# data[].attributes.body
Dubai is far removed from nature. They have built artificial islands as well as high skyscrapers using only a minimal amount of  natural resources. They also have a huge amount of import.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
A man founded a bank that only lends to the poor. In 30 years it has changed the lives of 150 million people.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Costa Rica had a choice between military spending and land conservation, they no longer have an army. The country prefers to devote its resources to education, ecotourism and the protection of its primary forest.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Nigeria is the biggest oil exporter. In 2016, Nigeria exported 85% of its oil production, which was approximately 1,654,739 barrels per day. Nigerian crude oil exports also came nearer 1.7 million barrels per day in 2020.

https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/nigerian-crude-oil-exports-to-approach-17-million-bd-in-2020.html

https://www.worldometers.info/oil/nigeria-oil/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
One of Nigeria's largest crude oil trade partners, Spain has been importing more since the massive drop experienced in May flows, when volumes fell to a ten-year low. Imports surpassed 1.1 million b/d in August but fell to 960,000 b/d in September. Activity has been strong so far in October, with imports reaching 1.2 million b/d.
Implications
Nigeria has been finalising deals with more trade partners. A Vietnamese refiner recently purchased Nigerian crude oil for arrival in 2021, while more cargoes have been shipped to Oceania in late October.
Outlook
Nigeria's crude oil exports are expected to stand close to 1.7 million b/d in November and December. There are currently 45 million barrels of Nigerian crude oil on the water, carried by 44 tankers. Most of them are heading to Europe, mostly Spain and France, and India. Most interestingly, four million barrels of Nigerian crude oil are currently heading to the USA.

...

For the first time after more than a decade, Nigeria is officially in recession. The local economy, which is heavily reliant on the country's crude oil exports, has been suffering the impact the COVID-19 pandemic has had on global oil demand. With oil prices having collapsed earlier this year and still remaining at historical low levels, the West African country has not been able to meet its budget plans. The situation has been rather severe for Nigeria, which has been selling its crude oil more or less at a loss so far this year. Nigeria's oil industry, the largest in the continent, accounts for about half of all government revenue.

Focusing on Nigerian National Petroleum Corp. (NNPC), the company has been operating joint ventures with oil majors, and is involved in almost all of Nigeria's crude pumped. Its role also involves supplying refined fuel to a population of more than 200 million people in the region. The corporation recently stated that the country's total crude oil and condensate production for 2019 stood at 2.01 million b/d, up 4.8% since 2018.

NNPC has faced high levels of debt in the last couple of years, but the company has disclosed that it has already paid more than USD three billion out of about USD 4.6 billion of negotiated joint venture oil production debt owed to international oil companies. This means that the outstanding debt now stands close to USD 1.58 billion. Companies that have been paid include Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC), Total Exploration and Production Nigeria (TEPNG), Mobil Producing Nigeria (MPN), Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) and Nigeria Agip Oil Company (NAOC).

Most of the Nigerian crude oil barrels have been shipped to destinations across North West Europe such as Spain, Netherland, France, Italy and Germany. Flows to the continent stood close to 900,000 b/d on average, while around 250,000 b/d have been shipped to Asian importers, primarily India.
Nigerian crude oil shipped to Europe, in b/d
Source: IHS Markit Commodities at Sea

Focusing on Nigeria's largest trade partners, crude oil imports to Spain have been recovering after the large drop experienced in May, when they fell to a ten-year low. Volumes imported have surpassed 1.1 million b/d in August but fell to 960,000 b/d in September. However, activity has been strong so far in October, imports are likely to reach 1.2 million b/d by the end of this month. Nigeria remained Spain's largest crude supplier for a third consecutive month in August. The West African shipments of crude oil to Spain stand at 280,000 b/d so far in October.

Elsewhere, Italy's Eni chartered the "Affinity V", an Aframax, to lift barrels of Nigeria's light sweet Abo to the Baltic in early November. This will be the first cargo of this grade to be shipped to the region in the last three years. Spain has been absorbing most of these barrels in recent months. Most cargoes have been heading for the Algeciras and Huelva refineries, controlled by Cepsa.

Among its Asian trade partners, it's interesting that Vietnam's state-run Binh Son Refinery recently purchased Nigerian crude oil for arrival in 2021. The deal refers to 7.4 million barrels of Nigerian Bonny Light for delivery over the first half of next year. The refiner last purchased Bonny Light in August for delivery in Q4 2020.

Nigeria has been shipping crude oil even to Oceania, with ExxonMobil considering a cargo to Australia. A Suezmax, the "Mare Picenum", will load the cargo in late October. ExxonMobil shipped two more cargoes from Nigeria to its Altona refinery in Melbourne last month.
Nigerian crude oil exports by grade shipped so far in 2020, in b/d
Source: IHS Markit Commodities at Sea

Nigeria's crude oil exports are expected to stand close to 1.7 million b/d in November and December, with six shipments of Qua Iboe scheduled for December, of 184,000 b/d in total. Scheduled loadings of very light sweet Agbami will remain unchanged at 127,000 b/d. Moreover, two cargoes of Erha (total of 61,000 b/d), one cargo of Usan and another one of Erha are scheduled for December. Loadings of Escravos, the medium sweet grade, will fall to 123,000 b/d in December, while shipments of Yoho will increase to 40,000 b/d.

There are currently 45 million barrels of Nigerian crude oil on water, carried by 44 tankers. Most of them are heading to Europe, mostly Spain and France, and India. Most interestingly, four million barrels of Nigerian crude oil are currently heading to USA.
Nigerian crude oil currently carried by oil tankers
Source: IHS Markit Commodities at Sea
For more insight subscribe to our complimentary quarterly commodity analytics newsletter
Posted 23 October 2020 by Fotios Katsoulas, Liquid Bulk Principal Analyst, Maritime & Trade

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Nigerian crude oil exports to approach 1.7 million b/d in late 2020

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
One of Nigeria's largest crude oil trade partners, Spain has been importing more since the massive drop experienced in May flows, when volumes fell to a ten-year low. Imports surpassed 1.1 million b/d in August but fell to 960,000 b/d in September. Activity has been strong so far in October, with imports reaching 1.2 million b/d.

