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Kristallnacht, or "Night of the Broken Glass"

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Kristallnacht, or "Night of the Broken Glass"

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-SE

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Kristallnacht: Remembering The 'Night Of Broken Glass'

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-SE

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Prisoners in Majdanek (1944) -MTE

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The first liberated camp was the Majdanek concentration camp, and it was holding 150,000 prisoners. On July 23, 1944, the Soviet Army liberated the camp and saved around 15,000 prisoners (scrapbookpages.com).

-MTE

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Carlin, David. "World War II: How Western Leaders Failed to Stop the Nazi Rise." Forbes, 4 Sept. 2019, www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarlin/2019/09/04/world-war-ii-how-western-leaders-failed-to-stop-the-nazi-rise/#2af54d1e24e7.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "The 'Final Solution.'" United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2020, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-final-solution.

Wiegrefe, Von Klaus. "Why Wasn't Hitler Stopped?" Spiegel International, 9 Jan. 2009, www.spiegel.de/international/europe/the-road-to-world-war-ii-why-wasn-t-hitler-stopped-a-645707.html.

Yad Vashem. "Daily Life in the Camps." Yad Vashem, 2020, www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/camps/daily-life.html.

---. "Daily Life in the Ghettos." Yad Vashem, 2020, www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/ghettos/daily-life.html.

---. "The Final Stages of the War and the Aftermath." Yad Vashem, 2020, www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/end-of-war-aftermath.html.

---. "The Ghettos." Yad Vashem, 2020, www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/ghettos.html.

---. "The Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Beginnings of Mass Murder." Yad Vashem, 2020, www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/final-solution-beginning/mass-murder-in-ussr.html.

---. "Rise of the Nazis and Beginning of Persecution." Yad Vashem, 2020, www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/nazi-germany-1933-39/beginning-of-persecution.html.

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“Liberation.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2017, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/liberation

History.com Editors. “U.S. Army liberates Dachau concentration camp.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dachau-liberated

Peterson, Merrill, et al. “Responding to the Holocaust.” VQR Online, www.vqronline.org/responding-holocaust.

“The Holocaust: World Response.” World Response to the Holocaust, 2009, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/world-response-to-the-holocaust.

“Holocaust Timeline: The History Place.” The History Place - Holocaust Timeline: Dachau Liberated, 2016, www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-dach-lib.htm.

Haaretz. “Holocaust Rescues: Countries and Communities That Prominently Resisted Nazi Efforts to Deport Their Jews.” Haaretz.com, 1 May 2019, www.haaretz.com/jewish/holocaust-remembrance-day/holocaust-facts-the-rescues-1.5314478.

History.com Editors. “Yalta Conference.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/yalta-conference.

“German War Reparations.” STUDY.COM, study.com/academy/lesson/german-war-reparations-in-wwi-wwii.html.

Patemann, Robert. “What Territories Did Germany Lose after World War 2? [MAP].” Smardart, 22 Apr. 2020, smardart.com/what-territories-did-germany-world-war-2/.

“The End of WWII.” Europe.unc.edu, 2009, europe.unc.edu/the-end-of-wwii-and-the-division-of-europe/.

“The Liberation of Majdanek Concentration Camp by Soviet Troops .” The Liberation of Majdanek Concentration Camp by Soviet Troops July 23, 1944, 13 Dec. 2015, www.scrapbookpages.com/Poland/Majdanek/Liberation.html.

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First meeting of War Refugee Board -MTE

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First hand account of liberation , -MTE

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WWII veteran recalls liberation of Buchenwald

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Denmark:  In late September 1943, a nationwide effort in Denmark results in 7,200 of the country’s approximately 8,000 Jews (haaretz.com).

France: Between 1940 and 1944, the residents of this Protestant town in south-central France hid some 5,000 people, more than half of them Jews, from German arrest (harretz.com).

Bulgaria: King Boris III successfully avoided deporting a single one of the country’s 50,000 Jews to the death camps (haaratz.com).

Lastly, Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg arrives in Budapest, Hungary, and proceeds to save nearly 33,000 Jews by issuing diplomatic papers and establishing 'safe houses' (vqronline.org).

-MTE

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Yalta Conference (1944) -MTE

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Later, the Germans owed another $200 billion to various allied countries. Also, Germany lost 33% of the pre-1914 German Empire, while land taken by Germany after World War II accounted for roughly 25% of its pre-war land (smardart.com, europe.unc.edu).
-MTE

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=449ZOWbUkf0

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"Events in the History of the Holocaust." The Holocaust Explained, www.theholocaustexplained.org/events-in-the-history-of-the-holocaust-1933-to-1939/.

