emotional wellbeing by using religious reframing of problems to give them coping strategies such as patience. • The study by Nakonz and Shik (2009) consisted of a sample of 5 religious groups of female Filipino domestic workers. • Nakonz and Shik (2009) collected information on religious coping by interviewing participants individually and in focus groups. • Nakonz and Shik (2009) conducted an ethnographic study over three months in which they observed the migrant workers during their Sunday religious gatherings. AO3 • Holroyd et al. (2001) support the findings of Nakonz and Shik (2009) making them reliable as they also found that being a member of a religious community improved wellbeing amongst the migrant workers. • As the sample only consisted of limited religious groups that were unique Filipino migrant workers, it is difficult to replicate the study and check the reliability of the findings. • The validity of the individual statements was checked by Nakonz and Shik (2009) by comparing them to the views of the focus groups in respect of religious coping which suggests this may be true for other groups. • The participants were aware the researcher was observing their behaviour which may have led to demand characteristics reducing the validity of the data gathered.

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1 Weakness and Strength of CBT for Unipolar Depression.

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1 Weakness and Strength of CBT for Unipolar Depression.

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Weakness - CBT focuses on changing the thinking process and behaviours that the patient exhibits towards the issue, but it does not deal with the root causes or underlying causes of the depression which may still be present and affect the patient.

Strength - CBT is as effective as medication when treating depression, and can be used in cases when medication alone cannot help.

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Unipolar Depression - Biological Explanation

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Unipolar Depression - Biological Explanation

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A biological explanation of the unipolar depression is the monoamine hypothesis, which suggest that an imbalance in a group of monoamines (neurotransmitters that include dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) is the cause of depression.
The main neurotransmitter to be considered is serotonin, which regulates mood as well as the other neurotransmitters

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Social support is support taken from or provided by people within a community, this can include people from your immediate family as well as to your friends and social groups such as clubs or even a religious group you associate with. This has been shown to be helpful as a coping strategy when dealing with emotional adjustment to a stressful situation (Nakonz and Shik) specifically through support from a religious group.

Social support has also been seen as acting as a sort of buffer to moderate the impact of various life events on an individual's mental health.

However, a study (Fleming et al.) has shown that social support has done little to mitigate the physiological effects that occur as a response to stress, such as a rise in cortisol levels, showing that social support may be most effective as a method to prevent stress rather than stress management. In this same study it was seen that social support was also capable of acting as an aid to an individual's ability to cope with some effects of stress, which was evident when a reduction in psychological and behavioural effects of stress was found.

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Q4. In your studies of clinical psychology, you will have learned about one of the following mental health disorders: • Anorexia nervosa • Unipolar depression

Describe one biological explanation for your chosen mental health disorder.
answer:
There's a strong biological link with depression, which is the illness to run in families and seems genetic. Elliot Gershon (1990) reviewed 10 family studies and found that the rate of depression was 2-3 times higher in first degree relatives of people with depression  compared to the general population. in family studies Suggests a possible genetic component. The closer the genetic relationship, the more likely people are to share a diagnosis of depression.
1st degree relatives: brothers, sisters, sons, daughters, fathers and mothers share 50% of their genes.

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Q1. Evaluate the study by Nakonz and Shik (2009) in terms of reliability and validity.
answer:
The data was collected in an evolving process over 3 months, using ethnographic methods.  Field notes were taken during the observations and in-depth interviews using open-ended questions, which enabled discussion, with 10 individuals and four focus groups were undertaken. these increases the validity and reliability of the data.  although  this was  a pilot study with 20 Filipinos the number of people in the experiment are very less this decreases the generalisability and also the  The data was collected in an evolving process over 3 months even though the data was collected in   ethnographic methods the time span of the experiment conducted is too short this decreases the reliability of the data.

Q2.Explain one strength and one weakness of Luke using appraisal focusing as a coping strategy to help Sharon.
answer:  altering  the way sharon thinks about a problem by approaching it differently or altering their goals and values will help her alot. this can bring her clarity to which conditions are the most important and highlighting the contrast between want is wanted and unwanted.
Q3.Explain one strength and one weakness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for your chosen mental health disorder.  (anorexia nervosa)
strength

Can be completed in a relatively short period of time compared to other talking therapies.

Focuses on re-training your thoughts and altering your behaviours, in order to make changes to how you feel.

weakness- To benefit from CBT, you need to commit yourself to the process. A therapist can help and advise you, but cannot make your problems go away without your co-operation. so without commitment it can all go to a waste.

