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Pacific Islands Club Guam, Pale San Vitores Road, Tamuning, Guam

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Major nationalist powers competed to control several nations in the Pacific Ocean. Unequal treaties were common, and the major powers were Japan, USA, and Britain.

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Sun Yixian ( The father of China) wanted to build  China on nationalism, democracy and economic security. He thought that the people were more loyal to families more than the nation. There was a lot of economic struggle in China in the 1916’s when Sun Yixian died there, were rival armies, bandit attacks and a famine.

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By the 1800's, the Ottoman empire began to fall. Nationalism caused a change in beliefs and encouraged people to break away. Uprisings broke out in many places as countries wanted freedom. Ottomans suppressed these uprisings, but the empire was slowly falling apart.

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In 1788, British colonizers decided to use Australia as a penal colony and sent about 700 convicts to Botany Bay. Many survivors of the voyage suffered a variety of obstacles such as unfamiliar territory and brutal discipline.

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Africa

1. European and North American explorers often believed that the religions and cultures of Africans were “degraded” and pushed “western” beliefs. They believed they needed help and guidance to establish what they believed to be civilized ways of life. The desire to conquer and profit was masked by claims that they would be “saving” African people from “barbarism” or the absence of culture and civilization. Although this specific claim was made by the Belgian ruler King Leopold II, this way of thinking was prevalent among many leaders during this time.

2. In 8884, the Berlin Conference was held in Berlin, Germany where European powers discussed that in order to claim a part of Africa, they must first establish a government office. In almost 20 years these European powers divided most of Africa, disrupting cultural groups and subjecting them to their will.

3. Europeans were met with a strong resistance from most African people. However the efforts of many Africans were limited by a disease called rinderpest which caused famine and the death of 95% of all cattle.

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In India, there were many diverse cultures and languages. As Britain began to take interest in the remaining land, the diversity of the people kept then from coming together to make a stand. The British, who were far more advanced weapons to overpower the Indians, and took political advantages.
The Sepoy Rebellion: After being disrespected in many point of their sacred beliefs when helping the British to load rifles, they decided to take a stand. The Sepoys killed many British men, women, and children in their rebellion, but after the British began to fight back the villages of unarmed Indians were burned and many more were killed.

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Japan

1. Japan was forced to modernize and open their ports to the United States and soon other European countries after being threatened with violent conflicts.

2. Japan soon adopted “Western” governmental ideals which lead to imperialist desires. Facilitated by its strong army and navy, Japan began successfully expanding into parts of Europe and Asia. Japan became the first Asian power to defeat a European power in modern history.

3. Much like most imperialist countries, Japan subjected Korean citizens to harsh conditions and treaties. These conditions were similar to what European powers once imposed on Japan. Japan attempted to erase Korean culture, and massacred many Korean civilians to end a revolt.

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Siam, a country in-between British Burma and French Indochina, remained independent. This allowed them to modernize before many other SE Asian countries. They abolished slavery, gave women more freedom, and improved education.

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The French were converting Vietnam people to Christianity. They tried to suppress this spread of religion by killing converts and priests. The French used the murder as a reason to invade, in which they ultimately captured Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia).

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U.S government helps Cuba to gain independence then forced Cuba to allow U.S Naval bases in Cuba as well as being able to interfere in Cuban affairs.

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The Scramble for Africa - King Leopold II of Belgium hired Henry Stanley to explore the Congo which caused countries such as Britain, France, Germany, and others to claim other parts of the Continent. Belgium claimed the Congo in 1908.

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Trade in China: China valued a trade surplus, meaning they exported more products than they imported. These values eventually changed after opium addictions plagued China and they became desperate.

Opium War: After the Chinese government outlawed opium and the selling of it, Britain refused to stop distributing it. Chinese warships were used against British merchants which officially sparked the opium war. China had outdated weapons and quickly lost.

Unequal Treaties: Britain forced China to give up some of their rights to Western powers after the defeat. This was the first of many treaties targeted against China form the West to limit their power. Years of reforms and rebellions from Western forces also plagued China.

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German East Africa
African Resistance Against Germany - To maintain control, Germany used fear against eat africans but in 1905 the Maji Maji War began but that resistance soon failed. Small societies in Africa sympathized with Europeans and because of a cattle outbreak they were weak from a severe famine.

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Christianity in Africa - Christian and Protestant missionaries sought to convert Africans to Christianity so they built schools and clinics near churches. They urged Africans to reject their own culture and convert.

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In 1637 Japan only traded with the Dutch through Nagasaki. Japan developed in isolation for 250 years. They stopped in defense against the Western imperialism. At first their economic growth struggled and the government wanted to go back to the “old ways” and it did not work out. Japan saw the Western imperialism gaining more power but they were going to resist foreign rule if they were attacked. Japan starts to build an empire to keep up with the West. To continue building their empire they wanted power in Korea and fought over it with China. To the Western and Chinas surprise, Japan won easily. The victory showed the world that they were a competing against the west.

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Peasants’ Revolts - The rich would often evade taxes and corruption was common in the government. As poverty and mistreatment continued, peasants rebelled. A significant rebellion was the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864).

Sino Japanese War - Japan won in the Sino-Japanese War exposing China’s weaknesses. Westerners, including Britain, France, Germany, and Russia, began to acquire territory in China.

China’s Monarchy Ends - After Ci Xi died, peasants, students, warlords, and court politicians helped to end the 2000 year old monarchy and begin a republic.

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Siam declares themselves independent. In the process, King Mongkut and his son made improvements to women's rights, military, and education.

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Muhammad Ahmad, a self declared savior of faith, and his followers strongly resisted the British expansion in Sudan. Much influence is induced by the Mahdi followers, and lead to further revolts against the Ottoman empire rule.