History.com Editors. "The Holocaust." History, 14 Oct. 2009, www.theholocaustexplained.org/events-in-the-history-of-the-holocaust-1933-to-1939/.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "Introduction to the Holocaust." Holocaust Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaus.

"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". "Who were the Victims?" Holocaust Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mosaic-of-victims-an-overview.

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-During this year, the second camp of Auschwitz,  Auschwitz-Birkenau, was being built. This turned out to be one of the most brutal concentration camp ever (Events in the History of the Holocaust).

BF

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                                                               Lauren's Works Cited

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                                                               Lauren's Works Cited

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Green, Emma. "The World Is Full of Holocaust Deniers." The Atlantic, edited by The Atlantic, 14 May 2014, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/05/the-world-is-full-of-holocaust-deniers/370870/. Accessed 7 May 2020.

Memorial Museum, United States Holocaust. "The Aftermath of the Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-aftermath-of-the-holocaust. Accessed 7 May 2020.

---. "Introduction to the Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaust?series=48246. Accessed 7 May 2020.

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-The operation of T-4 took place. In this operation, Hitler would euthanize any mentally ill person living under his power (Events in the History of the Holocaust).

BF

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-Germany banned all Jewish people from the economy denying any form of business (Events in the History of the Holocaust).

BF

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-All Jehovah's Witnesses are Banned (Events in the History of the Holocaust).
-Stricter penalties were put on any sexual contact between men. This increased the number of convictions to 10 times what it was before (Events in the History of the Holocaust).
- Hitler creates the Nuremberg laws. These laws prohibit the relationships between Germans and Jews and it also stripped any Jew of their citizenship (Events in the History of the Holocaust).

BF

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-The Night of the Long Knives take place. Hitler sent out people to kill anyone who was seen as a threat to his power (Events in the History of the Holocaust).
- After the German President, Paul von Hindenburg died in 1934, Hitler merged the positions of Chancellor and President (Events in the History of the Holocaust).

BF

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-Hitler was appointed as Chancellor (Events in the History of the Holocaust).
-Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp was built and was not liberated until 1945 (Events in the History of the Holocaust).
-Nazis set a boycott on all Jewish owned shops and businesses (Events in the History of the Holocaust).
- Nazis started to burn all books written by Jewish authors or any books that were considered non-German (Events in the History of the Holocaust).
-The sterilization law takes place. This law caused anyone who had a mental illness to be sterilized. 400,000 people were killed because of this (Events in the History of the Holocaust).

BF

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Causes each year leading to the Holocaust 

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Causes each year leading to the Holocaust 

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When Hitler rose to power, there were many groups that he did not favor. Hitler did not like the Jews because he thought they posed as a threat (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). He did not like the mentally ill because he thought that Germany could function better without them (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). He did not like Jehovah's Witnesses because he thought they posed as a political threat to his power (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). Finally, he did not favor men who were involved in homosexual acts (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum).

BF

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The people in charge of this Genocide were the members of the Nazi party , more specifically their leader, Adolf Hitler.

BF

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The Holocaust started in 1933 and ended in 1945 (History.com. Editors). It took place all over Europe specifically in Germany and Poland.

BF

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A bar graph that displays the percentage of people who have heard of the Holocaust
-LM

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Child Holocaust survivors at Auschwitz (1945)
-LM

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In fact, the Middle East and North Africa had the largest amount of doubters of the Holocaust: 12% from sub-Saharan Africa and 23% in Asia (Green). These people believed the number of Jews who were executed was exaggerated.

Most people under the age of 65 believe the facts of the Holocaust have been distorted and they do not know what the Holocaust is (Green).

-LM

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                        Long Term Effects

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                        Long Term Effects

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Sadly, only around 54% of the world population has heard of the Holocaust (Green).

Only a third of the world’s population believe the Holocaust occurred and was part of history (Green).

“Thirty percent of respondents said it's probably true that “‘Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust’” (Green).
-LM

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Holocaust survivors leaving to go to the United States from displaced persons camps.
-LM

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At the end of World War II, the Allied powers in Europe repatriated from Germany millions of displaced persons (DPs). The remaining 1.5 to 2 million DPs-both Jews and non-Jews-refused or were unable to return to their prewar homes. Immigration restrictions precluded the large-scale admission of these refugees to other European countries and the United States. They remained in occupied Germany until they could arrange to settle in another country. In this footage, filmed more than four years after the war, displaced persons in Munich pack their belongings and board a US airplane for the trip to the United States.

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Displaced persons leave for the United States

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At the end of World War II, the Allied powers in Europe repatriated from Germany millions of displaced persons (DPs). The remaining 1.5 to 2 million DPs-both Jews and non-Jews-refused or were unable to return to their prewar homes. Immigration restrictions precluded the large-scale admission of these refugees to other European countries and the United States.