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Q5.Describe one feature of schizophrenia.	

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Q5.Describe one feature of schizophrenia.	

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answer:
Schizophrenia is characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behaviour. eg. hallucinations and delusions.

Q6.Melissa conducted an investigation into the effect of drug treatments on patients with schizophrenia. She wrote up her research paper and submitted it for a peer review. Explain one reason for a peer review of Melissa’s research paper about drug treatments for schizophrenia ?

answer:-Peer review is a quality control measure for medical research. this process was done when Malissa was submitting her research work because professionals review each other’s work to make sure that it is accurate, relevant, and significant.

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7.	Ruva has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is about to begin family therapy to help her cope with the impact of schizophrenia on her daily life. Ruva’s parents and her older brother will be attending the sessions with her as they are often worried about Ruva’s behaviour. She has asked her cousin to attend as Ruva trusts her cousin’s advice and she has often helped Ruva cope with her symptoms in the past. (a)	Describe how a family therapy session could be conducted with Ruva and her family.  

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7.	Ruva has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is about to begin family therapy to help her cope with the impact of schizophrenia on her daily life. Ruva’s parents and her older brother will be attending the sessions with her as they are often worried about Ruva’s behaviour. She has asked her cousin to attend as Ruva trusts her cousin’s advice and she has often helped Ruva cope with her symptoms in the past. (a)	Describe how a family therapy session could be conducted with Ruva and her family.  

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(b)	Explain two weaknesses of using family therapy to help Ruva cope with her schizophrenia. 									                                                                                                                                                                    

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(b)	Explain two weaknesses of using family therapy to help Ruva cope with her schizophrenia. 									                                                                                                                                                                    

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Ruva has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is about to begin family therapy to help her cope with the impact of schizophrenia on her daily life. Ruva’s parents and her older brother will be attending the sessions with her as they are often worried about Ruva’s behaviour. She has asked her cousin to attend as Ruva trusts her cousin’s advice and she has often helped Ruva cope with her symptoms in the past.  	 Describe how a family therapy session could be conducted with Ruva and her family.  	Explain two weaknesses of using family therapy to help Ruva cope with her schizophrenia.

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Ruva has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is about to begin family therapy to help her cope with the impact of schizophrenia on her daily life. Ruva’s parents and her older brother will be attending the sessions with her as they are often worried about Ruva’s behaviour. She has asked her cousin to attend as Ruva trusts her cousin’s advice and she has often helped Ruva cope with her symptoms in the past.  	 Describe how a family therapy session could be conducted with Ruva and her family.  	Explain two weaknesses of using family therapy to help Ruva cope with her schizophrenia.

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Task 1- Family therapy session with a patient with Schizophrenia 

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Task 1- Family therapy session with a patient with Schizophrenia 

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A family therapy session can be conducted by seating the patient’s family members down and discussing with them how they can help the patient in coping with their symptoms. The family members can also help by supporting the patient and letting them know that the family is with them which will give the patient a sense of comfort. All of them seating in one setting will also help the patient realise that their family cares about and supports them regardless of the illness. This will aid in the healing process and the patient may recover sooner.

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Task 2- Strength and Weakness of CBT in unipolar depression 

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Task 2- Strength and Weakness of CBT in unipolar depression 

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1. Strength- Strength of CBT in unipolar depression is that CBT is way less harmful than medication and it can completely change the patient’s outlook towards the illness. Current toxic patterns can be recognised and changed.

2. Weakness- Weakness of CBT in unipolar depression is that it is not suitable for those with learning difficulties or those that refuse to cooperate. CBT requires the patient to cooperate and work with the therapist to heal toxic patterns and unhealthy thoughts. If the patient refuses to accept and goes into denial, this can make CBT useless.

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1. A peer review will help Melissa recognise the incongruences or irregularities in her research. It will also give her a second person point of view which can help strengthen her research. It was also further increase the validity and reliability of the paper.

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1. Hallucinations are a feature of schizophrenia wherein the patient has visions or hears things that do not exist while they assume they are real.

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One weakness of family therapy is that it may help decrease family conflicts and interpersonal relationships but it can not completely treat the patient. The issue runs deeper than just familial issues and although family therapy may help decrease it, it can never completely eradicate it.
Another weakness is that if one or more family members refuse to cooperate this can cause a misbalance in the family. It can also expose family members to issues they may not want to address or deal with. Some people may also be unwilling to change and accept which can cause unnecessary anxiety to the patient.

