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There are more consumers than producers. Chemicals are used on producers(pesticides, herbicides, insecticides. The toxins build in up in tissues.

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The living component or influence on an organism such as
-Competitors
-Predators
-Parasites

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Non-living component or influence on an organism such as
-Amount of sunlight, precipitation/relative humidity
-available nutrients
-available temperature
-available oxygen

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Living community is free to interact with the physical and chemical environment. They are not planned or maintained.

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planned and maintained by humans
ex- parks, farm, and aquarium

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Ecosystems everywhere on earth that is not covered by water. Alberta's terrestrial ecosystems are made of taiga forest and grasslands.

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Contains root layer. Contains soil layer. Microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and also fungi help break down of the detritus materials.

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Plants and grass grow on this layer. Flowering plants grow in the spring before the canopy fills out. Shrubs that grow 0.5m to 5.0m and young trees are in this layer. Plenty of birds nest in this layer.

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This layer is above the shrub layer but just below the canopy. In this layer smaller trees or maturing ones will grow here.

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The canopy has the highest level of vegetation. Made up of the crowns from smaller trees. Receives the most direct sunlight, and is a habitat for most birds and organisms.

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Rich in nutrients and so supporting a dense plant population

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having a deficiency of plant nutrients that is usually accompanied by an abundance of dissolved oxygen clear oligotrophic lakes.

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When a body of water becomes overly rich with nutrients

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A watershed is an area of land that drains all the streams and rainfall to a common outlet

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Temperature
Nutrients
Dissolved amount of oxygen

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Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere are made up of dynamic equilibrium. Every one of these zones have living organisms. These 3 system change and help keep the our earth balanced. Life continues when all the open systems are balanced. Earths dynamic Equilibrium is changing drastically, biologist and scientist have studied.

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An indicator species is when a species establishes a trait or attribute to the environment. It may define or call attention to the environments condition. Example is the red eyed frogs in Costa Rica

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An ecological pyramid is a desriptionated design that shows biomass at every trophic level in an ecosystem. This type of pyramid can also show the energy transfer between each level. Example (below)

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A pyramid of numbers is the counting of the number of organisms in there respectable trophic system. The capacity at each trophic level will amount to the number of organisms. The inverted pyramid would be the same but flipped. An example of that would be at the bottom is a tree. then the next level is ho many insects is supports, lastly there may be 20 birds that the tree supports. So that would be an number pyramid inverted. Example of a non inverted pyramid.(below)

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The energy of the pyramid is measures by the amount of energy available at each of the trophic levels. The energy that is stored by each level is set in calories or joules. The units that are set for the pyramid is Joules or Kilojoules.  10% of energy is loss when you move up each trophic level. (10% rule) Example (below)

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Biomass is the all around total of dry mass of one animal or plant species located in a food web. A pyramid of biomass shows you the biomass in each trophic level. Rather than showing the population. This is shown by dry weight (kg/m-2).

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Because monoculture involves farming a singular species, this produces biodiversity and reduces the levels of it. Monoculture only affects one single species, these areas don't support a diverse collection of plants and animals.

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The 1st law of thermodynamics is that total energy in a closed system can't be lost nor gained. This means it can only be transformed. The 2nd law of thermodynamics is that entropy is always increasing in a closed system.

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Photosynthesis is a fast moving process that converts solar energy into chemical energy. The types of organisms that do photosynthesis are blue-green algae, plants and cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of the cells. These organisms take abiotic factors like the sun, water and oxygen for example and transfers the energy into biotic components of the environment. The chemical equation is 6C02 + 6H²0 + sunlight --> 6O2 + C⁶H¹²0⁶

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The process that allows organisms to utilize the chemical energy used through photosynthesis. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose realising, ATP, the energy stored in the bonds. It occurs in all living cell's mitochondria. Chemical formula C⁶H¹²O⁶ + 6O² + enzymes --> 6CO² + 6H²O

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(Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate) During photosynthesis, NADP+ accepts one H ion and 2e- to form NADPH. NADPH is an electron donor, thus becomes NADP+ again. It is involved in energy transfers.

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(Adenosine triphosphate) The principle energy. supply molecule for cellular functions of all cells. Provides an immediate source of energy for cellular processes. Formed by addition of ATP and P. ( phosphate ).

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Chloroplasts are organelles that conduct photosynthesis. The chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight then converts it, and stores the energy in energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freezing oxygen and water.

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It all begins with the sun striking a water molecule and breaking it apart. The oxygen is released. The H builds up inside the thylakoid disc. The electrons get excited on 2 photosystems.  The ATP synthase complex and ETC. Solar energy is captured by the pigment must now be used to form additional stable energy-rich molecules and to make ATP. The energy from sunlight is used to boost the energy and 2 electrons that are removed when a water molecule is split. These electrons are passed down an top of the stairs. The 2 photosystems are highly organized clusters on the thylakoid membrane. PSI: absorbs 700 nanometers and PSII absorbs 680 nanometers.

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The energy from the light reactions is used to fix the carbon  from atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It does not have to take place in light so it's often called the dark reaction. Aka calvin cycle, carbon fixation reactions. Rubisco uses CO2 to make G3P. G3P is reduced by NADPH. RuBP is then regenerated.  A kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.

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Photolysis is the processes of of water molecules splitting hydrogen ions and oxygen ions. Then the oxygen ions are then released and the hydrogen ions are transported into the ETC.

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Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient.

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6CO2 + 6H2O + ( energy ) --> C6H1206 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + water + energy from light producing glucose and oxygen.

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Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen C6H12O2 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

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Glycolysis : occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and no oxygen is needed.
ETC : Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane
Kreb's cycle : Occurs in the mitochondria after glycolysis. Needs oxygen !!
Pyruvate oxidation: A link reaction, the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by the enzyme complex.

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Glycolysis : occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and no oxygen is needed.
Lactic acid fermentation: a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolic lactate.
Alcohol fermentation : another name can for this may be ethanol fermentation, a biochemical process which converts sugars such as fructose, sucrose, and lastly glucose into cellular energy. Producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products