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Madeline Deutsch, a Holocaust survivor, shares her postwar experiences right after the war ended.
-LM

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Madeline Deutsch describes her postwar experiences

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I was 18, but I was, in fact, only 13 because those years were nothing. Those were erased from my life. So I was 13 year old in a 18-year old girl's body. And I didn't know anything. I was a frightened little girl.

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Towards the end of 1946, the amount of Jewish DP’s (displaced persons) was about 250,000 people; 185,000 were in Germany, 45,000 located in Austria, and 20,000 in Italy (Memorial Museum).

In 1947, a British ship carried 4,500 Holocaust survivors and was headed towards Palestine in order to return to Germany.

By 1953, around 170,000 Jews had immigrated or refuged to Israel (Memorial Museum).
-LM

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Major camps for Jewish displaced persons (1945-1946)
-LM

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Germanys land loss after WW2 -MTE

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German Prisoners Building -MTE

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Towards the end of 1946, the amount of Jewish DP’s (displaced persons) was about 250,000 people; 185,000 were in Germany, 45,000 located in Austria, and 20,000 in Italy (Memorial Museum).
-LM

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“With few possibilities for emigration, tens of thousands of homeless Holocaust survivors migrated westward to other European territories liberated by the western Allies. There they were housed in hundreds of refugee centers and displaced persons (DP) camps such as Bergen-Belsen in Germany” (Memorial Museum).
-LM

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-SE

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Yes, there was justice, but not in the way you would think. The real decisions took place at the Yalta Conference. The United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union attended (history.com). The Yalta Conference took place in Crimea on February 4, 1945 – February 11, 1945. All the allies discussed Germany's punishment, but they did not have to pay any money at first (haaretz.com). Germany owed hard physical labor to all the allies in return. 5.8 million German prisoners were sent to different countries like Poland, Russia, the United States, Britain, and Czechoslovakia. Over a third of the German prisoners died in the process. However, the United States made Germany pay $23 billion for machinery and factory plants (study.com).

-MTE

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Funeral for a Jew who was killed by an anti-Jewish raid in 1946
-LM

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-MTE

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- SE

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The Jewish population feared of returning to their homes. This was because of anti-Jewish riots that would invade populations of Jews.

In 1946, violent anti-Jewish riots invaded the town of Kielce and killed at least 42 Jews while beating many other people (Memorial Museum).
-LM

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"On January 22, 1944, the president issued Executive Order 9417, creating the War Refugee Board" (encyclopedia.ushmm.org). Also, The War Refugee Board stated, “It is the policy of this government to take all measures within its power to rescue the victims of enemy oppression who are in imminent danger of death (...)” (jewishvirtuallibrary.org).

-MTE

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                                     Short Term Effects

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                                     Short Term Effects

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After the liberation of the concentration camps, many survivors found themselves living in displaced persons camps until they were able to emigrate to new homes (Memorial Museum). Many people, however, were fearful of returning to their homes after the war ended due to postwar violence and racism (Memorial Museum).

The ability to find refuge in other countries was very difficult after the war ended. It was either very dangerous or had lots of problems (Memorial Museum).
-LM

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The main cause of the end of the genocide was that Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April 30, and Germany surrendered unconditionally on all fronts on May 8 (Historyplace.com). Other countries also started to liberate camps, such as the United States, Russia, Sweden, Britain, Poland, the United Nations, and other allied powers (encyclopedia.ushmm.org). Lastly, Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg arrives in Budapest, Hungary, and proceeds to save nearly 33,000 Jews by issuing diplomatic papers and establishing 'safe houses' (vqronline.org). "On April 29, 1945, the U.S. Seventh Army’s 45th Infantry Division liberates Dachau, the first concentration camp established by Germany’s Nazi regime. A major Dachau subcamp was liberated the same day by the 42nd Rainbow Division (history.com). All the prisoner's concentration camps were released in 1945" (encyclopedia.ushmm.org).