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1 Loftus and Palmer 1974 Reconstruction of auto mobile destruction An example of the interaction between language and memory.

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1 Loftus and Palmer 1974 Reconstruction of auto mobile destruction An example of the interaction between language and memory.

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2 Explain Piagets stages of cognitive and language development
3 Explain Erikson stages of psychosocial development.
4. Valentine T Mesout  2009 Eyewitness identification  under stress in London Dungeaon

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In developmental psychology, you will have learned about the following classic studyin detail:	 	Van iJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988).(a) Explain two strengths of the study by Van iJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988).

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In developmental psychology, you will have learned about the following classic studyin detail:	 	Van iJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988).(a) Explain two strengths of the study by Van iJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988).

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Describe antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) as an explanation of criminal and antisocial behaviour.

Bradbury and Williams (2013). Evaluate the study by Bradbury and Williams (2013) in terms of reliability and validity. 10 marks
Assess the influence of post-event information on the reliability of eyewitness memory

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5	Social  and personality Explanation for crime and antisocial behavior.	

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5	Social  and personality Explanation for crime and antisocial behavior.	

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6. Self-fulfilling prophecy

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Loftus and Palmer (1974)

The Loftus and Palmer study was conducted to investigate whether the phrasing of a question would affect the estimates of speed, with the goal of applying these finding to the idea of leading questions in court.

The study consisted of two experiments.
The first experiment consisted of a sample of 45 students placed into groups of 9. Each participant was shown 7 videos involving traffic accidents, these videos lasted 5 to 30 seconds, which were sourced from the same driver's ed film. After each video, they were given a questionnaire to fill in. They were asked to give an account of the accident and then to answer specific questions.
The critical question asked was regarding the speed of the vehicles. The first group of 9 were asked "how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" and subsequent groups were asked the same question with the word 'hit' replaced. The same procedure was followed after each video was shown.

The results of the experiment showed that the words used to replace "hit" affected the estimated speed at which the cars were going before the accident. It could be seen that words with a more intense connotation, such as "smashed", resulted in the participants estimating a higher speed for the cars while words such as "contacted" resulted in the opposite. These results lead to the conclusion that leading questions are able to affect the answers a witness may give in court. Two possibilities may have occurred in this situation, either the participants were uncertain when judging speeds and so relied on context clues from the question or that the use of words altered the way they remembered the event which can lead to them remembering other details that may not have occured.The aim of the second experiment was determine whether post event information affected memory recall. The second experiment consisted of a larger sample of 150 participants which were separated into three groups of various sizes, one of which acted as a control group. The procedure remained mostly the same, with the participants being shown a video of a multiple accident followed by having to answer a questionnaire. The questionnaire asked them to provide an account of the incident and the experimental groups were asked about the speed of the cars, with the question either using the word "smashed" or "hit". The control group was not asked about speed. The participants were later brought back after a week and were asked more questions, including the question: "Did you see broken glass?". There was no broken glass in the film, but it was thought that the use of the word "smashed" would result in more participants falsely remembering more broken glass. The results supported this hypothesis, with more participants remembering the presence of broken glass when the word "smashed" was used in the previous week's questionnaire. This lead to the conclusion that post event information does affect memory recall which, in turn, lead to Loftus and Palmer theorizing about 2 types of information that enters memory:1 - information at the time2 - post event information... and that these two become integrated, causing us the inability to differentiate between the two sources. In regards to ethics, the study was ethically valid as the participants were able to provide consent and were able to withdraw at any point and because there was a lack of deception. However, some participants with a history of traffic accidents could have experienced post traumatic stress. The laboratory nature of the experiment and its standardized procedures lead it to being easily repeatable and thus reliable. But the this also leads to the study lacking ecological validity as the participants are only witnessing a recording of a car crash and because it is done in a controlled/artificial setting. The study is also much more generalizable as the sample was increased from 45 to 150, which allowed for more diversity in demographics.