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Canada was  split in two one piece controlled by the British and the other was cone by the French. Until in 1840 parliament passed Act of Union which joined both Canadas together.

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Captured by France in the 1860s for political/trade market power and raw materials. A Western-style government was imposed with French officials being put into power.

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As several Ottoman officials make efforts to adopt Western ideas into the Ottoman Empire, they send young men west to study science and technology. They also make significant improvements to education, military, agriculture, and the introduction of railroads.

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Russia and Britain had a "Great Game" they were taking action in over Persia. Russia wanted expansion, and Britain wanted to protect their interest in India. Both Russia and Britain wanted to win rights to the oil fields discovered, although this obscured typical foreign interest in Persia.
With this, the imperialism impression was diverse in the muslim world. Many middle class Persians wanted to adopt the western ways, while older religious leaders wanted to keep the traditional way of life.

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The Catholic Church became an enormous power after Spain seized the Philippines in the 1500's, angering Filipinos. Spanish defeats during the Spanish-American War allowed Filipino leaders to declare independence, and they even helped Americans to victory. However, the Philippines were then placed under American control.

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Exploitation of Indian Diversity: British officials took special interest in the different cultures and customs that flowed throughout India. They believed having more diverse cultures and practices made Indian residents less connected and therefore they could be conquered easily. In time, British officials wiped authentic religion and teaching from residents and sought to assimilate them with British customs.

The Sepoy Rebellion: After marching to Delhi, India to converse with a Mughal ruler, Indian soldiers (sepoys) called upon Hindus and Muslims for support in their rebellion against British officials. Sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children throughout the rebellion. This proved to be a fatal mistake as thousands of Indian residents were murdered. This rebellion resulted in distrust and hatred on both sides while foul treatment resumed.

British Rule: Britain believed they were helping India by modernizing the nation as well as its the economy. Britain used India for its raw materials and a large market opportunity. Innovations in the medical field, agriculture system, transportation system, education, and communication was though to have boosted the unity of the nation.

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The canal was built to shorten sea travel and to move war ships. It was controlled by America government until 2000 when Panama gained full control of the canal

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(1884) European Powers met in Germany to decide how Africa should be divided amongst themselves, without consulting African voices.

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When Britain declared Egypt as a protectorate, many nationalists led a revolt in response to the firm British influence on Egypt’s modernization. Continued resistance against the British further worsens internal conflicts.

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Due to the fear of further religious dissent in the Ottoman Empire, Muslim Turks attacked the Christian Armenians which eventually led to a genocide. Turkish leader, Talat Pasha led the persecution of Armenians. Aggression and persecution of other religious minorities continue to be targeted by Ottoman rulers.

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Colonized and exploited by the Dutch (particularly the Dutch East India Company) to monopolize the spice trade.

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Southern Africa was conquered by the Zulus by the 1800's, and they began to push north. By the 1830's well armed europeans began migrating north and conflicts between the Zulus and Boers (Dutch descendants from the Cape Colony) became common. The dutch ended up defeating the Zulus.

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Before Imperialism -From the 1400's to 1700's, The Europeans relied on Africans for knowledge, slaves, and trade goods.

Exploring Africa- In early 1800's European Explorers pushed inland with the help of rivers and improved medicine fascinated by the geography and the people, but faced challenges.

Followers of Explorers- Missionaries followed European Explorers to change their religion into Christianity, in so they built schools, medical clinics, and of course churches.

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After Filipinos declared independence, they helped the United States fight Spain, expecting the U.S. to recognize their independence in return. Instead, the treaty between Spain and the U.S. sold the Philippines to America without their consent.

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Exploitation of Indian Diversity - India was a diverse melting pot. The fall of Mughal power caused Indians to not be able to unite against newcomers due to language and cultural barriers.

Sepoy Rebellion - Sepoys (Indian soldiers) rose up against British officials. They marched to Delhi and hailed the last Mughal as their ruler. They massacred many British men, women, and children. The British then took revenge by torching villages and murdering many unarmed Indians.

British Policies - Introduced Western education. Missionaries converted Indians to Christianity. Took advantage of caste differences. They were designed to fit India into a British lifestyle, ultimately having them adopt a Western culture.

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The multi-ethnic Ottoman empire lost control over one of their most valuable territories, Egypt, as a result of revolts from the Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians powered by the idea of nationalism. (1800)

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North Africa was part of the Muslim World for some time leading up to the 1800's and even during the early 1800's North Africa was still ruled by the Ottoman Empire.

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Controlled by Dutch then British. Dutch moved out in resistance to British laws on slavery.

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-While it was Britain that controlled India, it was the British East India Company that controlled the majority of India.
-The East India Company recruited Indian soldiers, however many orders given to these soldiers required the sepoys to violate their religious beliefs. This caused conflict between the company and the soldiers led to uncompensated release or imprisonment of soldiers.
-The negative pressure put on Indian people by the British and the reaction the British received lead to rebellion, conflict and an eventual movement towards independence.
-These negative feelings toward one another also lead to increased nationalism, especially in India.

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Trade ports for Muslim trade ships
Exports included human captives from interior Africa and ivory and copper.

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Ruled by Muslims before the 1800’s

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Tokugawa Japan - lots of isolation and controlled by the shogun.

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) - opened up three Japanese ports to American ships for trading.

Meiji Restoration (1868 - 1912) - "A rich country, a strong military" was their goal. They wanted to strengthen Japan against the West.

Transformations - reforming government, rapid industrialization, social changes. They sought out to learn Western ways and adapt them to Japanese needs.

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Pick Two! Add three key ideas to the map and make two connections.

Africa, 322-328
Muslim World, 329-333
India, 334-338
China, 339-343
Japan, 344-349
South East Asia, 350-355
Americas, 356-363