-MTE

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(Fourth Continued) The Nazis forced the Jews to put so much effort into working, while starving them. “All of one’s strength had to be enlisted to overcome the daily routine: an early wakeup, arranging the bed’s straw, the lineup, marching to labor, forced labor, the waiting period for the meager daily meal, usually consisting of a watery vegetable soup and half a piece of bread which was insufficient for people working at hard labor, the return to the camp, and another lineup, before retiring to the barracks” (Yad Vashem “Daily Life in the Camps”).
-SE

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Fourth, the Nazis sent the Jews they captured to their concentration camps (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) they forced them into labor, extermination, or concentration camps. In order to reach these places, they were forced to walk and during this time, many were executed, starved to death, or died from being exhausted (Yad Vashem “Final Stages of the War and Aftermath”).
-SE

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Third, the Nazis tried using shootings and “gas vans” to eliminate Jewish communities (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). This started during the invasion of the Soviet Union and at first it was just the women and children who were being killed, but then it turned into every Jew to be killed. Most were shot, but many of them were still alive when they were buried (Yad Vashem “The Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Beginnings of Mass Murder”).
-SE

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(Second continued) They forced large numbers of Jews into these small, extremely poor areas. (Yad Vashem “The Ghettos”) Germans created public and private executions of those in the ghettos who broke the rules, such as smuggling food. The amount of food given to the ghettos were small, causing people to starve or become sick (Yad Vashem “Daily Life in the Ghettos”).
-SE

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Second, the Nazis built ghettos in Poland, where they forced Polish Jews and other European Jews to live in these small areas (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) “[...]they gathered large numbers of Jews together under conditions of severe congestion and close supervision, deprived them of their property, exploited their labor, isolated them from the rest of the world, made them vulnerable and unprepared at crucial moments, and incited the local population against the Jews, whom they resented anyway” (Yad Vashem “The Ghettos”).  - SE

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First, the Germans tried to get rid of the Jews living in Germany through boycotts, the “Night of the Broken Glass”, and more (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum).

Hitler also created the “Nuremburg Laws” in 1935. These laws prohibited the marriage of Jews and Non-Jews, kicked Jewish people out of college, took away their citizenship, and most Jews lost their jobs (Yad Vashem “Rise of the Nazis and the Begging of Persecution”).
-SE

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France was more focused on money than stopping Germany; they thought that it would have been too expensive to try and stop Hitler’s army from invading and conquering the Rhineland (Carlin).

When the Allies did join the war, they were not prepared for how militarily advanced the Germans were (Carlin).
-SE

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When Hitler invaded and took back the Rhineland, France did nothing to stop them (Wiegrefe).

France was still getting over World War I, since it was mostly fought in France, so they were not focused on fighting another war in their territory (Wiegrefe).

Britain did not want to risk any of their soldiers’ lives to stop a stronger army (Wiegrefe).
-SE

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Almost every country in Europe was staying away from Germany, which was giving Hitler the chance to plan and carry out the invasion (Wiegrefe).

When Hitler kept breaking rules from the Treaty of Versailles, the Allies did nothing to stop him, which allowed Hitler to build up his army and invade without being stopped (Wiegrefe).
-SE

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Mass shootings of Jewish people and specially equipped gas vans continued throughout WWII by the German police. These mass shootings were able to kill 1.5 million Jews (Memorial Museum).

Nazi Germany deported three million Jews to killing centers, or extermination camps at Belzec, Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Auschwitz-Birkenau (Memorial Museum).
-LM

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Towards the end of the war, the Germans and their Axis had persecuted at least 250,000 people who were Roma or "Gypsies" (Memorial Museum).

“Between 1939 and 1945, they murdered at least 250,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly German and living in institutions, in the so-called Euthanasia Program” (Memorial Museum).
-LM

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               Statistics about Victims  

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               Statistics about Victims  

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“The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies and collaborators” (Memorial Museum).

At the end of the Holocaust, the Germans, their allies, and collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the "Final Solution” (Memorial Museum).
-LM

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German forces shot tens of thousands of non-Jewish members of the Polish intelligentsia, murdered hundreds of villages in Poland and the Soviet Union as well as millions of Polish and Soviet people forced to do human labor under dangerous working conditions (Memorial Museum).

Nazis isolated Jewish populations in ghettos and later deported Jewish people from the Third Reich. Sadly, thousands of people died from the horrendous conditions in the ghettos and other places in Europe.
-LM

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Nazis excluded the Jewish population by removing them from their economic, social, and cultural life by forcing them to emigrate to a new country (Memorial Museum).

German authorities killed people who they suspected to be dangerous. These people included Soviet prisoners of war.
-LM

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German authorities persecuted not only the Jews but other groups such as Roma (“Gypsies”), people who had disabilities, Slavic people (Russians, Polish, etc.), Soviet prisoners of war, and colored people (Memorial Museum).

Nazis killed groups on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds such as Communists, Socialists, homosexuals, and Jehovah’s Witnesses (Memorial Museum).
-LM

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Today, we remember how Nazi Germany was known for murdering Jews in the Holocaust during WWII. However, most people have never realized the number of other groups, besides the Jews, the Nazis persecuted during the war.
-LM