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Piaget's Stages of cognitive and language development

This theory suggests that intelligence changes as children grow. A child's cognitive development is not just about acquiring knowledge, but also includes having the child construct a mental model of the world. Piaget's stages are:1 - Sensorimotor Stage2 - Preoperational Stage3 - Concrete Operational Stage4 - Formal Operational Stage The Sensorimotor Stage - Birth to 2 Years old - Goal: Object Permanence At this stage, the infant learns about the world through their senses and their actions, all the while developing a range of cognitive abilities. The child does not yet have a mental picture of the world stored in its memory and therefore it does not have a sense of object permanence, i.e.: if they cannot see an object, it does not exist. Object permanence is the main goal of this stage. The Preoperational Stage - 2 to 7 Years old - Goal: Symbolic Thought At this stage, children have made some progress towards detaching their thoughts from the physical world. However they have not yet developed logical thought characteristic of later stages. Thinking is intuitive and egocentric. The Concrete Operational Stage - 7 to 11 Years old - Goal: Logical Thought At this stage, children can think logically with greater success if they can manipulate real materials or pictures of them. Piaget considered this stage the beginning of logical/operational thought. Children begin to understand the concept of conservation. The Formal Operational Stage - 12+ Years old - Goal: Scientific Reasoning From this stage onwards, children can follow the form of a logical argument without reference to its content. Individuals develop the ability to think about abstract concepts and logically test hypotheses. This stage sees the emergence of scientific thinking, along with the creation of abstract theories and hypotheses when faced with a problem.

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1. Identify how it's a volunteer sampling
- it was recruited through a media campaign.

2. Adv. & Disadv of volunteer sampling
- advantage- the participants know what they are signing up for and they are doing it all willing.
-disadvantage- the outcomes won't be so reliable as the participants know what's going on.

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7a- the participants were recruited through a media campaign therefore it is a volunteer sampling

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a.
The media campaign acts as an advertisement that allows people to voluntarily enter and participate in the experiment.

b.
Advantage - Volunteer sampling is a simple method that can be done easily and with minimal effort, as all that needs to be done is to advertise the experiment to an audience.
Disadvantage - The participants in a volunteer sample may not be generalisable to wider demographics as volunteers for an experiment are generally of similar mindsets.

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7b- Participants have given consent as they have willingly taken part.
The study is valid as it can be applied to real life.
Can not be generalisable to the entire population as only few may have taken part.
May be biased as only some may have taken part.

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Answers:

1.a.
Vygotsky's theory suggests that cognitive abilities are socially guided and constructed, as such Jacob could act as a mediator of sorts that provides collaborative guidance to his brother to teach him how to solve it. This could be done through a demonstration of how the puzzle pieces fit together followed by allowing his younger brother to try it himself.

1.b.
Vygotsky's theory can be considered better in the scenario because it suggests to have a more skilled peer (Jacob) actively teaching and guiding Jacob's brother instead of simply allowing him to figure it out for himself without support from Jacob.

2.a.
The average level of caring was higher in teachers and charity workers compared to other participants of similar ages. However, there is a greater standard deviation for teachers and charity workers which may be negligable as these do not overlap with the SD for other participants.

2.b.
Generativity, in relation to Erikson's theory, is the willingness to engage in acts that promote the wellbeing of younger generations and of the world as a way of 'making their mark'.

2.c.
Erikson's psychosocial stages of development suggest that from the ages of 40 to 65, indviduals go through the stage of 'Generativity vs Stagnation'. A stage in which the individual either sees themselves as successful enough that it leads to feelings of usefulness and generativity, developing a sense of being part of a 'bigger picture', or as a failure which leads to feelings of stagnation and unproductiveness. Because the mean age of the study is 40, this means that many of the individuals would be at this psychosocial stage and are more likely to care for others / younger generations in an effort towards generativity. Hence, the study is flawed because there is a lack in other age groups.

3.
There are two main attachment theories that are believed to be important in forming attachments, learning theory and evolutionary theory.

Learning theory proposes that all behaviour is learnt rather than an innate biological behaviour as children are born as blank slates. This proposes that attachments are formed when the infant receives food - they learn to 'love' the person who feeds them through classical conditioning.

Lorenz and Harlow's reasearch weakens learning theory. Lorenz's gosling imprinted on himbefore he fed them, and Harlow's monkeys preferred a cloth mother (which didnt have a milk bottle) over a wire mother (which did). This suggests that food is not the primart reason for attachment.
Schaffer and Emerson's research showed that babies did not necessarily become attached to whoever fed them the most, rather, who spent time sensitively responding to them. This also weakens the assumption of learning theory.
Learning theory only considers food as the driving force behind the formation and quality of attachments, not considering other factors such as sensitive responding and developing reciprocity. This lends to the theory's explanation as being over-simplistic.