# data[].attributes.body
Denmark’s coast has wind farms that produce 20% of the country’s electricity.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
The government has made the development of making renewable energy sources their top priority.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
The government has made the development of making renewable energy sources their top priority.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
The government has made the development of making renewable energy sources their top priority.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
The government has made the development of making renewable energy sources their top priority.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
houses produce their own energy by solar power -> other cities partner with Freiburg (for example: Mumbai)

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Spain is one of the biggest investors in renewable energy, it created over 2.5 million jobs.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Germany is one of the biggest investors in renewable energy, it created over 2.5 million jobs.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
India is one of the biggest investors in renewable energy, it created over 2.5 million jobs.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
China is one of the biggest investors in renewable energy, it created over 2.5 million jobs.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
The US is one of the biggest investors in renewable energy, it created over 2.5 million jobs

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
In Los Angeles the number of cars is almost equal to the number of inhabitants.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
an electricity plant powered by the earth's heat  (geothermal  energy)

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
forests and lakes supply all the city’s drinking water

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
first natural parks were created just over a century ago, they cover 13% of the continent

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Dubai implements different strategies to try and reduce their carbon dioxide emissions by utilizing renewable energy. One of those strategies is the solar park. Currently it produces 1,013 megawatts using photovoltaic solar panels. The solar park is stage I in Dubai's strategy regarding solar energy. There are many projects yet to come or to be completed.
For instance, there is a plan to add 1,850 megawatts using solar panels, but its full capacity is supposed to reach 5,000 MW by 2030.
In the fourth phase of the plan ,once it's completed, the solar park it supposed to provide energy for 320,000 residents, which would reduce 1,6 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year.

https://gulfbusiness.com/uae-becomes-worlds-first-country-to-produce-aluminium-using-solar-power/
https://www.firstsolar.com/en-Emea/Resources/Projects/Mohammed-Bin-Rashid-Al-Maktoum-Solar-Par

# data[].attributes.body
Is a continent with immense natural resources.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
They have a prototype of a coal-fired plant that releases carbon dioxide into the soil rather the air.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
National forests cover 65% of the country. They were rebuilt after the war by a reforestation program.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Tokyo is a city on the coast and if the sea level rises there will be a huge amount of costal line refugees. (70% of the world’s population lives on costal lines)

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
All coral reefs are sensible to even slight temperature changes.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
The water level of the Colorado River and nearby lakes and reservoirs has significantly declined in the past few years. The US Bureau of Reclamation predicts that the water level of the lake Mead (the largest US reservoir that is fed by the Colorado River) will continue to decrease. If the water levels fall below 1,075 feet the first water shortage of the Colorado River will be triggered. This means, that some communities will experience a significant cut in their water deliveries next year.
The water level of Lake Mead is 16 feet below where it was last year and the reservoir is only 37% full. It's important to note, that the Colorado River supplies water for over 40 million people, which means that the effects will be devastating for a huge number of people.

The river itself also doesn’t reach the sea anymore.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
The Amazon rainforest has been reduced by 40% to build cattle ranches.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
cattle farm -> „concentration camps for cows“ (movie "Home")
massive increase of carbon dioxide, soil is no longer fertile and it doesn’t grow gras anymore, huge amount of resources will be used for the food
Info: The largest US dairy farms have over 15.000 cows but more common are farms with 1.000-5.000. In 2020 the US had just over 2 million livestock farms.

Reference: Movie Home
https://www.ers.usda.gov

# data[].attributes.body
The polar ice is 40% thinner than 40 years ago, less ice -> less reflexion -> more absorption -> gets warmer -> more ice is melting -> sea levels rise

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
permafrost: methan ->greenhouse gas (5x) more powerful than carbon dioxide, if released unknown effects will be enormous

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
wildfires increase global warming → carbon dioxide

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
80% of the ice disappeared

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
The ice contains 20% of freshwater, if it melts sea levels will rise drastically -> in the 20th century 20cm, low line islands will be in extreme danger (e.g. Tokyo)

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Lagos is the fastest growing city in the world (urban growth). Mostly farmers live in the city driven by the urge to survive.
1 in 6 people live in „slums“ there.

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Deforestation the action of clearing a wide area of trees

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Deforestation the action of clearing a wide area of trees
Haiti only has 10% of its original wild forests remaining.
The effects of the deforestation are soil loss from erosion, increasing incidents of floods, degradation of water resources and habitat destruction -> disabled agricultural production, decreases food availability, reduced biodiversity

Reference: Movie Home

# data[].attributes.body
Palm springs is a desert city and a high water consumer as well as Las Vegas.

Reference: Movie Home
https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/california-drought/palm-springs-america-s-oasis-grapples-drought-n337371

# data[].attributes.body
Las Vegas is a desert city and also biggest consumers of water in the world.
In Southern Nevada an average household uses about 222 gallons (840,40 liters) of water per day.

Reference: Movie Home
https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1010&context=cola_ug_research_anthropolog y

# data[].attributes.body
Most of the water is gone and it doesn’t reach the sea anymore due to construction and the infrastructure as well as diversion schemes around the basin.
The water quality of the Jordan River is deteriorating and
its lower portion displays very high salinity and pollution rates.
(7.18 million people live around the basin)

Reference: Movie Home
https://waterinventory.org/surface_water/jordan-river-basin