# data[].attributes.body
- Companies with highly related and dependable on techonology
- Apple & Tik Tok have acess to sensitive data from all its users including demographics, location, behaviour
- Both TikTok and Cambridge were part of scandals relate to data leakage

# data[].attributes.body
- Cambridge acquired access to private data without permission of a supplier (Facebook)
- Apple owns the techonolgy and operational system, with a direct acess to personal data and more detailed info
- TikTok also has access to eprsonal data, but relies on operational systems from both Google (android) and Apple (ios)

# data[].attributes.body
- Importance to have well stablished policies & regulations regarding user information usage
- Agreements between companies / suppliers on what data can be shared and how the data should be treated
- Each data leak crisis leads to an increase in user's hesitation to share information

# data[].attributes.body
- Need to find common ground on regulations
- Increase in data regulation and audit
- Political concers on data sharing between countires and external firms

# data[].attributes.body
- Selling data, data as a selling point
- Concerns with data privacy and protection are increasing
- Privacy is increasingly dominated by big tech companies, is being shifted around between large organizations
- Data is a source of power, TikTok vs USA, Apple vs Facebook
- Maybe people don't care so much about data, some people don't know what their data is being used for or if they are being used

# data[].attributes.body
CAMBRIDGE
- companies accessing private data without the knowledge of people
- how they were using the data was problematic, using it for government influence, Brexit, USA elections
- research as a front for gathering data, assessing data with powerful analytics tools to create a digital profile
TIKTOK
- USA vs China
- involves cyberprivacy but more of a power battle with China
- concerns of data collection from government-controlled companies in China
- young users and children involvement
APPLE
- higher privacy against personalized ads, Facebook was against it
- how much businesses rely on advertisement
- Apple's business model relies on privacy
- giving the power to users to opt-out of gathering data for ads

# data[].attributes.body
-Data as production factor (traditionally only labor and capital)
-Data as valuable asset for trading
-B/c of Apple, TikTok, CA scandals, people are becoming more aware of the data challenges of Big-Tech
-There are risks of information bubbles

# data[].attributes.body
-Data-sensitive customers in the U.S. may decide to stop using the platform.

# data[].attributes.body
- Tech companies have to choose either data being their business (Facebook) model or privacy being their business model (Apple)
- Companies need to adapt their policies according to new regulations regarding cybersecurity
- Consider multiple areas of cybersecurity
- International businesses need to adapt to different regulations from each of the countries they have operations in

# data[].attributes.body
-US-Chinese tensions impact operations and investments, and exacerbate risk for business engagements
-Heightened regulatory environment impacts complicates decision making--requires more diverse stakeholder engagement (due to complexity)
-It helps companies to understand more about clients' wishes and topics they are interested in.
-Also, because of the algorithm, those that are already looking to buy a specific product or service will have easier access to them.
-Social media also works in a good way to raise awareness about different brands, and even if the prospective client is not going to buy it at that specific moment, it can improve its reputation and lead to a top-of-mind status.
-Potential threat for national security--increased regulatory exposure
-Companies can target customers better and understand their needs (they don’t even know)
-Risk of Polarization (people become more radical due to being with social peers that have the same opinion)

# data[].attributes.body
> Apple and Facebook: both related to the use of personal data and the implications of the use of sensitive data for advertising.
> Facebook, Cambridge A. and Tik Tok: all had a government issue relation, e.g. Trump campaign, Brexit and China vs. USA issues.
> All companies relate to new media.

# data[].attributes.body
> Tik Tok: in China, a lot of information about foreigners is gathered. Trump was afraid that this could imply with global espionage. They reviewed their privacy policy in 2019.
> Cambridge Analytics: using personal data, related to Brexit.
They also have very limited privacy controls and the users can be vulnerable to intimidation and explicit content.

# data[].attributes.body
- TikTok CTO explaining that TikTok basically has almost 2 different companies within the company. That is due to the different set of data regulation in order in China.
- TikTok and Apple, both proceed with personal and sensitive data. They both an almost monopoly on their own markets.
- They both sell data
- TikTok, Cambridge have had scandals regarding their treatment of the data. Apple have not had such scandal (at least not to that scale)
- Facebook and Apple have different conflict interests when it comes to data ; Apple makes their data protection more explicit

# data[].attributes.body
-The companies operate in different parts of the data supply chain
- Data processing : Cambridge / - Data collection and advertising : TikTok / - Data privacy and security : Apple

# data[].attributes.headline
Implications to firms and international business

# data[].attributes.subject
Implications to firms and international business

# data[].attributes.body
> On one hand it seems nice that you can control your customers, but the dark side would be to have to much control over the citizens personal life.
> Afraid of espionage could enforce tendencies to nationalism which already exist and drive de-globalization.
> Challenge for companies to deal with new and changing data Regulation laws.
> Ban of certain products and websites could lead to less. revenue and less free communication.
> Increased Need to give customer a sense of data security.
> Facebook says that the new Apple policy may affect the revenue of small business.
> Geopolitics play an increasing role in decisions which were before purely driven by economics.