On the other hand, we have evolutionary theory. Here, Bowlby suggests that attachment is an innate process that is evolutionarily beneficial - those infants that did become attached would be more like likely to be cared for by an aduly and would therefore be more likely to survive and pass on this behaviour hereditarily. Important to this theory are the concepts of monotropy (having one primary attachment figure whom they have a close bond with, that allows for continous and consistent care) and social releasers (innate infant behaviours and characteristics which encourage an innate nurturing response from an adult, linking to the idea that attachment is reciprocal), along with the internal working model (the concept that attachment to a caregiveer provides the child with a 'model' of what relationships are like and how they work).

Brazleton et al found that in an experimental situation, when parents were instructed to ignore social releasers from their babies, the baby responded in a very negative way. This supports that the role of social releasers is very important in the attachment relationship.
Bailey et al found that mothers who reported poor attachment to their own mothers also had poor quality attachments to their own children. This supports the internal working model.

4.a.
The resistance stage is when the body tries to counteract the physiological changes that happened during the alarm stage.

4.b.
Self-report data allows the individual to describe their stress in a more realistic way which can be more representative of the stress they are experiencing.

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Expeeriment - Correlation between Dream Frequency and Age

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Expeeriment - Correlation between Dream Frequency and Age

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- Gabriele

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1.a.
Ethnographic field work is a research method that aims to understand the social and cultural experiences from the participants perspectives by immersing themselves in the day-to-day lives of said participants.

1.b.
A strength of Punch's study was its extensive nature. Punch carried out ethnographic fieldwork over the course of two years with an additional six months of study a year later to gather valid and qualitative data. Because of this, the study had a detailed account of the youths' opinions on the transition from school to work, giving the study more validity as it was based on what they said rather than prescribed categories.

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1 a. Development is the process of growth.
B. People can become criminals due to various social and biological factors.
C. Eye-witness is the account a person may give after witnessing a crime.
D. Social and Anti-social personality.

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Red task:

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Yellow task:

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Yellow task:

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Second Task:-
Type A personality is more likely to experience heart issues due to their competitive and power driven personality.High CHD levels are common and they have higher stress levels as they are hard workers that always want to achieve their goals no matter what. The constant pressure and work overload upon them tends to add onto this.

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Second Task:
A person with the Type A personality is more ambitious and work driven in other words they are workaholics and they experience heart and health issues since they are hard workers and undergo a lot of pressure to keep up with their tasks for example: Teachers undergo lots of stress to make sure their work is completed and the criterias are met

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People with Type A personality traits can experience greater-than-average levels of stress. Being time-conscious, competitive, and impatient, as many Type A people are, can create stress in relationships, jobs, and other areas of life. Type A traits can also create obstacles to stress management.

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Task 2

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Third Task:-
An athlete constantly faces stress and comments on how to do better and how to work hard if they want to achieve or win their next game. They are used to this competitive environment. When this is taken away from them and they need therapy, they look for other forms of activities to get that power "high", such as gambling. Gambling is a very addictive game, when you win you either win huge amounts of cash or you lose it all. People find the thrill of it exciting and the feeling of success is like a drug which is why they turn to it. As a therapist, my advice to the athlete would be to try taking out their addiction in other repetitive activities such as taking music classes or a new hobby like cooking, it is less harmful to their personality.

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Type A personalities tend to experience higher levels of stress as they can be highly implusive and impatient. They tend to also feel a sense of urgency which is likely to affect the way they see the world around them.

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Type A personality may include operating at a more urgent pace, demonstrating higher levels of impatience, having a more competitive nature, getting upset easily, and associating self-worth with achievement. 

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Type A personality may include operating at a more urgent pace, demonstrating higher levels of impatience, having a more competitive nature, getting upset easily, and associating self-worth with achievement. 

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Type A personality traits, including competitiveness, time urgency, and a tendency towards workaholism, can be seen as a reason as to why they experience more stress. They tend to focus on achieving the goal rather than enjoying what they do. If they fail to achieve their goal, they tend to get upset easily and associate self-worth with their achievement, indicating that they are to experience stress more.

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People with "type A " personality traits can experience greater levels of stress. For they are more likely time conscious, competitive and impatient. Which lead them to most likely overthink to finish their task by a given amount of time or the given deadline.

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Harm from gambling isn't just about losing money. Gambling can affect self-esteem, relationships , physical and mental health , work performances and social life. Being an athlete could bring a competitive environment around him or her. Which could trigger large amount of stress that lead him to play this certain games in order to relieve stress. However this has brought him addiction. For winning large amount of money wanting to repeat the cycle again.
But when he /she loses this brings "ego" wanting to repeat in order to win . As a therapist I would suggest finding out his/her certain amount of hobbies other than gambling that could help him ease his stress.