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"Many Indians lived in villages politically  led by chief or headman, in contrast to the theocratic government commonly practiced among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico."

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During the Spanish period the Caste system made Indians have less privilege's such as owning land. While in the Mexican period the caste system did not existed therefor Indians were able to apply for land grants.

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In the Spanish period slavery was normal. In the Mexican Period Texas enacted a state slave code that nearly dismantled slavery. The Anglo Americans had no say in this matter. However, slave owners still found a way to keep their slaves and avoid this law even though all slaves were supposed to be free. (Kenia Flores)

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Deeds weren’t given to Christian Indians. Mission lands were eventually destroyed/left to ruin because no one lived there or cared for the land. Government did not support the locals. Arizona did not grow. - Josue

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The colonists had claimed that as descendants, they should be privileged in the allocation of land.
During the Spanish period, immigrants and Mexican colonists had not contributed anything to the colony.
-Christian

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During the Spanish crown, people were not issued land grants, and families were seldom allowed to occupy additional land to accommodate the growth of their families. Out of the 46 Spanish grants, most land grants were given to peninsulares and most people suffered the devastating consequences of a land system that privileged peninsulares.

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Devon                                 Christian Indians in Spanish and Mexican Period:

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Devon                                 Christian Indians in Spanish and Mexican Period:

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During the Spanish period, missions were specifically built for Indians and acculturating them. But during the Mexican period, Pio Pico, a governor, started giving away Christian Indian land to his family and friends. Many Indians lost their mission land and cattle, and were not given the opportunity to file a claim or place a bid.
Below is a picture of the Governor, Pio Pico.

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During the Spanish crown period many Indians in New Mexico they were given plots of land but in the Mexican period the Indians were excluded from the villages and lived outside of the cities.
Brenda C

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Spaniards conquered most Pueblo Indians by military force then turning those communities into missions.
After the law of 1824 was passed, the Pueblo Indians had to launch several legal battles to defend their tribal lands that had not already been taken by the Spanish prior to Independence.

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in California, most people did not file land claims. Mariano argued all Mexicans associated with missions get first priority in filing land claims.

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1829 Meyer y Teran report claimed Anglo Americans preferred to isolate themselves from Mexicans and refused to become naturalized

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The Spanish kept record of everyone's race due to the casta system, but Mexico kept almost no record. They just labeled " gente de razon" . This was/ is a problem as many people fell under that catergory.

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George: Political Power In Spanish and Mexican period. 

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George: Political Power In Spanish and Mexican period. 

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During Spanish rule, Spaniards had most of the political power. During the Mexican rule, political power was given to Mexicans, and people of mixed races who conformed.

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-In New Mexico, franciscans never had to entice Indians from scattered villages into artificial congregaciones like they did in California, Arizona, and  Texas.

-There were about 20 pueblo communities at the time

-In New Mexico, the growing population of land hungry pobladores had little to gain from secularizing the missions.

Jenna Vazquez

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During the Spanish period, almost half a million Indians were baptized to Christianity in California because the government wanted convert all of the Indians to Christianity. While during the Mexican period the new government wanted the non-Christian Indians to join the new republic instead.

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During Spanish Period: priorities and privileges based one racial distinctions

During Mexican Period: casta system was dismantled and this had adverse effects on the Indians because they could no longer be treated as a disadvantaged population based on their race.

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In the Mexican period, the Law of Cadiz was reaffirmed and all people in Mexico except slaves became citizens. -Edelin

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The colonists had claimed that as descendants, they should be privileged in the allocation of land.
-Christian

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Like in the Spanish period, during the Mexican period in Texas many Texans did not follow racial category laws and gave most of the  land grants to Anglo-Americans. Texas also became a separate Republic from Mexico to nullify Mexico's property laws – furthering inequalities between the Whites and the Natives.

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During the Spanish period Spain encouraged Peninsulares to migrate to California, but a large majority of migrants were Afromestizos. Once Mexico became independent, the intent of migration to California was continue to counter Indian populations in the state thus land grants were given to most groups with the intent to allow more people to migrate.

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Land Grants In Mexico:
Land grants could not be issued due to the land being constantly attacked by the Apaches. Grants were held by elites that could afford to hire a private military
Spanish Land Grants:
Spain gave grants to settlers and missionaries and continued giving supplies to the Apaches in order to pacify them to continue settlement. Deeds were given to those who could provide proof of structural improvements. -Andrea

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Franciscans and Indian ownership of land

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Franciscans and Indian ownership of land

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In the Spanish period, Franciscans would move into native communities and become the head of their town/communities. They would take over the land and took over the best plots of land. During the Mexican period the Indians, specifically the Apache, would then attack those who were trying to settle in new plots of land. Also since the removal of the casta system, more than just Spaniards could own land so there were legal disputes so the Indians could own their own lands.  - Diana B.

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Many people in California did not file land claims.

Missionaries were able to retrieve data of some Indian towns that did not survive past the mid-nineteenth century. Most families of Christian Indians failed to file patents. In 1842 the new governor Micheltorena would give land out to Catholic churches so that they would build private school and he would also promisethe fathers 500 pesos as an annual donation. However, Micheltorena never issued land out to the local Indians.

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In Arizona the Spanish sent Indian colonist to try to prevent Apache Indian attacks while in the Mexican period they used immigrants form the United States to pacify the Apache Indians.-Jason Tobias

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Amanda: Pio Pico family. Originally 1801 mission San Gabriel to Alta San Diego. 1848 Mex lose Alta to US. from mulatto descent. Afromestizo, elected governor 1832

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During the Spanish period the Indians faced many obstacles, they were killed, tortured, forced to convert and more, but in Mexico Indians as well as Indians who were migrating there, were given land grants and were able to establish themselves in settlements.

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Luis Allon
Military Organization
Unlike the Spanish who had military after the independence Mexican southwest had to have organized civilian militia units. Tuson Army was inadequate and mandate  civilian armies.

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The spanish let the Pueblo Indians keep their land as long as there was peace with the Spanish. Meanwhile under Mexican rule and race not being a factor they were told that their vacant land had to be redistributed.

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Under the Spanish rule people were given patent to land they claimed, but no occupancy rights. Whites and military officers favored. Mexican government allowed all citizens and immigrants to claim land. No racial group favored.

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In the Spanish period, the Franciscans in Arizona did not have to coerce the local natives to form communities since they already lived in town like structures. The Franciscans controlled the land and were the head of their communities. In the Mexican period, since there was the removal of the Casta system, Natives were able to own their own land. - Diana B.

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Racial Caste System Vs. Colorblind Policy

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Racial Caste System Vs. Colorblind Policy

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During the Spanish rule their was a hierarchy to determine what racial class you were in. During the Mexican rule there was a colorblind policy that saw no color and viewed everyone equally. Unfortunately, Indians were still mistreated. - Eric

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Mission in Spanish and Mexican Period:  

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Mission in Spanish and Mexican Period:  

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In the Spanish period 21 mission were founded in California, but in the Mexican all missions were secularized.