# data[].attributes.body
- Monopolistic control of data by a few number of companies
- Data as the new commodity for the 21st Century (Essential to understand consumer behavior and for marketing purposes)
- Companies will start having to justify more their use and collection of data ; problem of who and how should we legislate

# data[].attributes.headline
Implications to firms and International Business

# data[].attributes.subject
Implications to firms and International Business

# data[].attributes.body
- User privacy is dominated by the big tech companies, which are relied upon to see the changes

- Apple and Tik Tok have access to sensitive data on all their users, including demographics, location, shopping behavior.

- Today, data has political implications.

- No technology company is completely free from the risk of being hacked and losing sensitive user data.

# data[].attributes.body
- Implications of the use of personal data
- All cases deal with large amounts of data
- They deal with data and privacy on a international level
- They have political implications

# data[].attributes.body
- FB is pro collecting data to protect small businesses

- Apple: Apple has a unique device identifier on each iPhone and iPad, called an IDFA (identifier for advertisers). Companies that sell mobile ads, including Facebook, use this IDFA both to target ads and to estimate their effectiveness.

- TikTok banning process maybe was more influenced by political reasons rather than citizens protection, once other american companies collect the same data and have the same protocol but aren´t being thhreatened by the US government

- TikTok is being sued by England's former children's commissioner for collecting large amounts of children's data

- Tiktok was trying to fix the problems but that did not help to resolve the ban of the US government

# data[].attributes.body
- data privacy can have a small influence on sales

- When there is a real manipulation of personal data, using them to set the minds of people for political purposes, and consequently in international business, it is a real violation of the rights of choice and freedom of the individual.

- the average app includes six third-party trackers that are there solely to collect and share the data online, according to Apple.

- banning companies will lead to lower trust and will damage the world trade (snowballsystem)

- implication costs for implementing new regulations (switching the business model as well)

# data[].attributes.body
Facebook v. Apple:. Impacts small and medium businesses;

TikTok:. Deals with a younger user base;

CA:. Electoral implications (2016 US Elections and Brexit);

# data[].attributes.headline
Implications to firms and International Business

# data[].attributes.subject
Implications to firms and International Business

# data[].attributes.body
- Reputational cost
- Financial cost. More difficult to target and sell to customers without more detailed data
- Higher stock volatility
- International politics implications
- Stricter data privacy regulations

# data[].attributes.body
Tik Tok ban - trump was afraid of possible spionage from china

# data[].attributes.body
1. Technology companies thrive on personal data of the userbase. The more volume of data they collect, the more insights they have, the more they can leverage to drive business.
2. All tech companies are vulnerable to hacks and leaks. That enables consumers and the government to question them.
3. Data also have massive political implications.

# data[].attributes.body
When there is a real manipulation of personal data, using them to set the minds of people for political purposes, and consequently in international business, it is a real violation of the rights of choice and freedom of the individual.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Facebook: Users feed information about themselves to the system which enables small companies to gauge their interests and recommend selling or position products accordingly.

2. TikTok ban - trump was afraid of possible espionage from China. So this explains, national interests also play role in the biased perception of the use and implications of mass level data.

3. Cambridge Analytica: data insights and analytics can drive whole political ideologies and electoral campaigns.

# data[].attributes.body
1.      It's on the organizations and institutions to use Data responsibly because Data is the new oil and the next generation personal asset

2.       Aggregating data increases the value of business by many fold , because you essentially know the consumers in a very personal level allowing you to predict their choices and preferences.

3.       There is always a question mark among consumers and govt  on the ethics of how business use the data

4.       It’s possible that a business can use the data for narrow self-interests . So need of proper regulation.

5.       the global value chains of international business are now more delicate due to volatility of the data

6.       Organizations will have to explain where they're taking data and their practices for storing and protect them.